Diversity Of Mangrove Species Research Articles

Species Diversity of Mangroves in Central Zambales, Philippines

The Philippines being an archipelagic country has one of the most diverse mangrove ecosystems. Species composition and diversity assessment are vital for sustainable management and conservation activities of mangrove resources. The diversity of mangroves was assessed to determine the status of the mangrove ecosystem in the central part of Zambales, Philippines. Data were gathered using a random quadrat sampling method in the twelve pre-selected stations. Each quadrat measures 1 meters and the quantitative description of each plant species was determined. There were a total of 15 mangrove species surveyed in the area, under seven families, which family Rhizophoraceae was the most represented, with six species, and families Euphorbiaceae, Meliaceae, and Myrsinaceae were only represented with one species each. Shannon’s Diversity Index showed that the mangrove ecosystems in Botolan had “very low” diversity (SDI=1.71) and Iba had “low” diversity (SDI=2.11). Anthropogenic sources such as agri-aqua and encroachment served as the major driving forces in the diversity of mangroves. Other threats include solid waste disposal, quarrying, oil spill, organic fertilizer run-off, and soil erosion among others. These may threaten species that could eventually cause greater biodiversity and economic loss. Hence, protection, conservation, and sustainable management be given priority.

Mangrove species of Mantehage Island, Bunaken National Park, North Sulawesi, Indonesia

Abstract. Djamaluddin R, Djabar B. 2022. Mangrove species of Mantehage Island, Bunaken National Park, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 2845-2852. A study on mangrove species in Mantehage Island, Bunaken National Park, North Sulawesi, Indonesia, is important due to the large extent of mangrove forest, geographical position, and geomorphological characteristics of the island. Many mangrove species are expected to occur on this island. This study was conducted to explore the biological diversity of mangrove species and to evaluate the biogeography and conservation status of certain species occurring on this island. Extensive surveys were conducted throughout the island on the areas covered with mangroves, with a total of 58 locations surveyed using spot check and quadrat-transect methods, and species identification was based on morphological characteristics. Results showed that in Mantehage Island there were 20 species of true mangrove belonging to 13 genera and 11 families, including Acanthus ilicifolius L., Acrostichum spesiosum Willd., Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) Blanco, Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh., Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lamk., Bruguiera parvilora Weight & Arnold ex Griffith, Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob, Excoecaria agallocha L., Heritiera littoralis Dryand, Nypa fruticans (Thunb.) Wurmb., Rhizophora apiculata Bl., Rhizophora mucronata Lamk., Rhizophora stylosa Griff., Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea Gaertn., Sonneratia alba J. Smith, Sonneratia ovata Blake., Xylocarpus granatum K?enig. Three rare species in the mangrove of Bunaken National Park, Camptostemon philippinense (Vidal) Becc., Bruguiera cylindrica (L.) Bl. and Lumnitzera racemosa Willd. were also recorded. The presence of C. philippinense could explain its distribution limit on the northern coast of North Sulawesi. Indication of putative hybrids in the genera of Rhizophora was found, but this needs further investigation. Two species of conservation concern, C. philippinense and S. ovata, are categorized as endangered and near-threatened species, respectively.

Diversity of Mangrove Ecosystem from Vaitarna Estuary (Palghar), Maharashtra, India

Mangroves are one of the biologically diverse ecosystems in the world, rich in organic matter and nutrients and support very large biomass of flora and fauna. With continuing degradation and destruction of mangroves, there is a critical need to understand the biodiversity of the mangrove ecosystems. The present paper deals with the survey of mangrove species diversity along different sites, i.e. Dativare coast, Vaitarna Bridge and Wadhiv of Vaitarna estuary Maharashtra, India. During this study, 4 species of true mangroves representing 3 genera and 3 families, 5 species of mangrove associates belonging to 4 families, 1 Genus 1 species of mangrove halophytes were recorded from the mangrove ecosystems of Vaitarna estuary (Palghar), Maharashtra.

Mangrove species diversity and carbon stock in silvofishery ponds in Deli Serdang District, North Sumatra, Indonesia

Abstract. Harefa MS, Nasution Z, Mulya MB, Maksum A. 2021. Mangrove species diversity and carbon stock in silvofishery ponds in Deli Serdang District, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 655-662. Mangrove-based silvofishery ponds are promoted as a win-win solution for biodiversity conservation, climate change mitigation as well as income generation for coastal communities. This study aimed to analyze the species diversity and carbon stock of mangrove vegetation in silvofishery ponds in Tanjung Rejo Village, Percut Seituan Sub-district, Deli Serdang District, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Data of the mangrove species were obtained using vegetation analysis, and the potential carbon stock was estimated based on allometric equations of both above- and below-ground tree biomass. For this purpose, plot samples from 22 silvofishery ponds were taken by establishing 5 aligned circular plots, each with a radius of 5.64 m, perpendicular to the coastline and with a distance of 15 meters between their perimeters. The results show that the mangrove species with the highest Importance Value Index (IVI) was Rhizophora apiculata (122.05%), followed by Excoecaria agallocha (42.29%) and Avicennia marina (36.84%), and the lowest IVI was Sonneratia caseolaris (1.48%). Higher IVI values indicate a larger carbon deposit from mangrove vegetation in silvofishery ponds. Our results indicate that mangrove area coverage of 44-80% per hectare in silvofishery ponds can deposit 40-50 tonnes of carbon per hectare and have greater potential carbon stock compared to coverage below 40%. The mangrove management activities with the sylvofishery scheme have a good impact on the community's economy and also maintain the existence of mangroves as carbon storage.

Pengaruh Media Tanam dan Intensitas Naungan terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakau Minyak (Rhizophora apiculata)

Damage to mangrove forests has reduced the size forest area and the diversity of mangrove species. Improvement of mangrove forests require seeds with good growth and resistant to pests and diseases. The shade levels and growing media is a factor that affects plant growth. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of growing media and shade level on the growth of bakau minyak (R. apiculata). The study was conducted for 12 weeks and used a complete randomized design to analyze the data. The first factor was the growing media (A) with 3 levels of treatment, namely mudsoil (A0), mud and compost (A1), and mud, sand and compost (A2). The second factor was the shade level (N) with 3 levels treatment, namely the shade intensity 0% (N0), 50% (N1), and 70% (N2). The result of this study indicate that the shade intensity has a significant effect on the growth of Rhizophora apiculata, and the growing medium does not significantly affect the growth of Rhizophora apiculata. The best shade intensity for growth of R. apiculata is 0% (N0).
 Keywords: growing media, mangrove forest, rehabilitation, Rhizophora apiculata, shade level

Diversity of mangrove species associated with zonation in Lubuk Kertang Village and Pulau Sembilan, North Sumatra

The Research about the diversity of mangrove species associated with zonation in Lubuk Kertang Village and Pulau Sembilan, Langkat Regency, North Sumatera was conducted in March – April 2021. This study aims to determine the diversity of mangrove species based on zoning observations in Lubuk Kertang Village and Pulau Sembilan. The research was conducted using the exploration method. The observation zone for the diversity of mangrove species is divided into three zones, namely zone 1 in brackish or almost fresh waters behind the actual green mangroves, zone 2 along the river, brackish to almost fresh, and zone 3 on the part facing the sea. The results of the study were fifteen mangrove species with two different mangrove groups, namely four true mangrove species (Lumnitzera racemosa, L. littorea, Nypa fruticans, and Scyphyphora hydrophyllacea) and eleven associated mangrove species (A. auriculiformis, Barringtonia asiatica, Casuarina equestifolia, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Melastoma candidum, Morinda citrifolia, Pandanus odoratatissima, Pongamia. Pinnata, Sesuvium portulcastrum, Stachytarpheta jamaicensis, and Terminalia catappa). Furthermore, the observations in zone 1 were dominated by mangrove association groups, namely A. auriculiformis, B. asiatica, C. equestifolia, H. tiliaceus, M. candidum, M. citrifolia, P. odoratatissima, P. pinnata, S. portulcastrum, S. jamaicensis, and T. catappa, in zone 2, namely L. littorea and L. racemosa and in zone 3, namely N. fruticans and S. hydrophyllacea, zones 2 and 3 are dominated by true mangrove groups. This shows that data on the diversity of mangrove species is very necessary to preserve mangrove species in Lubuk Kertang Village and Pulau Sembilan and the growing zone of mangrove species is natural zoning of mangrove forests.

Abundance and diversity of insects associated with Rhizophora mangle and Avicennia germinans in Bundu-Ama mangrove ecosystem of the Niger Delta, Nigeria

Mangrove species diversity is well known for larger animals and plant, but little is known about mangrove insects and their significance and yet they perform important roles in the ecology of the habitat. The present study was conducted to determine the diversity of insects associated with Rhizophora mangle and Avicennia germinans in Bundu-Ama mangrove habitats, a tributary of the Bonny River in the Niger Delta. Two stations were established based on the abundance of the mangroves. A total of 18 mangrove trees (nine each) for both species were randomly selected and insect samples collected bi-weekly between 7 am and 11 am between April and June 2017, making a total of 108 trees per station within the study period. Each tree was sampled for 10 min using sweep net, hand net and handpicking methods. A total of 8 insect orders (Diptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Homoptera, Rhopalocera, Odonata, Phasmida and Heterocera), 20 families and 35 species were identified. Hymenoptera (49.1%) was the highest insect order recorded, followed by Diptera and Homoptera. Avicennia had more insect orders, families and species. Coleoptera, diptera and Hymenoptera were found on both plants while others were on Avicennia only. Formicidae was the most abundant family (37.1%) while Lagiidae was the least (0.2%). The most abundant species was Camponotus acvapimenis. The highest species diversity was observed in the Diptera with Shanon H’ of 2.00 for Avicennia and 2.13 for Rhizophora. The richness index was 2.43 for Avicennia and 2.62 for Rhizophora, and the highest species evenness (E’= 0.40) was observed in the Diptera indicating that the insects were not evenly distributed. Two insect associations were identified: a specialist group of 23 species on Avicennia, and 6 species on Rhizophora, while the second group were the generalist made up of 3 species Anopheles squamosus, Musca domestica and Fannia sp. Insect families (Muscidae, Calliphoridae, Syrphidae, Ceratopogonidae, Culicidae, Tabanidae) are of medical, veterinary and ecological importance as pollinators, bioindicators, predators, parasitoid, agricultural pest and detritivores. Insect diversity was found to be higher in Avicennia than in Rhizophora. This study has shown that the mangroves of Bundu-Ama have a vast array of insects which will contribute to their biodiversity data and subsequent conservation and management of ecosystem in the Niger Delta.

Fauna Biodiversity as Indicator of Mangrove Forest Health on Moti Island, Moti District, Ternate City

The health condition of mangrove forests can be determined by assessing forest health indicators. One of the indicators used in determining the health of mangrove forests is faunal biodiversity. Measurement of forest health is a step that can be taken to ensure forest functions and benefits. The study's objectives were to determine the composition of mangrove species and mangrove forest fauna (birds and epifauna), to determine the structure of the fauna community which includes species diversity and species dominance and to determine the health condition of mangrove forests on Moti Island, Ternate Island District. This research was conducted on Moti Island, Moti District, Ternate City, North Maluku Province for six months, April - September 2021. A Sampling of mangroves was carried out using the "spot check" method. Meanwhile, the method used to assess mangroves' health condition refers to the FHM (Forest Health Monitoring) method. There are nine species of mangrove, namely Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora stylosa, Rhizophora mucronata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Sonneratia alba, Xylocarpus granatum, Avicennia offincinalis, A. marina and Nypa fruticans. While the composition of fauna species is as many as 18 species consisting of Epifauna (Gastropoda = 12 species, Bivalve = 2 species) and birds as many as four species. The diversity of mangrove forest fauna species in all research locations is moderate and no species dominate. The health status of mangrove forests, both Tafaga and Figur villages, has 60% good condition, 20% moderate and poor conditions.

STRUKTUR KOMUNITAS MANGROVE DI KELURAHAN TAPUANG, KECAMATAN TAHUNA, KABUPATEN SANGIHE

The information about mangrove forest community structure in Tapuang village has never been reported. The location of the mangrove forest in this village is near to the settlements. Three line transects with 50 m distance were laid perpendicular to the shore. In each line transect, 5 quadrants (10 x 10 m2) were established. The data were analyzed using several parameters density, frequency, dominance, important index value and diversity. This study found 5 mangrove species namely Avicennia marina, Sonneratia alba, Sonneratia ovata, Rhizophora stylosa and Nypa fruticans. Avicennia marina was the most species found in each transects and had the highest density, frequency, and dominance values. The highest important value index (INP) was found in Avicennia marina in transect 2 with a INP value 183.80. Mangrove species diversity index for tree category in each transect was low (H'≤1) ranges from 0.99.Key Words: Tapuang Village, Mangrove, Community Structure

Genetic diversity of mangrove tree species Avicennia marina in eco-geographic regions of Kerala coast, Southern India

The genetic assembly of Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh, Avicenniaceae within and between the three natural mangrove forests of Kerala coast belonging to the districts of Kochi, Kozhikode and Kannur was investigated using Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers to provide coherent scientific conservation practices. The ten selective ISSR primer combinations of 60 genotypes of Avicennia marina ensured a total of 171 bands of which 84.5% were polymorphic. Gene diversity index H varied from 0.142 Kochi to 0.195 Kozhikode. The mean gene diversity H S was 0.169 and the total gene diversity H T was 0.262 which showed a moderate level of genetic diversity in the studied population. The mangrove Avicennia marina populations showed large genetic difference G ST = 0.3849, indicating that 38% of the total genetic diversity was among the populations and the rest 62% resides within the population. The gene flow estimates Nm = 0.79 shown that natural mangroves of Kerala are in the course of differentiation due to genetic drift. We investigated the genetic distinctiveness of taxonomically confusing species, Avicennia marina and Avicennia officinalis , and resulted in clear demarcation between the two. There is a significant correlation between dendrogram and PCoA designated that extensive distant spreading of seeds between populations of Avicennia marina is comparatively low. The genetic study contributed relatively high diversity and strong differentiation across the three eco-geographic locations. The best remedy to preserve coastal mangrove species like Avicennia marina is to plant the identical species in its respective habitat. Launch, on-site protection zones to safeguard the species and to decrease the impact of human activities would allow its habitats to increase in size through natural regeneration.

Keanekaragaman Jenis Mangrove di Desa Rukam Kabupaten Bangka Barat

Research on mangrove species diversity has been carried out in Rukam Village, West Bangka Regency. This study aims to determine the diversity of mangrove species in Rukam Village, West Bangka Regency. This research was conducted using purposive sampling at five research stations. Transects are drawn perpendicular to the coastline starting from the outermost vegetation (near the sea) to the final boundary of the littoral area (land). The results obtained were the diversity index was classified as low ranging from 0.4 - 0.74, the uniformity index value was evenly distributed between 0.57 - 0.97 and the dominance index value ranged from 0.2 - 0.5, there were types that dominated. other types, so that the community structure is unstable and there is ecological stress.

Diversity, biomass, covers, and NDVI of restored mangrove forests in Karawang and Subang Coasts, West Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Suwanto A, Takarina ND, Koestoer RH, Frimawaty E. 2021. Diversity, biomass, covers, and NDVI of restored mangrove forests in Karawang and Subang Coasts, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 4115-4122. Indonesia has been recognized as the country with greatest diversity of mangrove species with significant amount of carbon sink and biomass. In few recent decades, mangrove forests have been deforested significantly. One of the solutions to deal with mangrove deforestation is through restoration. West Java north coasts are one of the areas that have experienced deforestation, however and mangrove restorations have been conducted mainly in Karawang and Subang coasts. Correspondingly this research aims to assess the mangrove diversity using index and biomass resulted from restoration program in those coasts. To assess the mangrove diversity in each coast on June 2021, 6 sampling stations containing 3 replicated sample plots of size 10 m × 10 m were located. In total 8 species with 1549 trees were been sampled. In Subang the order of mangrove species from common to less-common species were Avicennia marina > Rhizophora mucronata > Sonneratia caseolaris > Acanthus ilicifolius > Bruguiera gymnorhiza. While the order in Karawang was Avicennia marina > Rhizophora mucronata > Rhizophora apiculata > Sonneratia caseolaris > Bruguiera gymnorhiza. The mangrove diversity (H)’ was significantly different (p = 0.000, F = 2.216) with diversity in Subang Coast (average H' = 1.326, 95% CI: 1.15-1.5) was higher than in Karawang (average H’ = 1.063, 95%CI: 0.934-1.2). Estimated restored mangrove covers in Subang were 3.612 km2 and 0.46 km2 in Karawang. R. mucronata was mangrove species that has the highest biomass with the value of 1337.91 mg ha-1 and the lowest was A. marina with value of 14.3 mg ha-1. The results suggest that restoration areas in Subang and Karawang have significant contributions to maintain mangrove diversity, biomass, and covers.

STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN EKOWISATA HUTAN MANGROVE DI DESA TELUK PAMBANG KECAMATAN BANTAN KABUPATEN BENGKALIS

Mangrove forests have an important role in regulating the stability of sea and land conditions, as well as forming various species of trees, shrubs and flora. One area that has a mangrove ecosystem in Bengkalis Regency is Teluk Pambang Village. Mangrove ecotourism in Teluk Pambang has good potential to be developed such as natural resources, characteristics and uniqueness of mangroves, diversity of mangrove species and regional comfort. The aims of this research are (1) know the potential and attractiveness of mangrove ecotourism and (2) determine the strategy of developing mangrove ecotourism in Teluk Pambang Village, Bantan Regency, Bengkalis Regency. This research began in December 2018 in the village of Teluk Pambang, Bantan Regency, Bengkalis Regency. The study was conducted using methods of field observation, observation and study of literature. Analysis of the ecotourism development strategy was carried out in the SWOT analysis. The potential of mangrove forest ecotourism in Teluk Pambang has beautiful natural scenery, a high level of security, and there are 10 species of fauna and 9 species of flora. Based on differences in the number of internal and external factors, the Strategy Matrix is in quadrant 1. Strategies to develop mangrove forest ecotourism, namely increasing human resources (HR), planting rare mangrove species, planting mangrove abrasion barriers, development, procurement of facilities and supporting infrastructure so both among the stakeholders.

Diversity and zonation of mangrove flora in Belitung Island, Indonesia

Abstract. Irawan A, Chikmawati T, Sulistijorini. 2021. Diversity and zonation of mangrove flora in Belitung Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 2981-2992. Mangrove is an important ecosystem located in the coastal tidal zone in tropical and sub-tropical regions. This ecosystem is characterized by the presence of plant species that can survive in brackish and inundated zone of seawater. There are many mangrove forests in Belitung Island, Indonesia, but the data of mangrove flora diversity and zonation in this island have not been described. This study aims to reveal the diversity and analyze the zonation of mangrove flora in Belitung Island. This research was conducted using a cruising method to explore the diversity of mangrove flora species and a line transect to analyze the zonation of mangrove flora. The exploration locations for diversity of mangrove flora were Kuale Tambak Beach, Asam Beach, Belitung Mangrove Park Area, Manggar River, Sentigi Beach, Sabong Beach, and Kembiri Beach. Mangrove flora zonation was observed in Asam Beach (north), Kembiri Beach (south), and Kuale Tambak Beach (east). The result showed that mangrove flora in Belitung Island consisted of 12 families, 16 genera, and 24 species. Species found were dominated by 8 species from the Rhizophoraceae family with the largest number of species were from the genera of Bruguiera and Rhizophora. The species of Bruguiera included Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Bruguiera sexangula, Bruguiera cylindrica and Bruguiera parviflora. Meanwhile, the Rhizophora species that have been found were Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, and Rhizophora stylosa. The Kembiri beach had the highest number of species of the mangrove flora with 18 species. The zonation of mangrove flora at each research location showed a different zonation pattern. The mangrove vegetation on Kulae Tambak Beach was behind the Casuarina equisetifolia vegetation, while the mangrove vegetation on the Asam and Kembiri Beaches directly faced the sea. The difference in zonation patterns is likely caused by local topography on Belitung Island, substrate conditions and salinity factors on the mangroves of Belitung Island

Development of Maroon Mangrove Education Park (MMEP) in Supporting Mangrove Conservation in Coastal of Semarang City

Maroon Mangrove Education Park (MMEP) is a mangrove education site located in the Maroon Coastal of Semarang City. The development of MMEP as a mangrove education tour was carried out by the Mekar Tani Lindung mangrove farmer group (METAL) in 2016 on an area of 64.93 hectares with support from PT Phapros Tbk and. As a MMEP mangrove tourist destination has a variety of attractions such as diversity of mangrove species (12 species), tracking mangroves and some interesting photo spots with aircraft background from the adjoining Ahmad Yani Airport, so many visitors come especially on weekends that contribute to improving the manager’s economy and local society. In addition, the development of MMEP also has an impact on the sustainability of mangroves from planting activities both by the manager and the community in collaboration with various parties. Based on the results of monitoring of digital images of the globe in the region, it was seen that there was an increase in the area of mangroves in the period of 2014 - 2018 amounting to 3.5 hectares and experiencing an increase in the area back in 2020 of 0.05 hectares. The increase in mangrove area will certainly have an impact on improving the quality of the city of Semarang which has been damaged.

Impact of Revegetation of Rhizopora apiculata and Rhizopora stylosa on The Development of Mangrove Vegetation in Teluk Jor, East Lombok

Mangrove degradation has become a source of awareness, especially the government, such as the Indonesian government. This study aims to assess the effect of planting Rhizopora apiculata and Rhizopora stylosa on the growth and development of mangrove species diversity that grows naturally in Teluk Jor, East Lombok. Methods of data collection using the method of observation and transects. Furthermore, the first data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and the second was the importance of value index analysis and Shannon-Wiener (H ’) analysis. In this study, five new species were found besides Rhizoproa apiculata and Rhizoproa stylosa. The new species are Avicennia marina, Ceriops tagal, Lumnitzera racemosa, Sonneratia alba, and Sonneratia casidaris. Furthermore, the highest index of importance was Sonneratia alba (tree 239.26, sapling 136.57, and seedling 66.89), and the lowest was Lumnitzera racemosa. Meanwhile, the diversity index is in the medium category, namely 1,451. In this case, the revegetation of two mangrove species in the study location significantly impacts mangrove vegetation growth and development. Therefore, the mangrove revegetation model in Teluk Jor can reference mangrove conservation in other areas.

Mangrove diversity enhances plant biomass production and carbon storage in Hainan island, China

Abstract Mangrove forests, one of the highest carbon density ecosystems, are very different from other forests as they occupy saline and tidal habitats. Although previous studies in forests, shrublands and grasslands have shown a positive effect of biodiversity on plant biomass and carbon storage, it remains unclear whether this relation to biodiversity also exists in mangrove forests. Here, we evaluate the possible effects of mangrove species diversity, structural characteristics and environmental factors on mangrove biomass production and carbon storage, using survey data from 234 field plots of 30 transects in the mangrove forests along the coastlines of Hainan Island, China, during 2017 and 2018. We found that mangrove species diversity had a positive effect, not only on mangrove biomass production but also on soil carbon storage. This positive effect was more strongly evident in the forest communities than in either the shrub communities or forest‐shrub mixed communities, with the forest type having the biggest mangrove biodiversity and carbon storage. Besides, the diversity effect was affected by structural characteristics, namely, mangrove biomass increased exponentially with tree stem diameter and decreased with tree density. Furthermore, we observed a resource‐dependent mediation of the mangrove ecosystem when linking diversity to biomass. The areas with high soil Nitrogen content and Mean annual precipitation (MAP) showed higher mangrove biomass and carbon storage. This suggests that the spatial pattern of mangrove carbon storage and diversity was driven by both climate factors (MAP) and soil fertility (soil N). To our knowledge, this is the first study based on an intensive field survey that has verified the positive effect of biodiversity on mangrove biomass and carbon storage. Our findings suggest that mangrove forests with greater diversity also have higher carbon storage capacities and conservation potential. Thus, biodiversity conservation is crucial for mangroves to mitigate the greenhouse effect. Our findings strengthen the understanding of the diversity effects on mangrove ecosystem services and have important implications for mangrove restoration and conservation. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.

Assessment of mangrove species diversity in Banaybanay, Davao Oriental, Philippines

Abstract. Pototan BL, Capin NC, Delima AG, Novero AU. 2021. Assessment of mangrove species diversity in Banaybanay, Davao Oriental, Philippines. Biodiversitas 22: 144-153. This study determined mangrove species diversity and community structure in Banaybanay, Davao Oriental, Philippines. Ten 150m long transects plots were laid out perpendicular through the mangrove forests yielding 30 plots and total sampled area of 3, 000 m2. Individual trees within plots were counted, identified and measured for diameter at breast height (dbh) and tree height. For diversity analysis, Shannon-Weiner Index of Diversity (H’), Pielou’s Index of Evenness (J), Simpson’s Index of Dominance (C), and Effective Number of Species (ENS) were used. Results showed a total of 33 species belonging to 14 families, 31 of which are true mangroves and two associates. Two threatened species, the endangered Camptostemon philippinensis and vulnerable Avicennia rumphiana, and three near-threatened species were recorded. Diversity analysis showed a high diversity index (H’=3.145; ENS=23) and high species evenness (J=0.85) but low dominance (C=0.05). Sonneratia alba attained the greatest importance value (IV=59.79%) due to high relative density, relative frequency, and relative dominance. Also, Rhizophoraceae is the most represented among 14 families. Hence, Banaybanay being highly diverse with the presence of threatened and near-threatened mangrove species calls for immediate protection and conservation measures because of increasing anthropogenic activities and environmental problems observed in the area.

Perencanaan Lanskap Mitigasi Tsunami Berbasis Ekosistem Mangrove di Kota Palu

The coastal areas are vulnerable areas to disaster threats, especially the geological hazards of earthquakes accompanied by tsunamis. Palu City, which is located on the west coast of Sulawesi, experienced a natural disaster of an earthquake, tsunami, and liquefaction on September 28, 2018. Based on the Map of Disaster Prone Index in Central Sulawesi Province, Palu City is a tsunami-prone area that is crossed by the Palu-Koro Fault. Tsunami disaster mitigation efforts in coastal areas can be done by planting mangrove ecosystems as a green barrier. The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of the coastal landscape in Palu City and plan the landscape of tsunami mitigation based on mangrove ecosystems in Palu City. The method used spatial analysis method and descriptive method, as well as the research stage, consists of preparation, data analysis, data synthesis, and landscape planning stage. The basic concept of tsunami mitigation landscape planning is to reduce or eliminate disaster risk in coastal areas based on mangrove ecosystems. The concept of spatial pattern concept consists of high hazard zones, medium hazard zones, and low hazard zones. The concept of vegetation refers to the diversity of mangrove and native plant species as green open spaces and green barriers.

Diversity and distribution of mollusks at three zones of mangrove in Pejarakan, Bali, Indonesia

Abstract. Ginantra IK, Muksin IK, Suaskara IBM, Joni M. 2020. Diversity and distribution of mollusks at three zones of mangrove in Pejarakan, Bali, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 4636-4643. The diversity of mangrove species in mangrove zonations on the coast of Pejarakan plays an important role in the existence of faunal diversity, including those from mollusks. Mollusks are the dominant phylum associated with mangrove habitats, in addition to the species of the Crustacean subphylum. This research aimed to determine the diversity of mollusks and their distribution patterns in three mangrove zones in Pejarakan, Buleleng District, Bali Province, Indonesia. Data collection was conducted by establishing sampling plots across three mangrove zones, i.e. seaward zone, middle zone, and landward zone. There were 23 sampling plots in total with size of each plot was 1x1m. The species and number of individuals of each species of mollusks were recorded in each quadrat plot. The diversity of mollusks was calculated using the Shannon-Wiener index, evenness index, and dominance index, while the pattern of distribution of mollusks was measured using the Morisita index. The results of the study found 27 species of mollusks, consisting of 19 species from Gastropods group, 7 species from Bivalvia group and 1 species from Polyplacophora (chiton). The seaward zone showed the highest species diversity, while the landward zone had the lowest. Terebralia palustris had the highest abundance with 217 individuals/m2 and was distributed in the three mangrove zones. Planaxis sulcatus showed the highest abundance (87 ind./m2) in the seaward zone, and Telescopium telescopium showed a fairly high abundance and were distributed in the mid zone and the landward zone. In general, mollusks in the mangrove area of Pejarakan was distributed in a group/clustered pattern. The data from this research can serve as a reference in mangrove forest conservation efforts and mangrove forest used for ecotourism.