Mangrove Rehabilitation Research Articles

Effectiveness of community-based mangrove management for coastal protection: A case study from Central Java, Indonesia

Management and restoration of mangrove forests to protect coasts are promoted in many countries, including Indonesia. Indonesian mangrove forests are actively restored and managed by local communities for their ecosystem services, including coastal protection. Whether community-based mangrove management (CBMM) is effective is still debated. Our study analysed the effectiveness of different CBMM practices in four Central Javan communities by analysing the capacity of their mangrove forests to protect against coastal hazards. We used complementary interviews, field assessments and literature reviews to collect the necessary information.The overall CBMM performance and success significantly differed for each community's mangrove rehabilitation effort and the resulting coastal protection service. Of the four communities, Bedono performed best in terms of mangrove coverage, forest structure and restored coastal protection service. This is explained by multiple factors, such as application of long-term and integrated CBMM approaches, involving appropriate maintenance and additional measures to reduce wave energy. Our results can help governments, practitioners and communities to better understand the factors that contribute to CBMM's success and failure when restoring and managing mangrove forests and protecting coasts.

Sedimentary blue carbon dynamics based on chronosequential observations in a tropical restored mangrove forest

Abstract. Among the many ecosystem services provided by mangroves, the sequestration of large amounts of organic carbon (OC) in marine ecosystems (also known as “blue carbon”) has given these unique ecological environments enormous global attention. While there are many studies on the blue carbon potential of intact mangroves (i.e., naturally growing), there have been very few studies on restored mangroves (i.e., planted). This study aims to address this knowledge gap by examining the sediment development process during the early colonization (rehabilitation) of mangroves in an OC-poor estuary in Panay Island, Philippines. Based on source apportionment of multiple end-members in the sedimentary organic matter, the contribution of mangrove plant material was higher at the older sites compared to the younger sites or bare sediments where there is a higher contribution of riverine input. A clear increasing gradient according to mangrove development was observed for bulk OC (0.06–3.4 µmol g−1), porewater OC (292–2150 µmol L−1), sedimentary OC stocks (3.13–77.4 Mg C ha−1), and OC loading per surface area (7–223 µmol m−2). The estimated carbon accumulation rates (6–33 mol m−2 yr−1) based on chronosequence are within the global ranges and show an increasing pattern with the age of mangroves. Hence, the sediments of relatively young mangrove forests appear to be a significant potential C sink, and short-term chronosequence-based observations can efficiently define the importance of mangrove restoration programs as a potential carbon sequestration pathway.

Assessment of Mangrove Ecosystem Potential in Bontang Regency-East Kalimantan to Reduce Abrasion

The Potential of mangroves in Indonesia is quite large because it is covered of 22% of the total area of mangrove forests in the world with high species diversity. Nowadays, the area of ecosystem mangrove in Indonesia has decreased by 30-50% in the past half century. Bontang City is known for its fishery products, both marine products, and processed fishery products. Pressure on the mangrove ecosystem also occurs in the city of Bontang. The increasing population living on the coast, the mangrove forest of Bontang City continues to be under pressure in the form of timber extraction and land conversion. This study propose an integrated approach of remote sensing and Geographical Information System. Mangrove area identified by using Mangrove Vegetation Index (MVI) in the form [NIR-Green]/[SWIR-Green]. Time series analysis also conducted in order to asses mangrove area dynamics. Area for mangrove rehabilitation is carried out using combination approach between Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI) overlaid with flooded vegetation areas from esri.com. NDMI was obtained from formula [NIR-SWIR]/[NIR+SWIR]. The analysis observations from 2017 to 2021 show that development activities in Bontang coastal area are increased but this condition does not interfere with mangrove growth because based on the results of the analysis, the area of mangroves is enhanced by 153.80 ha. Based on the analysis, there are 2 (two) villages which is the most potential for mangrove rehabilitation area namely Bontang Kuala about 115.7 ha (71.94%) and Tanjung Laut Indah 21.2 Ha or 13.19%. The result provides a model that can be used as a reference for policymakers in efforts to manage mangrove ecosystems for protection and restoration on the coast of Bontang City

Sustainability of mangrove forest management in the former bauxite mining area on Bintan Island

Background : The bauxite mining area on Bintan Island continues to expand into the mangrove forest area. Mangrove forests have ecological, economic, and social importance, which must be managed accordingly to maintain their sustainability. This research was conducted to examine the sustainability of mangrove forest management in the former bauxite mining area on Bintan Island. Methods: The approach used is Multi Dimensional Scaling- Rapid Appraisal for Sustainability through the modified Rapfish ordinance software technique for the Mangrove Ecosystem. The type of data used is quantitative, covering five dimensions of sustainability, namely ecological, economic, social, legal and institutional as well as technology. Results: The results showed that the sustainability index status of the ecological, social, legal and institutional dimensions was quite sustainable, while the sustainability index of the economic dimension was unsustainable, and the technological dimension was less sustainable. Attributes of levers that are sensitive to the sustainability of mangrove forest management are: 1) Mangrove density, 2) Substrate fraction, 3) sedimentation, 4) Mangrove importance index, 5) Bio-concentration factor, 6) Benefit value direct, 7) Indirect benefit value, 8) Dependence on mangrove forest as a source of livelihood, 9) Corporate Social Responsibility funding support, 10) Community income, 11) Community health level, 12) Community perception, 13) Legality of mangrove area and mining, 14) Pollution monitoring technology in ex-mining areas and 15) Mangrove rehabilitation technology. Conclusions:The status of the mangrove forest sustainability index on Bintan Island is quite good. the economic and technological dimensions can be upgraded to sustainable status by carrying out management that is more focused on the lever attributes of the ecological, social, legal and institutional dimensions.

The External, Internal Factor and Ecosystem Services to Support Mangrove Rehabilitation Planning in North Coast of Jakarta

The mangrove ecosystem on North Coast of Jakarta has many services and function both of ecology, social and economic function and services, including the tidal flooding reduction, land subsidence reduction, pollution reduction, ecotourism and others. However, the mangrove ecosystem in North Coast of Jakarta Mangroves are being badly damaged, so require effort and activity to rehabilitate. This research aimed to develop rehabilitation strategy of mangrove ecosystem in North Coast of Jakarta to reduce coastal disaster and to support ecosystem services. The methods of this research used IFAS, EFAS analysis and Buchard analysis. The results showed that the ecosystem services of mangrove ecosystem were are ecotourism, conservation, wildlife reserves, reduction of tidal flooding, abrasion and accretion, reduction of intrusion, reduction of land subsidence, economic income, fishing and fishpond activities, pond activities, and social benefits. The strategy of mangrove rehabilitation was weakness-opportunity strategy (minimalizing weakness, taking advantage of opportunities, and avoid threats. The strategies of mangrove rehabilitation plaaning were mangrove rehabilitation, mangrove revitalization, support creative economy, developing greenbelt, increasing human resources and developing blue carbon

Physiological and transcriptomic responses to cold waves of the most cold-tolerant mangrove, Kandelia obovata.

Mangrove forests inhabit tropical or subtropical intertidal zones and have remarkable abilities in coastline protection. Kandelia obovata is considered the most cold-tolerant mangrove species and has been widely transplanted to the north subtropical zone of China for ecological restoration. However, the physiological and molecular mechanisms of K. obovata under colder climate was still unclear. Here, we manipulated the typical climate of cold waves in the north subtropical zone with cycles of cold/recovery and analyzed the physiological and transcriptomic responses of seedlings. We found that both physiological traits and gene expression profiles differed between the first and later cold waves, indicating K. obovata seedlings were acclimated by the first cold experience and prepared for latter cold waves. 1,135 cold acclimation-related genes (CARGs) were revealed, related to calcium signaling, cell wall modification, and post-translational modifications of ubiquitination pathways. We identified the roles of CBFs and CBF-independent transcription factors (ZATs and CZF1s) in regulating the expression of CARGs, suggesting both CBF-dependent and CBF- independent pathways functioned in the cold acclimation of K. obovata. Finally, we proposed a molecular mechanism of K. obovata cold acclimation with several key CARGs and transcriptional factors involved. Our experiments reveal strategies of K. obovata coping with cold environments and provide prospects for mangrove rehabilitation and management.

Best Participatory Practices in Mangrove Conservation Management: The Case in the Mangrove Rehabilitation Program in the Fishing Villages in the Philippines

The mangrove conservation program is one of the measures to address climate change at the village or community level and is the most effective and sustainable. For it entails a community participatory approach and is anchored on the participation of the private sector, and people’s organizations. Bayabas, a coastal municipality of Surigao del Sur, in the Philippines with the communities Cabugo, Magobawok, Belete, and La Paz, the sites of the study, has a robust mangrove conservation program. The study used mixed methods of survey, ethnographic, and observation/case study methods which capture the organizational culture of the sites. The findings of the study include the following: The Mangrove Conservation sites were established in response to the significant provisions of the Local Government Code of 1991 bearing on Environmental Conservation duly supported by an Ordinance of the LGU of Bayabas. The operation of the Mangrove Conservation sites was being assisted by the People’s Organization (PO) which is also a quasi-cooperative for fishers. The POs were established by a joint effort of the PFAR/BFAR and the LGU of Bayabas. Sagip Wakatan, the Mangrove Conservation Program of the LGU of Bayabas was anchored on food security, sustainable development, people’s empowerment, eco-tourism, and the response to climate change initiatives at the grassroots levels. Livelihood integration is one of the most important features of the Mangrove Conservation Program and was directly channeled into the four (4) People’s Organizations (POs). The fishers across four (4) sites are active enough in their participation in the Mangrove Conservation.

Evaluation of Plant Growth and Potential of Carbon Storage in the Restored Mangrove of an Abandoned Pond in Lubuk Kertang, North Sumatra, Indonesia

Mangrove forest in Lubuk Kertang Village, West Brandan sub-district has been converted around 20 ha annually (1996–2016) into various non-forest land use. Rehabilitation can be a solution to restore the condition of the ecosystem so that it can resume its ecological and economic functions. This paper discusses the evaluation of mangrove rehabilitation carried out by planting 6000 propagules in December 2015 and 5000 seedlings in May 2016 with Rhizophora apiculata species in abandoned ponds. Monitoring was carried out every 6 months from 2016 to 2022. In the restored area, 11 true mangrove species and 3 associated mangrove species were found. The percentage of plants that survived after seven years was 69.42% for planting using propagules and 86.38% for planting with seedlings. The total biomass carbon stocks stored by 7-year-old plants using propagules was 51.18 Mg ha−1, while the carbon stored by planting using seedlings was 56.79 Mg ha−1. Soil carbon stocks at the planted site with propagules were 506.89 ± 250.74 MgC ha−1, and at the planted site with seedlings were 461.85 ± 102.23 MgC ha−1. The total ecosystem carbon stocks (including aboveground carbon) in the planted site using propagules were 558.07 MgC ha−1, while planting using seedlings were 518.64 MgC ha−1. The dataset and findings on the carbon storage evaluation of mangrove rehabilitation will be useful for blue carbon research community and policymakers in the context of the climate change mitigation strategy for Indonesia.

Evidence of Successful Mangrove Conservation Avicennia marina viewing from Bivalvian Diversity in Central Lombok

Administratively, the coastal area of Central Lombok Regency is included in the mangrove conservation program which is currently in the process of rehabilitation. Shellfish as one of the associated biota that live in the mangrove ecosystem. This study aims to analyze the diversity (H'), uniformity (E), dominance (D), and abundance (R) of associated biota in the mangrove ecosystem conservation area on the south coast of Central Lombok Regency. Data analysis consisted of determining sampling stations, processing mangrove vegetation data, processing bivalve data, and environmental parameters. The results showed that there were nine types of mangroves, 15 types of bivalves were found. The highest density of mangroves in Dondon was Avicennia marina (84.16%) and the highest relative frequency of mangrove species (66.67%). The lowest mangrove density in Gili Perigi was Rhizophora stylosa (3.1%) and the lowest relative species frequency (6.67%). Furthermore, the highest relative frequency in Tanjung Batutiang is Avicennia marina (30.00%) and the lowest is Avicennia lanata (3.33). While the highest relative frequency in Gili Perigi was Avicennia marina (50.00%) and the lowest was Rhizopora stylosa (6.67%). The highest value of the dominance index on the Dondon Coast was 0.84 and was classified as low, meaning that no species dominated. In conclusion, the Indonesian government has initiated many mangrove Rehabilitation programs through replanting, especially on Lombok Island. This study shows that members of the genus Avicennia marina have the potential to increase the growth and stability of mangrove ecosystems on the south coast of Central Lombok.

Challenges and opportunities for achieving Sustainable Development Goals through restoration of Indonesia's mangroves.

Indonesia, the most mangrove-rich nation in the world, has proposed the most globally ambitious mangrove rehabilitation target (600,000 ha) of any nation, to be achieved by 2024 to support multiple Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 1-3, 6, 13 and 14). Yet, mangrove restoration and rehabilitation across the world have often suffered low success rates and been applied at small scales. Here, we identify 193,367 ha (estimated costs at US$0.29-1.74 billion) that have the potential to align with the national mangrove rehabilitation programme. Despite being only 30% of the national target, our robust assessment considered biogeomorphology, 20 years of land-use and land-cover change and state forest land status, all key factors moderating mangrove restoration success which have often been neglected in Indonesia. Increasing subnational government representation in mangrove governance as well as improving monitoring and evaluation will increase the likelihood of achieving the mangrove rehabilitation targets and reduce risks of failure. Rehabilitating and conserving mangroves in Indonesia could benefit 74 million coastal people and can potentially contribute to the national land-sector emissions reduction of up to 16%.

Soil carbon stock in different of mangrove ecosystem in Mahakam Delta, East Kalimantan, Indonesia

Mangrove forests serve as a buffer against sedimentation from the mainland into the sea, protect the area from coastal erosion, and prevent seawater intrusion in some ecological types of coastal environments. Additionally, because soil and below-ground biomass retain a significant quantity of carbon, they are essential for carbon sequestration. The current study seeks to estimate the soil organic carbon stock of mangroves associated with natural regeneration, mangrove rehabilitation areas and abandoned shrimp ponds, in Mahakam Delta, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. A 125-meter-long transect line was used to collect data, with three sampling points representing the length of the transect line. Each soil sample was taken at three different depths: 0-50 cm, 50-100 cm, and 100-150 cm. After that, the samples were taken to the laboratory for carbon analysis. The mangrove rehabilitation area had the highest bulk density at 8.64 gr/cm3, followed by natural mangroves along the river border at 7.67 gr/cm3, and abandoned ponds had the lowest at 7.16 gr/cm3. The rehabilitation area had the highest soil carbon stock at 1120 tons/ha, followed by natural mangroves along the riverside at 686 tons/ha and abandoned ponds at 383 tons/ha. In accordance with the study, mangrove rehabilitation regions had larger soil carbon stocks than natural regeneration along the riverside and abandoned ponds. In order to protect the ecologically significant mangrove ecosystem and minimize the effects of climate change, mangrove restoration and rehabilitation are necessary.

The potential of biomass and carbon storage of avicennia alba in the mangrove rehabilitation area of Kedaburapat village, Kepulauan Meranti district

This research was conducted from May – August 2023 in the rehabilitation mangrove area of Kedaburapat Village, Rangsang Pesisir Sub-District, Kepulauan Meranti Regency, Riau Province. This study aims to determine the average of tree diameter, potential biomass and carbon storage of each tree and the relationship between potential biomass and carbon storage with the diameter of the Avicennia alba rehabilitation mangrove trees in Kedaburapat Village. The method used in this study is a survey method and determination of sampling points by purposive sampling. The potential biomass and carbon storage of each tree were calculated using the allometric method. The relationship between average tree diameter and potential biomass and carbon storage was analyzed using simple linear regression. The average diameter at breast height (DBH) of A. alba per tree ranged from 2.81 – 4.03 cm, the average biomass per tree was 7.39 – 12.80 kg, the average carbon storage per tree was 3.47 – 5.00 kg C and tree carbon total per ha was 32.62 – 43.95 ton C/ha. The potential of biomass and carbon storage of each tree has a relatively strong positive relationship with the average tree diameter, with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.9921. The quality of the waters measured in this study were temperatures ranging from 28-30°C, salinity 25-28‰, and pH 7.5-7.9. Environmental parameters indicate that the condition of the rehabilitation mangrove area in Kedaburapat Village is still good and can support the life of mangrove vegetation.

Environmental Knowledge and Attitude of Coastal Community in Decision Making to Participate in Mangrove Rehabilitation in Sinjai District South Sulawesi Indonesia

Adversity in the past has provided lessons, information, and understanding of coastal communities about the importance of adequately conserving and managing mangrove forests and encouraged their attitude towards mangrove rehabilitation. The study aims are to analyse the influence of knowledge and attitude of coastal communities on the decision to participate in mangrove rehabilitation in Tongke-Tongke village, Sinjai district, South Sulawesi. A household survey was conducted in August 2019. Structured questionnaires were administered to 150 respondents who were selected through random sampling. The socioeconomic demographic characteristics of households were described using qualitative descriptive statistics, and a multiple regression equation examined the decision to participate with a logit model estimation. The majority of the coastal communities have a low-level education and rely on fishing and shrimp farming as their primary source of income. Knowledge and attitude play a critical role in determining their understanding and behaviour concerning mangrove rehabilitation, with positive and significant effects.

The growth performance of Rhizophora apiculata using the cut-propagule method for mangrove rehabilitation in Indonesia

Abstract. Usman AHA, Hartoyo APP, Kusmana C. 2022. The growth performance of Rhizophora apiculata using the cut-propagule method for mangrove rehabilitation in Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 6366-6378. A high decrease in the size of Indonesia's mangrove forests requires effective and efficient rehabilitation efforts. One of the efforts is using Rhizophora apiculata as the adaptive and fast-growing mangrove species and its cut-propagule seedling method for accelerating plant propagation. The objectives of this study were to analyze the growth performance of R. apiculata propagules with various treatments of propagule cutting, seedling media, and giving growth regulators (PGR), as well as to determine the best combination of treatment for the growth of R. apiculata. An experimental study was conducted in a greenhouse using a randomized design with 3 factors (propagule cutting, seedling media, and giving PGR) and 3 replications. The interaction of the combination of cut-propagule treatment, planting media, and growth regulator (AxBxC) only had a significant effect on the increase in the number of leaves of R. apiculata. Complete propagules and the lower part of cutting propagules with a combination of mud+sand seedling media and 10,000 ppm PGR (a0b1c1 and a2b1c1) resulted in the best value on the growth of R. apiculata. The cut-propagule seedling method of R. apiculata still showed good growth so it can be used as an alternative to mass vegetative reproduction in mangrove rehabilitation activity.

Early performance of mangrove seedlings in abandoned fishpond rehabilitation using silvofishery approach

Mangrove is an essential ecosystem for climate change mitigation and adaptation. Yet, mangrove rehabilitation and restoration remain a huge challenge indicated by the unacceptably high failure rate particularly during the early stage after planting. Long-term monitoring and evaluation is one of the key factors to improve success rate. Hence, study on the seedlings’ performance is essential. This study analyzes mangrove seedlings’ health by assessing survival rate and leaf morphometrics in silvofishery sites in Buer Village, Sumbawa District, Indonesia. One-hectare plot of Rhizophora mucronata planted on January 2020 and one-hectare plot of Rhizophora stylosa planted on February 2020 were selected. To analyze leaf morphometrics variations, forty leaves were collected from each plot. The seedlings of R. mucronata (CV 15%) have bigger competition and lower adaptation ability compared to R. stylosa (CV 6%). Water quality parameters supports the growth of Rhizophora, sp. The species selected is appropriate for the location (middle to upper intertidal level). The success rate is high, around 95% and 80% for R. stylosa plot and R. mucronata, respectively. Factors attributed to the high success rate are (i) hydrological intervention, (ii) ownership and buy-in, (iii) international partnership, (iv) land tenure security, and (v) regular monitoring.

Ecological suitability of mangrove ecosystems as mangrove rehabilitation areas in the Sei Carang estuary waters of Tanjungpinang City

The waters of the Sei Carang estuary are water areas that are influenced by tides and have mangrove vegetation along the waters. However, with the conversion of land functions such as bauxite mining and logging activities, the existing mangrove ecosystem is damaged. The purpose of the study was to determine the ecological characteristics of the mangrove ecosystem and to determine the level of ecological suitability of the mangrove ecosystem as a mangrove rehabilitation area in the Sei Carang estuary waters, Tanjungpinang City. This study used a purposive sampling method at 4 stations selected based on land openness and locations that allow for rehabilitation. Parameters in this study include mangrove type, substrate, salinity, tidal type, pH, current velocity, and biota objects. Based on observations, there were 10 types of mangroves found. The results of observations that have been calculated using the mangrove rehabilitation land suitability matrix show that each station can be said to be suitable for the rehabilitation area with the distribution of the suitability value of mangrove rehabilitation land showing a dominant suitability of S1 (Highly Appropriate).

GERAKAN MENANAM BIBIT MANGROVE (Rhizophora sp) SEBAGAI UPAYA REHABILITASI EKOSISTEM MANGROVE DI DESA KUALA BUBON ACEH BARAT

Mangrove rehabilitation is an activity to restore damaged mangrove ecosystems into an ecosystem that functions as it should. The mangrove rehabilitation program is an ongoing program consisting of site surveys, outreach to the community, planting of mangrove seedlings, and post-planting maintenance of mangrove seedlings. This community service was carried out on February 20, 2022 in Kuala Bubon Village, West Aceh Regency. This activity was attended by the academic community of the Aquatic Resources Study Program and the local community who live in Kuala Bubon Village. The implementation of community service aimed to increase public and student awareness to preserve the mangrove ecosystem and restore degraded mangrove ecosystems through rehabilitation. The method used is the counseling methode and live demonstration in the field. The mangrove rehabilitation program carried out by the academic community of the Aquatic Resources Study Program through the mangrove rehabilitation program has had an effect on increasing public and student awareness in an effort to preserve the mangrove ecosystem and restore the function of the damaged mangrove ecosystem through replanting mangrove seedlings and maintaining post-planting mangrove seedlings.

Applying the DPSIR framework to qualitatively assess the globally important mangrove ecosystems of Indonesia: A review towards evidence-based policymaking approaches

Indonesia has the largest extent of mangroves globally, supporting communities at the local scale while contributing to climate change mitigation at the global scale. Yet, they are highly threatened by multiple anthropogenic and natural stressors. Thus, in this study, we aim to qualitatively assess Indonesia’s mangrove ecosystems by conducting a literature review applying the Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework. By using the framework, we identified multiple stressors and existing management efforts in 27 provinces of Indonesia. For instance, we identified aquaculture expansion as the most frequented driver of mangrove loss leading to the conversion of mangroves to shrimp farms in 20 provinces. In terms of responses, mangrove rehabilitation and community-based management have a long history in Indonesia while economic valuation and payment of ecosystem services are yet to be established across the country. The identification of multiple stressors and/or threats is instrumental to addressing the causes of degradation of globally-important mangroves in Indonesia if effectively translated into policies, which remains a future challenge.

Utilization of Kandelia candel (L.) Druce and hypocotyl cutting seedling for mangrove rehabilitation in Indonesia

Kandelia candel (L.) Druce is one of the rare mangrove species in Indonesia. Additionally, mangrove rehabilitation requires effective and efficient methods. Accelerating the growth of mangrove species using vegetative propagation, specifically hypocotyl cutting, is necessary. The objectives of this study were to investigate the scientific literature on the use of K. candel for mangrove rehabilitation in Indonesia and to analyze the growth of K. candel seedling from hypocotyl cuttings. Scientific literature was collected from 2012 to 2022 in some search engines and library databases. An experimental study was carried out with different treatments (hypocotyl cuttings, planting media, plant growth regulator) and three replications. We found 576 articles on mangrove rehabilitation in Indonesia and only an article uses K. candel (0,002%) as a species in mangrove rehabilitation. There was no study on hypocotyl cutting of K. candel. The best combination of intact hypocotyl treatment was intact hypocotyl, mud+sand growing medium, and growth regulator 15.000 ppm. In contrast, the best combination of cut hypocotyl treatment was bottom hypocotyl, mud+sand planting medium, and growth regulator 15.000 ppm.

Use of Rhizophora apiculata and its cut-propagule seedling method for mangrove rehabilitation in Indonesia

A high decrease in Indonesia’s mangrove forests requires effective and efficient rehabilitation efforts. One of the efforts is the use of Rhizophora apiculata as the adaptive mangrove species and the cut-propagule seedling method of the species for accelerating plant propagation. The objectives of this study were to investigate the scientific literature on the use of R. apiculata for mangrove rehabilitation and to analyze the growth of R. apiculata derived from the cut-propagule seedlings. Scientific literature was collected from 2012 to 2022 in Google Scholar. An experimental study was conducted using the following treatments: cut-propagule, growth regulator, and planting media with 3 replications. About 90% of 980 articles stated the R. apiculata as the main species for mangrove rehabilitation. However, there was no study on the effect of cut-propagule seedlings on the growth of R. apiculata. Propagule cutting significantly affects the increase in height and diameter. Treatment of no propagule cutting, growth regulator (10 000 ppm), also a combination of mud+sand resulted in the highest height increment. Treatment of no propagule cutting, no growth regulator, and the combination of mud+sand resulted in the highest diameter increment. The cut-propagule method can be an alternative method to produce more seedlings than no propagule cutting.