Mangrove Management Research Articles

Mangrove vegetation response to alteration in coastal geomorphology after an earthquake in Andaman Islands, India

The 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake caused a devastating tsunami and shifts in land elevations, which had an instantaneous as well as the long-term impact on the Andaman Islands. Especially, the coastal uplift and subsidence has altered the tidal regime, leading to mass mortality and degradation of mangroves (∼150 sq. km). The tectonic shift in the Andaman archipelago has created three broader geographical units: North Andaman with coastal uplift (∼1.3 m) – sea level drop (SLD) scenario; Middle Andaman with minor to no change in coastal geomorphology – no change scenario; and South Andaman with coastal subsidence (∼1.1 m) – sea level rise (SLR) scenario. How these changes in the tidal regime have influenced mangrove vegetation remains less understood. Therefore, we assessed mangrove vegetation characteristics across the Andaman Islands to examine mangrove response to coastal uplift and subsidence after 18 years since the disturbance. The uplifted sites mimicking the SLD scenario appeared more destructive to mangroves (tree density - 771/ha) in comparison to subsided sites mimicking the SLR scenario (tree density - 937/ha), while no change sites with the highest tree density (1288/ha) showed lowest impacts to mangrove. The species diversity (H’=Shannon-Wiener index) within recruitment cohorts (seedlings: <1 cm DBH and saplings: ≥1 cm and <5 cm DBH) sapling (H’=1.57), and seedling (H’=1.48) was significantly higher than the trees (H’=1.20). Rhizophora apiculata and Ceriops tagal were the dominant species (cumulative IVI 60%) found in survived mangrove forests demonstrating their high resilience for sudden changes in tidal regime. Our study provided a comprehensive account of mangrove vegetation response after a major disruptive event in 2004. Long-term monitoring of these novel sites would enhance our understanding of mangrove response to sea level change, which can also provide significant insights for the restoration and management of mangroves.

Role of mangrove afforestation in the high saline zone of Bangladesh: Changes of carbon stock with stand age and species composition

The carbon storage in Bangladeshi mangrove plantations is influenced by site-specific variations and plantation management practices. This study was focused on evaluating the impact of stand age and above-ground factors on the carbon storage of the western-side high-saline mangrove plantations in Bangladesh. A comprehensive field study was conducted, encompassing mangrove plantations aged 3, 5, 7, 10, 12, 15, and 35 years, to assess their potential for ecosystem carbon storage. The biomass data was calculated by estimating the tree height and diameter at breast height (DBH) with common allometric equations and soil samples were collected from every plot for estimating the organic carbon in the soil of the mangrove plantations. Stand structure attributes showed significant differences among all age classes and Sonneratia apetala was found to be dominant among all other species (IV = 147.41). Biomass C storage upsurges with age, ranging from 51.5±3.2–259.9±103.5 Mg C ha−1, while soil C storage averages 33.1±3.1 Mg C ha−1, showing no significant variation on age. Ecosystem carbon storage increases significantly with age and 35-year-old mangrove plantations exhibit the highest storage potential (292.0±105.5 Mg C ha−1). An analysis of species composition highlighted that Sonneratia apetala accumulated 94.1±28.4 Mg C ha−1 of biomass carbon, a figure notably higher than other species. The comparison indicated that, while the ecosystem carbon storage in Bangladesh is higher in mature-aged mangrove plantations, it lags behind young-aged mangrove plantations in Myanmar. Bangladesh exhibits a higher biomass carbon accumulation rate than China and India but falls short by 56% when compared to Myanmar's biomass carbon accumulation. However, these insights from mangrove plantation studies can serve as valuable guidance for policymakers and researchers, aiding in the conservation and management of mangroves and developing a blue carbon framework to meet the required funding for sustainable development of mangrove plantations and local communities in Bangladesh.

The Association between Rapid Urbanization Process and Mangrove Land Use Changes in Coastal Regions of Mainland China: A ten-years Systematic Review

Objective: This research aims to summarize the impacts on mangroves in mainland China due to changes in land use patterns in the context of rapid urbanization. Theoretical Framework: Grounded in theories of urbanization, land use change, and ecosystem dynamics, this research adopts a theoretical framework that integrates concepts from geography, ecology, and urban studies. It explores the complex interactions between urban development and mangrove ecosystems, considering factors such as population growth, economic development, and policy interventions. Method: The systematic literature review method used in this study follows the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. From 359 papers, 14 were selected for review and summary based on sources and identification, inclusion and exclusion criteria, screening, and data extraction. Results and Discussion: We realize that development activities that land use, such as land reclamation and port construction, pose the most significant threat to mangroves, often leading to irreversible damage. In addition to the obvious destruction, the covert and sustained impacts of urban development on mangrove forests have been receiving increasing attention. To address the negative impact of substantial demand for construction land, the establishment of protected areas at different levels has been proven to be indeed effective. However, the sustainable development of management and service functions within protected areas requires further research. Research Implications: Understanding the specific impacts of the urbanization process on mangrove forests is crucial for mangrove restoration efforts and for formulating and adjusting urban development-related plans and policies. Originality/Value: This study assesses urbanization impacts on mangroves, detailing loss reasons and distinguishing explicit and implicit effects of construction. It evaluates protective measures and discusses tailored conservation strategies for sustainable mangrove management.

Stakeholder perceptions in mangrove management in the Jaffna Peninsula, Sri Lanka

Mangroves are recognised as social-ecological systems where ecological dimensions constantly interact with human dimensions. In the Jaffna Peninsula of Sri Lanka, mangroves constitute the primary forest type. However, a destructive civil war spanning over 25 years, heavily affected the local vegetation and local inhabitants. Large patches of mangrove forests were damaged and remained inaccessible for a considerable time, compelling most of the population to temporarily abandon their land. This study aimed to investigate the main mangrove goods and services that the local population benefits from and gather opinions of mangrove management stakeholders regarding mangrove conservation in the Jaffna Peninsula through a mixed methods approach. Ethnobiological surveys were conducted with coastal communities, along with Q methodology, expert opinion surveys and additional semi-structured interviews with mangrove management stakeholders. Ethnobiological surveys revealed a significant distancing of local communities from mangrove goods and services. The Q methodology identified three discourses: community-oriented, government-oriented, and mangrove conservation oriented. Expert opinion surveys highlighted encroachment and pollution as major threats to mangroves. Issues raised in the semi structured interviews include challenges regarding land ownership permits during and after the war, weak interactions among different stakeholders with overlapping jurisdiction, failed replantation efforts and scarcity of scientific data for mangrove management. Addressing these issues is crucial not only for fostering effective mangrove management and conservation in the Jaffna Peninsula but also for potentially benefiting other districts in Sri Lanka and beyond.

MANGLEE: A Tool for Mapping and Monitoring MANgrove Ecosystem on Google Earth Engine—A Case Study in Ecuador

Mangroves, integral to ecological balance and socioeconomic well-being, are facing a concerning decline worldwide. Remote sensing is essential for monitoring their evolution, yet its effectiveness is hindered in developing countries by economic and technical constraints. In addressing this issue, this paper introduces MANGLEE (Mangrove Mapping and Monitoring Tool in Google Earth Engine), an accessible, adaptable, and multipurpose tool designed to address the challenges associated with sustainable mangrove management. Leveraging remote sensing data, machine learning techniques (Random Forest), and change detection methods, MANGLEE consists of three independent modules. The first module acquires, processes, and calculates indices of optical and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data, enhancing tracking capabilities in the presence of atmospheric interferences. The second module employs Random Forest to classify mangrove and non-mangrove areas, providing accurate binary maps. The third module identifies changes between two-time mangrove maps, categorizing alterations as losses or gains. To validate MANGLEE’s effectiveness, we conducted a case study in the mangroves of Guayas, Ecuador, a region historically threatened by shrimp farming. Utilizing data from 2018 to 2022, our findings reveal a significant loss of over 2900 hectares, with 46% occurring in legally protected areas. This loss corresponds to the rapid expansion of Ecuador’s shrimp industry, confirming the tool’s efficacy in monitoring mangroves despite cloud cover challenges. MANGLEE demonstrates its potential as a valuable tool for mangrove monitoring, offering insights essential for conservation, management plans, and decision-making processes. Remarkably, it facilitates equal access and the optimal utilization of resources, contributing significantly to the preservation of coastal ecosystems.

Community perceptions of the existence of mangrove ecosystems in Peunaga Cut Ujong Village, Meureubo District

Local communities played an important part of thepi existence of the mangrove ecosystem in Peunaga Cut ujong Village. Community perspectives on the existence of mangrove ecosystems have an impact on mangrove management steps in the local area. The purpose of this study was to identify community perceptions of the existence of mangrove ecosystems around the Peunaga Cut Ujong Village community. This research uses survey methods and in-depth interviews using a questionnaire sheet as a guide. The technique of determining respondents through snowball sampling. Respondents totaled 35 people who were selected based on the area of residence of the youth hamlet of Peunaga Cut Ujong Village. Data analysis of this research used Likert scale. The results showed that community perceptions of the functions and benefits of mangrove ecosystems had the lowest score of 858, the form of management score 916, and the level of participation with a score of 1246. Overall, the perceptions and opinions of local communities about the existence of mangrove ecosystems are in the very good category, with a score of 127. This value shows that the existence of mangroves is very good in the view of the Peunaga Cut Ujong community. Community involvement in mangrove conservation efforts will actually have an impact on the success of sustainable management.

Partisipasi Masyarakat dalam Meningkatkan Ekowisata Mangrove di Desa Denai Kuala, Kabupaten Deli Serdang

Mangrove ecotourism offers a variety of interesting tourist activities for visitors, such as nature tourism, environmental education, and cultural tourism. The purpose of this study was to determine the role and efforts of the community in participating in improving mangrove ecotourism management in Denai Kuala Village, Pantai Labu District, Deli Serdang Regency. The method used in this research is Qualitative with Descriptive Approach. The results of this study show that there are various types of mangroves in Denai Kuala village such as Rhizopora Apicullata, Rhizophora Mucronata and Avicennia. Beach management with an approach that harmonizes environmental protection, animal welfare, education, and economic sustainability. Mangrove ecotourism management on Putra Deli beach is managed by one party where the management of the beach revenue is used properly and partly goes into the treasury as a further beach management fund. Mangrove management of Muara Indah Beach is carried out by groups of people who live around the beach. Not all people are only some who belong to the Muara Indah Beach management group

Strengthening Blue Carbon Ecosystem Governance in Indonesia: Opportunities for National Determined Contributions

Purpose: This study analyses the institutional management of blue carbon ecosystems in Indonesia. With transparent governance, blue carbon can be an effective tool to accelerate the achievement of NDC targets. Methode: This empirical juridical research applies a participatory approach involving discussions and interviews with several related parties. It also uses statutory and conceptual approaches. This paper presents a new construction of blue carbon ecosystem governance in Indonesia. Result and Conclusion: The overlapping authority between the Ministry of Environment and Forestry and the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries is resolved by applying the legal principles lex specialis derogate legi generali and lex posteriori derogate legi inferiori. To achieve ideal institutional governance of mangrove management, there is a need for a cooperation scheme between sectors of government agencies, namely between the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, and the non-structural institution Peat and Mangrove Restoration Council.

Strategy Rehabilitation and Management of Mangrove Based on SWOT Analysis in Betahwalang Village Bonang, Bonang Sub-District, Demak Regency, Central Java.

Strategy Rehabilitation and Management of Mangrove Based on SWOT Analysis in Betahwalang Village Bonang, Bonang Sub-District, Demak Regency, Central Java.

THE ROLE OF THE COMMUNITY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MANGROVE FOREST ECOTOURISM IN PASAR BANGGI, REMBANG REGENCY

Mangrove forests are one of the most productive ecosystems, located in tropical and subtropical coastal waters and river estuaries. Mangroves provide benefits to humans and the environment by providing shelter for brackish water organisms such as fish and shrimp. Pasar Banggi Mangrove Forest in Rembang Regency has a geographic location with a geographical position of 6º41'52.45 "- 6º41'52.66" LS and 111º23'19.80"-111º23'20.01" East. The Pasar Banggi area experienced a 353-meter coastline setback due to abrasion. This has resulted in degradation. Given the importance of the function of mangrove forests, it is appropriate to take serious measures to reduce the effects of degradation. One possible utilization effort is through mangrove conservation activities. An appropriate alternative to mangrove conservation to be developed in Pasar Banggi is the development of the ecotourism sector. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of the community and the development of mangrove ecotourism in the Pasar Banggi Mangrove Forest area. The method used in this research is convergent parallel mixed-method. Data collection methods using interviews and FGDs with relevant stakeholders. The results showed that the Pasar Banggi mangrove forest ecosystem was classified as the best ecosystem condition along the Pantura Line. Conservation efforts and community participation in suppressing mangrove degradation in Pasar Banggi Mangrove Forest is the establishment of the Sido Dadi Maju Farmer Group which is fully responsible for mangrove management and mangrove ecotourism development in Pasar Banggi Mangrove Forest.

Mangrove Ecosystem Management Strategy to Support Sustainable Development Goal 14

Sustainable mangrove management plays a pivotal role in advancing various sustainable development goals (SDGs). These encompass poverty and hunger eradication, fostering livelihoods and economic growth, countering the impacts of climate change, and protecting biodiversity. To investigate this matter, our study employed participatory rural appraisal (PRA) and focus group discussion (FGD) techniques. The study engaged with local government officials, fishermen, farmers, non-governmental organizations, women leaders, community leaders, and the general public actively involved in mangrove forest regions. The purposive sampling method ensured a representative sample. A comprehensive analysis was conducted, integrating SWOT analysis and the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). The findings revealed several key strategies: promoting the development of the potential of economically and sustainably valuable mangrove ecosystems through environmentally friendly planting and harvesting; empowering communities through farmers, fishermen, and women’s groups to generate household-scale mangrove-based industries; providing all necessary facilities and infrastructure for mangrove ecotourism visitors; expanding the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in improving community awareness and knowledge on the management of mangroves; and providing training to increase the diversification of mangrove economic products.

Mangrove area degradation and management strategies in Indonesia: A review

Coastal communities are particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change. This study aimed to review the impact of land use change and mangrove degradation on coastal areas and analyze the problems and strategies of mangrove management in Indonesia. Journal data sources were obtained from the Scopus and Google Scholar databases. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method was used in the study. The results indicate that economic activities such as mining, industry, and ponds are the main cause of mangrove damage, which in turn leads to increased disasters, CO2 emissions, and decreased community income. To address this issue, mangrove management strategies that take into account social, economic, and environmental factors are necessary. Successful mangrove restoration requires increased inclusion, community capacity, budgeting, and stakeholder involvement. Government policies regulating sustainable spatial planning, law enforcement, and institutional frameworks are crucial components of mangrove management. The study's results are expected to serve as the foundation for developing sustainable coastal management strategies that enhance the safety of coastal communities from disasters and improve their welfare.

Random Forest-Based Assessment of Mangrove Degradation Utilizing NDVI Feature Extraction in Spatio-Temporal Analysis

Mangrove ecosystems, vital for coastal biodiversity and protection, confront escalating degradation from human and natural influences. Addressing the imperative for precise degradation assessment, this study introduces a Random Forest-based technique, utilizing NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) feature extraction within a spatio-temporal framework. The principal aim is to establish a robust approach for evaluating mangrove degradation and land cover shifts. This involves extracting NDVI values from satellite images to monitor vegetation health and changes chronologically. Leveraging the Random Forest algorithm, acknowledged for managing intricate relationships and classifications, further enhances the methodology.By situating the approach spatio-temporally, degradation patterns and alterations in mangrove distribution are traced over time. The temporal progression of the study area is considered, affording a thorough degradation analysis. Outcomes affirm the method's efficacy, evidenced by a Cohen's Kappa Score of 0.96 denoting substantial agreement between predictions and observations. Remarkably high scores across accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score (all at 0.97) underscore the model's precision in classifying mangrove degradation levels. The amalgamation of the Random Forest-based approach and NDVI feature extraction emerges as a valuable instrument for precise mangrove degradation assessment. The spatio-temporal analysis augments comprehension of degradation dynamics, pivotal for proficient mangrove management and conservation strategies.

Rehabilitasi Mangrove untuk Mendukung Perikanan Berkelanjutan dan Mitigasi Iklim di Desa Labuhan Kuris Kabupaten Sumbawa

The mangrove ecosystems in Labuhan Kuris Village, Lape Subdistrict, Sumbawa Regency are degraded. The area of mangrove ecosystems is categorized as good; it has decreased, potentially impacting the decline in fisheries' productivity, global warming, and other effects. This community service activity aims to rehabilitate mangroves through education and mangrove planting. The stages of this activity include an initial survey of community knowledge (pre-test) regarding mangroves, education and discussion sessions (talk shows), mangrove planting, and monitoring and evaluation. Meanwhile, the target audience for this activity is adult community members. Interviews using questionnaires were conducted to assess the community's initial understanding of mangroves. An educational session on the roles of mangroves was conducted by providing materials and distributing stickers about the roles of mangroves, and sessions. An evaluation of understanding levels was performed through post-tests, while monitoring and evaluation were conducted using direct observation methods in the field. Post-test results showed that 88% of the target audience understand the function of mangroves, 96% stated that mangroves ' role is to protect fish and crabs, while only 60% answered that mangroves have roles in climate mitigation. The number of participants in the educational session was 50 people. The mangrove species planted was Rhizophora sp. On this occasion, 1000 mangrove seedlings were planted, and the number of community members involved in mangrove planting was 220. Monitoring and evaluation results indicated that some plants were damaged due to trampling by livestock. Thus, mitigation was done by fencing around the planting area. Overall, the community actively participated from the beginning to the end of the activities. This condition indicates that the community is highly concerned about mangrove management. However, community participation in mangrove management should be improved.

Effectiveness of community participation in Mangrove restoration: the evidence from northern Sri Lanka

As a result of the past failures in centralized management, community-based management approach was evolved as a better alternative in Mangrove management. However, effectiveness of community-based Mangrove management is remained as an important policy question with limited empirical evidence. This study aims to empirically investigate the effectiveness of community participation on Mangrove restoration using the village-level data collected from lagoon-based fishing villages in northern Sri Lanka during 2009–2020. In addition to the field data, this study adopts satellite imagery data of Landsat-7 and Landsat-8 to estimate the extent of Mangrove cover as an indicator of Mangrove restoration performance. The results show that community participation has a significant and positive impact on Mangrove restoration, suggesting the importance of strengthening community management practices for future Mangrove management.

Systematic review on the implementation of mangrove community-based restoration in Indonesia and beyond

World’s mangroves are decreasing, and the remaining are continuously at risk, so restoration seen as one of key strategies in the mangrove management. Mangrove ecosystems are ecologically important for coastal life, as well as play a key role for the livelihood and food security that put coastal community as important actor in the mangrove restoration efforts, including in Indonesia. This study aims to understand the current practices and lesson learned from the implementation of community-based mangrove restoration (CBMR). We used a combination of systematic review and co-learning workshops to identify relevant case studies, interventions, and outcomes from the implementation CBMR. We selected 71 relevant case studies from nine countries and ran a Principal Component Analysis (PCA). We identified four group of intervention implemented in the case studies, those are active restoration (include replanting), passive restoration (focus on protection and depend on natural regeneration), model business development and strengthening the community institution. Case studies analysis suggested that combination of four type of interventions helps to achieve both aims of CBMR which are restored mangrove and improved livelihood.

Effects of dredging wastewater input history and aquaculture type on greenhouse gas fluxes from mangrove sediments along the shorelines of the Jiulong River Estuary, China

Dredging wastewater (DW) from aquaculture ponds is a major disturbance factor in mangrove management, and its effects on the greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes from mangrove sediment remain controversial. In this study, we investigated GHG (N2O, CH4, and CO2) fluxes from mangrove sediment at typical aquaculture pond–mangrove sites that were stimulated by DW discharged for different input histories and from different farm types. The GHG fluxes exhibited differing cumulative effects with increasing periods of DW input. The N2O and CH4 fluxes from mangrove sediment that received DW inputs for 17 y increased by ∼10 and ∼1.5 times, respectively, whereas the CO2 flux from mangrove sediment that received DW inputs for 11 y increased by ∼1 time. The effect of DW from shrimp ponds on the N2O flux was significantly larger than those of DW from fish/crab ponds and razor clam ponds. Moreover, the total global warming potentials (GWPs) at the field sites with DW inputs increased by 29–129% of which the CO2 flux was the main contributor to the GWP (85–96%). N2O as a proportion of CO2-equivalent flux increased from 2% to 12%, indicating that N2O was an important contributor to the increase in GWP. Overall, DW increased the GHG fluxes from mangrove sediments, indicating that the contribution of mangroves to climate warming was enhanced under DW input. It also implies that the carbon sequestration potential of mangrove sediments may be threatened to some extent. Therefore, future assessments of the carbon sequestration capacity of mangroves at regional or global scales should consider this phenomenon.

Historical ecological monitoring and appraisal for extractive uses and other values in Malaysia unveils consequences of regime shifts in 120 years of mangrove management

Matang Mangrove Forest Reserve (MMFR) in Peninsular Malaysia, with its ‘management plans’ traced back to 1904, is the longest-managed mangrove forest for timber (pole/charcoal) production through intermediate thinning and final felling (or clear-felling) operations. For 115 years, the mangroves in the productive zones have been harvested under a 30-year rotation cycle. The 10-year management plans released by the Forestry Department have been supporting silvicultural management. Despite the long management history, the mangrove biomass and quality were found to have decreased in recent years. Therefore, we analyzed all the available management plans between 1904 and 2019 to summarize both qualitative and quantitative data (i.e., silviculture policy/practice and trading) in search of the shifts in management practices. A comparison with relevant literature on the MMFR was also made to evaluate the potential issues of scientific concern in the ongoing management. We found that the higher yield (per ha) of charcoal and poles in the past 20 years resulted from exploiting the restrictive productive zones (=forest that is environmentally sensitive and marginally productive). With a policy inclined greatly toward the financial outcomes of timber-based products, the current silviculture practice may turn out to be unsustainable if any impacts like extreme weather, tree dieoff, sea-level rise, etc., affect mangroves in the future. We discuss the dilemma between greenwood harvesting and the protection of a diverse range of ecosystem service. This study sheds light on the strengths and weaknesses of historic and current mangrove timber harvesting regimes in MMFR and can contribute to supporting future sustainable mangrove management in Matang, and other forest formation.

Community Attitudes towards Mangrove Management in Teluk Sulaiman Village, Berau Regency, Indonesia

This research aims to determine the value of community attitudes in Teluk Sulaiman in mangrove management and the factors that influence attitudes. This is a descriptive research using questionnaire and observation as data collection methods. Attitude measurement uses cognitive, affective, and conative aspects. To assess attitudes a Likert scale with SPSS processing is used. The results of the study obtained that the attitudes of the people in this village were positive with a value of 4.15, where the cognitive aspect value was 4.13, affective aspect 4.35 and conative aspect 3.96. The factor that influences attitude values is income. Meanwhile, other factors, such as age, and number of family members do not have a significant effect. Length of stay factor has a sufficient relationship with attitude value. The attitude scores seen from the gender segment do not have a significant difference, although in general the attitude scores of men are higher than women. The attitude scores of immigrants and native residents do not have a significant difference, although in general the attitude scores of immigrants are higher than those of native residents.

Pengoptimalan Mangrove dalam upaya peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat Desa Pasar Rawa Kecamatan Gebang Kabupaten Langkat

The preservation of mangrove forests must always be maintained, because mangrove forests have biological, ecological and economic functions which are of course very beneficial for the survival of every living creature. Optimal use of mangrove forests will bring many benefits to the lives of communities around the coast of Pasar Rawa. Success in mangrove management will improve the welfare of the community around the coast of Pasar Rawa. In implementing this program, the method of giving lectures about optimizing mangroves is used in an effort to improve the welfare of the people of Pasar Rawa. The aim of this program is for partners to be able to improve the welfare of the people of Pasar Rawa.