Mangosteen Pericarp Extract Research Articles

Evaluation of the phytochemical content, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Cocos nucifera liquid smoke, Garcinia mangostana pericarp, Syzygium aromaticum leaf, and Phyllanthus niruri L. extracts.

Background and Aim:Many plants contain bioactive substances with antibacterial and antifungal properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal activity of Cocos nucifera shell liquid smoke (CSL), clove leaf extract (CLE), and mangosteen pericarp extract (MPE) alone and in combination against Escherichia coli and Candida utilis. The antioxidant activity, phenol, saponin, and tannin of CSL, CLE, MPE, and Phyllanthus niruri L. extract were also measured.Materials and Methods:The agar well-diffusion method was used to determine the antimicrobial and antifungal activities of CSL, methanolic MPE, and CLE and their combination CSL+MPE+CLE (COMBI) on bacteria E. coli and fungus (C. utilis). Antioxidant activity was measured by the diphenylpicrylhydrazyl method. Total phenol and total tannin were measured by the Folin–Ciocalteu method and total saponin was measured by the vanillin-sulphate method.Results:The results indicated that phenolic and tannin levels were greater in MPE than in CLE, whereas the saponin content was higher in CLE compared with MPE. Undiluted (100%) MPE exhibited lower antibacterial activity (p<0.05) than chloramphenicol against E. coli, however, undiluted CLE and COMBI showed similar activity compared with chloramphenicol against E. coli. COMBI caused significantly (p<0.05) higher inhibition compared with virginiamycin against E. coli. CSL, MPE, and COMBI exhibited significantly lower antifungal activity (p<0.05) than that of ketoconazole against C. utilis. In contrast, CLE showed improved antifungal activity (p<0.05) compared with ketoconazole.Conclusion:Cocos nucifera liquid smoke, Garcinia mangostana pericarp extract, and Syzygium aromaticum leaf extract, either alone or in combination, have the potential to be used as antibacterial and antifungal agents.

Effect of salinity stress on the growth and yield of mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) treated with mangosteen pericarp extract

Salinity stress is one of the environmental factors that limit crop production. The objective was to find out the effect of salinity stress on the growth and yield of mungbean ( Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) treated with mangosteen pericarp extract. A randomised block design arranged in factorial pattern with two factors and three replications was used in the experiment. Salinity stress consisted of three levels, namely, 0%, 0.5% and 1%, and mangosteen pericarp extract consisted of two levels, namely, 0% and 1%. Plant height, leaf area, yield components and pod yield were analysed by univariate variance and Duncan's multiple range test at 5% significance level. The results showed that the increase in salinity stress reduced the leaf area, plant height, yield components and yield of mungbean. However, the use of mangosteen pericarp extract could increase the plant height, leaf area, yield components and yield of mungbean. The weight reduction of 100 mungbean seeds at 1% salinity stress could be alleviated by the application of 1% mangosteen pericarp extract. Moreover, mangosteen pericarp extract could mitigate mungbean yield loss caused by salinity stress. • Mungbean treated with mangosteen pericarp extract was investigated under salinity stress. • Increased salinity decreased the growth and yield of mungbean. • Mangosteen pericarp extract increased the growth and yield of mungbean. • Mangosteen pericarp extract mitigated mungbean yield loss under salinity stress.

Effect of Water Extract of Mangosteen Pericarp on Donepezil Pharmacokinetics in Mice.

The pharmacokinetic (PK) change in a drug by co-administered herbal products can alter the efficacy and toxicity. In the circumstances that herb–drug combinations have been increasingly attempted to alleviate Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the PK evaluation of herb–drug interaction (HDI) is necessary. The change in systemic exposure as well as target tissue distribution of the drug have been issued in HDIs. Recently, the memory-enhancing effects of water extract of mangosteen pericarp (WMP) has been reported, suggesting a potential for the combination of WMP and donepezil (DNP) for AD treatment. Thus, it was evaluated how WMP affects the PK change of donepezil, including systemic exposure and tissue distribution in mice after simultaneous oral administration of DNP with WMP. Firstly, co-treatment of WMP and donepezil showed a stronger inhibitory effect (by 23.0%) on the neurotoxicity induced by Aβ(25–35) in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells than donepezil alone, suggesting that the combination of WMP and donepezil may be more effective in moderating neurotoxicity than donepezil alone. In PK interaction, WMP increased donepezil concentration in the brain at 4 h (by 63.6%) after administration without affecting systemic exposure of donepezil. Taken together, our results suggest that WMP might be used in combination with DNP as a therapy for AD.

The Effect of Adjunctive Mangosteen Pericarp on Cognition in People With Schizophrenia: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Cognitive impairment is prevalent and often highly burdensome in people with schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to investigate if mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) pericarp extract may be an effective intervention to improve cognitive performance in this population.Methods: This was a secondary analysis of a larger randomized placebo-controlled trial that investigated a 24-weeks intervention of mangosteen pericarp extract supplementation in people diagnosed with schizophrenia. A subset of n = 114 participants with completed cognitive outcomes at follow up were included in this analysis. Using the Cogstate Brief Battery, the following cognitive outcomes were assessed: psychomotor function, attention, visual learning and memory (visual and working). Subgroup analyses investigated whether baseline clinical parameters (baseline cognitive functioning, illness severity and duration, depressive symptoms) moderated the relationship between mangosteen pericarp extract intervention and change in cognitive outcomes.Results: There were no significant between-group changes in any cognitive outcomes assessed. Subgroup analysis based on baseline cognition and clinical characteristics did not reveal any significant between-group difference in change.Conclusions: Mangosteen pericarp extract did not affect cognitive outcomes in people with schizophrenia. Further investigation regarding optimal dosing strategies for mangosteen interventions and the testing of additional cognitive domains may be warranted.Trial Registration: ANZCTR.org.au identifier: ACTRN12616000859482, registered 30 June 3 2016.

The Potential Cytotoxic Activity Enhancement of α-Mangostin in Chitosan-Kappa Carrageenan-Loaded Nanoparticle against MCF-7 Cell Line.

α-mangostin (αM), a xanthone derivative compound isolated from the extract of mangosteen pericarp (Garcinia mangostana L), has potential anticancer properties for breast cancer. However, it has poor solubility in water and low selectivity towards cancer cells. The polymeric nanoparticle formulation approach can be used to overcome these problems. In this study, a chitosan biopolymer-based αM polymeric nanoparticle formulation was encapsulated using kappa carrageenan (αM-Ch/Cr) as a novel carrier for breast cancer therapy and evaluated for their physicochemical properties, drug release profile, and in vitro cytotoxicity against breast cancer cells (MCF-7). Polymeric nanoparticles formulated with varying concentrations of kappa carrageenan were successfully prepared by ionic gelation and spray pyrolysis techniques. αM-Ch/Cr nanoparticles formed perfectly round particles with a size of 200–400 nm and entrapment efficiency ≥ 98%. In vitro release studies confirmed that αM-Ch/Cr nanoparticles had a sustained release system profile. Interestingly, the formulation of polymeric nanoparticles significantly (p < 0.05) increased the cytotoxicity of αM against MCF-7 cell with IC50 value of 4.7 μg/mL compared to the non-nanoparticle with IC50 of 8.2 μg/mL. These results indicate that αM-Ch/Cr nanoparticles have the potential to improve the physicochemical properties and cytotoxicity effects of αM compounds as breast cancer therapy agents.

Garcinia mangostana extract and curcumin ameliorate oxidative stress, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia in high fat diet-induced obese Wistar albino rats

The aim of this study was to explore the effects of Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen) and Curcuma longa independently and synergistically in modulating oxidative stress, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia commonly observed in high-fat diet-induced obesity in rodent models. Male albino Wistar rats were divided into eight experimental groups, fed on a normal diet or high-fat diet (HFD), then given mangosteen extract (400 mg /kg /day) and/or curcumin (80 mg/kg /day) for 6 weeks. Oxidative stress markers, glucose, and lipid fractions were measured in the sera. Mangosteen pericarp extract (MPE) induced a remarkable decrease in BMI (from 0.86 to 0.81 gm/cm2), while curcuma either alone or in combination was more effective, as treated rats recorded BMIs of 0.78 and 0.79 gm/cm2, respectively. Regarding the antioxidant effects, MPE induced a significant increase of GSH in obese rats (123.86 ± 15.53 μg/ml vs 288.72 ± 121.37 μg/ml). As anti-atherogenic agents MPE demonstrate significant effect recorded higher level of HDL-C in treated animals, but ineefective as anti-dyslipidemic agent. Curcumin was more effective in reducing LDL-C levels in obese rats. Both extracts effectively reduced blood glucose. The present study demonstrated that MPE and curcumin were independently and synergistically effective in treating obesity-induced atherogenesis.

Effect of Photoprotective Cream of Mangosteen Pericarp Extract (Garcinia Mongostana L) Against 8-OHdG After UVB Exposure On Albino Mice

Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of the application of mangosteen pericarp extract cream(Garcinia Mangostana L) on levels of 8-OHdG on the skin of mice after exposure to UVB.Method: The study use a pure animal experimental research design with control group. The criteria forinclution were species Swiss albino mice, aged 6 – 9 weeks, weight 20-30 g, female gender and healthy.. Thesamples that met the criteria were divided into 5 groups : UVB, Base Cream plus UVB, 3 groups mangosteenpericarp extract cream with different concentration UVB radiation in mice using a 311 nm narrowband UVB(Dermalight 1000) with the power 450 mJ/cm three times a week for 4 week. Elisa examination was carriedout before and after the experiment.Result: This study used 25 mice albino selected randomly and were divided into 5 treatment groupconsisting of 5 group : UVB alone, UVB with base cream, UVB with mangosten pericarp extract cream withconcentration of 1 %, 3 % and 5 %. The Comperative test levels of 8-OhdG between each group with PostHoc test and found It was concluded that the decrease in OhdG was greatest in group 2 followed by groups5, 4, 3, and 1 (control group), respectively.Conclution: The ELISA levels of 8-OHdG was found that there are significant difference as between thevarious treatment groups (p&gt;0,05). However, the increasing concentration of mangosten pericarp extractcream showed decreased level of 8-OHdG.

Oxidative Stability of Palm Oil Packaged in Active Bilayer PE/SPI Film Incorporated with Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Pericarp Extract

Oxidative Stability of Palm Oil Packaged in Active Bilayer PE/SPI Film Incorporated with Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Pericarp Extract

Comparative Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Effect of Mangosteen, Triphala, Chitosan, and 2% Chlorhexidine on Mono- and Dual-Species Biofilms of - and Candida albicans: An in Vitro Study.

Objective:The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the antimicrobial effectiveness of 2% chlorhexidine gel, 0.5% chitosan, ethanol extract of mangosteen pericarp, and Triphala used as intracanal medicaments against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans in mono- and dual-species biofilms.Methods:Bioactive components in the ethanol extract of mangosteen pericarp and Triphala were evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS). Quantitative assessment of the biofilm formations of E. faecalis and C. albicans and as a dual-species in the presence of test medicaments was carried out using a crystal violet (CV) assay in a microtiter plate. Following this, 246 single-rooted premolar teeth were collected, and root specimens were prepared. C. albicans and E. faecalis mono- and dual-species biofilms were grown in the root specimens. At the end of 21 days, the samples were divided into five groups and subjected to different types of medicaments: Control group- distilled water; Chlorhexidine group- 2% chlorhexidine gel; Chitosan group- 0.5% chitosan; Mangosteen group- ethanol extract of mangosteen pericarp; and Triphala group- ethanol extract of Triphala. Colony-forming units (CFUs) were assessed on the first and fifth day after medicament placement.Results:Microbial population reduction was measured by one-way analysis of variance, followed by post-hoc Tukey’s multiple comparison test (P<0.05). Chlorhexidine showed maximum log reduction in CFUs of microorganisms, followed by chitosan, which showed a similar log reduction (P>0.05) for both mono- and dual-species biofilms. However, in the mangosteen and Triphala extract groups, the CFU/mL for dual-species on both days did not have a significant reduction in count (P<0.05) when compared to chlorhexidine and chitosan.Conclusion:Chlorhexidine showed maximum antimicrobial activity, followed by chitosan, on both mono- and dual-species biofilms. Mangosteen and Triphala had good antimicrobial action on the mono-species biofilm.

Antibiofilm Activity of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Flavonoids against Streptococcus mutans Bacteria

Background: Dental caries is one of the most common infectious diseases and often occurs in the community caused by bacteria. Attached bacteria in the tooth surface for a long time will form a biofilm and will lead to demineralization characterized by damage in the structure of the tooth enamel. The bacteria that cause dental caries and can form biofilms is Streptococcus mutans. The bacteria inside biofilms are more resistant to antibacterial agents. Flavonoids in mangosteen pericarp extract can be a cleaner alternative for the anti-biofilm cavity that has properties against Streptococcus mutans. Purpose: To determine the activity of flavonoids in mangosteen pericarp extract at a certain concentration against Streptococcus mutans bacteria. Methods: This study was a laboratory experimental study with a post-test only control group design. Streptococcus mutans were diluted according to the Mc Farland dilution standard 106 in Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) medium and put in a flexible U-bottom microtiter plate. Then it was incubated for 5x24 hours and checked using crystal violet simple staining to see the formation of biofilms. Flavonoid extract of mangosteen pericarp performed serial dilution in a concentration of 100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.125%, 1.56%, and 0.78% was added, and the incubation process were conducted for 1x24 hours. OD (Optical Density) readings were done with a wavelength of 595 nm. Results: There was a significant difference between the test groups and the positive control group. The concentration of 100% had the anti-biofilm activity and showed the value of the highest percentage of inhibition, whilst the concentration of 0.78% showed a minimum biofilm inhibition concentration. The results were demonstrated by a statistical analysis test. Conclusion: Flavonoid extract of mangosteen pericarp at a certain concentration has anti-biofilm activity against Streptococcus mutans biofilm.

Adjunctive Garcinia mangostana Linn. (Mangosteen) Pericarp for Schizophrenia: A 24-Week Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo Controlled Efficacy Trial: Péricarpe d'appoint Garcinia mangostana Linn (mangoustan) pour la schizophrénie : un essai d'efficacité de 24 semaines, à double insu, randomisé et contrôlé par placebo.

Garcinia mangostana Linn. ("mangosteen") pericarp contains bioactive compounds that may target biological pathways implicated in schizophrenia. We conducted a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of adjunctive mangosteen pericarp, compared to placebo, in the treatment of schizophrenia. People diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition), recruited across 2 sites (Brisbane and Victoria, Australia), were randomized to receive 24 weeks of adjunctive mangosteen pericarp (1,000 mg/day) or matched placebo. The primary outcome measure was the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale total score. Secondary outcomes included positive and negative symptoms, general psychopathology, clinical global severity and improvement, participant reported overall improvement, depressive symptoms, functioning, quality of life, and safety data at 24 and 28 weeks (4 weeks postdiscontinuation). Data were collected from July 2016 to February 2019. Baseline assessments were conducted on 148 people (mangosteen = 74, placebo = 74); data analyses were conducted on 136 (92%) participants with postbaseline data. The treatment group had significantly higher symptom severity compared to placebo, and both groups significantly improved on all symptom, functioning, and quality of life measures over time. No between-group differences were found for the rate of change between baseline and 24 or 28 weeks. Despite promising preclinical and clinical work, our results do not support mangosteen pericarp extract as an adjunctive treatment for schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder.

Antibacterial potency of mangosteen pericarp extracts (Garcinia mangostana L.) against Fusobacterium nucleatum

Background: Fusobacterium nucleatum is a common bacterial in root canal with pulp necrosis and periradicular lesion. A way to eliminate these bacteria from root canal is by root canal irrigation. Root canal irrigation materials that are widely used nowadays has many shortcomings. The pericarp of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L) has antibacterial potency. Therefore mangosteen pericarp can be an alternative material which could inhibit and bactericidal function to Fusobacterium nucleatum. Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the antibacterial potency of mangosteen pericarp extract (Garcinia Mangostana L.) against Fusobacterium nucleatum. Methods: This study was laboratory experimental with pos-test only control group design. A microdilution method was used to determine minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration by colony counting bacteriae in Tryptone Soya Agar (TSA) media with drop plate technique. Growth of bacterial colonies in TSA is calculated manually in colony forming unit (CFU/ml). Results: Bacterial colonies growth at concentration 0.78% was 90% less than positive control group and there were no bacterial colonies growth at concentration 0.975%. Conclusion: The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of mangosteen pericarp against Fusobacterium nucleatum was at 0,78% concentration and the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) was at 0.975% concentration.

Synthesis and characterization of α-mangostin imprinted polymers and its application for solid phase extraction

α-mangostin imprinted polymers have been synthesized by a non-covalent imprinting approach with α-mangostin as a template molecule. The α-mangostin molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) prepared by radical polymerization using methacrylic acid, ethlylene glycol dimethacrylate, benzoyl peroxide, and acetonitrile, as a monomer, crosslinker, initiator, and porogen, respectively. The template was removed by using methanol:acetic acid 90:10 (v/v). The physical characteristics of the polymers were investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The rebinding studies were carried out by batch methods. The results exhibited that the MIPs was able to adsorb the α-mangostin at pH 2 and the contact time of 180 min. The kinetic adsorption data of α-mangostin performed the pseudo-second order model and followed the Langmuir isotherm model with the adsorption capacity of 16.19 mg.g-1. MIPs applied as a sorbent material in solid-phase extraction, namely molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction (MISPE) and it shows the ability for enrichment and clean-up of α-mangostin from the complex matrix in medicinal herbal product and crude extract of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) pericarp. Both samples, respectively, which were spiked with α-mangostin gives recovery more than 90% after through by MISPE in all concentration ranges.

Cytotoxic Effects of Mangosteen Pericarp Extracts on Oral Cancer and Cervical Cancer Cells.

Background:Despite immense advancements in treatment modalities, cancer remains a dreadful disease until the present. The major influencing factors behind the increased mortality rate of cancer are increased drug resistance and severe adverse effects caused by conventional cancer therapies. To overcome these limitations, the current medical field is focusing more on natural phyto-derived molecules to mitigate cancer. Mangosteen is a phytotherapeutic with potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. In the present study, we investigated the anticancer potential of the crude ethanolic extract of mangosteen against two dreadful forms of cancers, namely, oral cancer and cervical cancer, in vitro. Methodology:The pericarp of Garcinia mangostana or mangosteen was removed, air-dried, ground to fine powder, and macerated with ethanol. The extract obtained was then filtered and extracted with water for 48 h. The aqueous fraction thus obtained was then concentrated with a rotary evaporator at 40°C and dried with a freeze dryer. The anticancer efficacy of these extracts was investigated in human tongue squamous cell carcinoma (H357) cells and cervical cancer cells (HeLa) using the MTT assay, TUNEL assay, western blotting, and flow cytometry techniques.Results:The crude mangosteen pericarp extract (MPE) significantly inhibited the growth of H357 and HeLa cells in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, mangosteen induced early apoptosis in these cells after 48 h of incubation. Mangosteen also upregulated the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins, including caspases and Bax, and downregulated the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2.Conclusion:The MPE exerted significant cytotoxicity against the H357 and HeLa cells in a dose-dependent manner and promoted their apoptosis. Hence, this natural phytoextract can be considered a potent anticancer agent for treating oral cancer and cervical cancer.

Application of FTIR Spectroscopy and HPLC Combined with Multivariate Calibration for Analysis of Xanthones in Mangosteen Extracts

Mangosteen, or Garcinia mangostana L., has merged as an emerging fruit to be investigated due to its active compounds, especially xanthone derivatives such as α -mangostin (AM), γ-mangostin (GM), and gartanin (GT). These compounds had been reported to exert some pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory, therefore, the development of an analytical method capable of quantifying these compounds should be investigated. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between FTIR spectra and HPLC chromatogram, combined with chemometrics for quantitative analysis of ethanolic extract of mangosteen. The ethanolic extract of mangosteen pericarp was prepared using the maceration technique, and the obtained extract was subjected to measurement using instruments of FTIR spectrophotometer at wavenumbers of 4000–650 cm−1 and HPLC, using a PDA detector at 281 nm. The data acquired were subjected to chemometrics analysis of partial least square (PLS) and principal component regression (PCR). The result showed that the wavenumber regions of 3700–2700 cm−1 offered a reliable method for quantitative analysis of GM with coefficient of determination (R2) 0.9573 in calibration and 0.8134 in validation models, along with RMSEC value of 0.0487% and RMSEP value 0.120%. FTIR spectra using the second derivatives at wavenumber 3700–663 cm−1 with coefficient of determination (R2) &gt;0.99 in calibration and validation models, along with the lowest RMSEC value and RMSEP value, were used for quantitative analysis of GT and AM, respectively. It can be concluded that FTIR spectra combined with multivariate are accurate and precise for the analysis of xanthones.

The Antibacterial Potential of Tannin from Mangosteen pericarp Extract against Lactobacillus casei

Background: Deep dentinal caries cannot defect the vitality of dental pulp. The microbial populations involved in dental caries are known to be highly complex and variable. Lactobacillus casei is one of the most common carious dentine bacteria. Tannin contained in mangosteen pericarp extract is known to have an antibacterial potency. Purpose. This study aims to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration of tannin from mangosteen pericarp extract against Lactobacillus casei. Method. This study is an experimental laboratory with a post-test only control group design. Tannin from mangosteen was extracted by 96% ethanol. Lactobacillus casei was diluted into several concentrations using the serial dilution method in the Brain Heart Infusion Broth (BHIB) medium and inserted in several reaction tubes. Every reaction tube was incubated for 24 hours. After being incubated, each concentration was taken and swabbed into Mueller Hinton in the petri dish. Then, every petri dish was incubated for 24 hours and colonies' growth was counted manually in the Colony Forming Unit (CFU). Result. Bacterial colonies' growth at a concentration of 1.56% was 90% less than the positive control group and there was no bacterial colonies growth at the concentration of 3.12%. Conclusion. Tanin from mangosteen pericarp extract has an antibacterial effect against Lactobacillus casei. The MIC of tannin from mangosteen pericarp extract against Lactobacillus casei was at 1.56% and MBC was at 3.12%.

Antibiofilm activity of flavonoid mangosteen pericarp extract against porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria

Background. Necrosis teeth need a procedure called the root canal treatment to eliminate microorganisms in root canal, so the inflammation process did not continue to the periapical.One of the microbes that exist in thenecrosis teethis Porphyromonas gingivalis, that capable of forming biofilm because it has the ability to communicate with bacteria signaling (quorum sensing). It is necessary to discover another antibiofilm agent as an irrigation material in root canal preparation deriving from nature. Flavonoidmangosteen pericarp extract can disrupt acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) thus quorum sensing bacteria will be disrupted and causing permanent attachment and the establishment of colonies on the surface of the teeth any barrier. Purpose. The aim of this study found out the antibiofilmactivity of flavonoid mangosteen pericarp extract against Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria. Method. This studyhasa laboratory experimental with post-test only group design. Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277 was diluted according to Mc. Farland standard 106CFU/ml in Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) medium and inserted into microtitterplate flexible U bottom. Porphyromonas gingivalis was incubatedfor 6x24 hour and checked with a simple staining to see the formation of biofilm. Flavonoid mangosteen pericarp extract was added in various concentrations and OD (optical density) readings done with a wavelength of 595 nm. Result. Flavonoid mangosteen pericarp extractshowed a decrease of OD value from control in all concentrations.Conclusion.Flavonoid mangosteen pericarp extract has antibiofilm activity against Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria.

Characterization of Liquid Skim Milk Fortified with Whey-Mangosteen Pericarp (Garcinia mangostana) Extract Solution

Mangosteen pericarp has many health benefits. The types of mangosteen-based functional foods and drinks are still very limited, because the phenolic components of the mangosteen pericarp extract are easily damaged and cannot be fully absorbed by the body. Whey protein in milk is believed to function as a carrier for food. This whey protein can form complexes with phenolic components and can improve its physical and functional properties. In producing functional foods that are more stable, whey complexes - extracts of mangosteen pericarps that have been formed are fortified into skim milk. Addition of whey-mangosteen pericarp extract solution not significantly affected (α= 0,05) to creaming, sedimentation, and solubility of skim milk. However, there was enlargement in particle size of each concentration. The best treatment in this study was the concentration of adding 5% whey-extract of mangosteen pericarp extract with a phase separation value of 7.33% ± 0.70, the value of solubility reached 92.90 ± 4.86, the sedimentation value reached 0.0211 ± 0.007 , and the average particle diameter was 3.9 µm

Potency of Mangosteen Pericarp Extract to Inhibit 38-kDa and Ag85 Protein Secretion by Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The α-mangostin in mangosteen pericarp extract can inhibit M. tuberculosis growth. This study examined the potency of α-mangostin in mangosteen pericarp extract to inhibit 38-kDa and Ag85 protein secretion from M. tuberculosis H37Rv. The samples used in this study were divided into three independent variable groups (3.125 µg/ml; 6.25 µg/ml; and 12.5 µg/ml α-mangostin in the mangosteen pericarp extract), a positive control group (rifampin), a negative control group (M. tuberculosis H37Rv), and the Garcia® group (trademark of the mangosteen peel extract capsule). HPLC-MS/MS detected that the mangosteen pericarp extract contained 5,984.55 µg/g α-mangostin. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and dot blot analysis were conducted to analyze the profile and specificity of both proteins. This study revealed that 6.25 µg/ml of mangosteen pericarp extract had the greatest potency for inhibiting 38-kDa protein secretion from M. tuberculosis H37Rv, and 12.5 µg/ml mangosteen pericarp extract had greater potency for inhibiting Ag85 protein secretion than did the other doses. Thus, α-mangosteen from mangosteen pericarp extract can inhibit Ag38 and Ag85 secretion.

Formation of electrosprayed composite nanoparticles from polyvinylpyrrolidone/mangosteen pericarp extract

Mangosteen pericarp contains a lot of α-mangostin compounds which has very high antioxidant activity. Unfortunately, it has a low solubility in aqueous solution in which for drug delivery application. This paper reports the synthesis of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) nanoparticles loaded with mangosteen pericarp extract (MPE) using the ES method. PVP was trusted as a hydrophilic matrix to carry MPE. The composition of the precursor solution and solution flow rate during the ES process were varied to control the formation of PVP/MPE composite nanoparticles. PVP/MPE composite particles obtained have some wrinkles on their surface and have a geometric average diameter range of 640 to 1534 nm with a geometric standard deviation of 1.35 to 1.65. Increasing the electrical conductivity of the precursor solution resulted in a decrease of nanoparticles' average diameter. Also, the greater the flow rate, the larger the particles formed. The results agreed well with the droplet scaling relations for EHDA by Chen and Pui. Peak shifts in Fourier-transform infrared spectra of PVP/MPE composite nanoparticles indicated hydrogen bond formation between PVP and MPE. It also showed that MPE was successfully encapsulated in PVP matrix. Crystalline peaks of MPE disappear in the X-ray diffraction patterns of PVP/MPE composite nanoparticles, indicating amorphization of MPE after being electrosprayed by PVP. The differential scanning calorimetry study confirmed a hygroscopicity of PVP. The thermogram shows a broad endothermic peak from around 50 to 100 °C as a result of dehydration. In this study, the use of flow rate during the electrospraying process only affected the geometric average diameter, did not change the functional groups, thermal properties, and crystallinity of PVP/MPE particles because they came from the same precursor solution. The results here demonstrate that the ES method can be used for polymeric-nanoparticle-composite production and as an innovation in the field of drug delivery application.