Curcuma Amada Research Articles

TR-02 * INHIBITION OF AKT SIGNALING AND TUMOR GROWTH BY SUPERCRITICAL CO2 EXTRACT OF MANGO GINGER (CURCUMA AMADA ROXB.) IN HUMAN GLIOBLASTOMA CELL LINE IN VITRO AND IN NUDE MICE XENOGRAFTS

Mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.), a tropical medicinal plant and spice from Asia, has not been well-investigated for its anticancer properties unlike turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) or the active ingredient curcumin. The inhibitory effect of supercritical CO2 extract of mango ginger (CA) on AKT signaling was investigated in U-87MG glioblastoma cells. CA was highly cytotoxic to glioblastoma cell line (IC50 = 4.92 ± 0.81 µg/ml) compared to mHypoE-N1 normal mouse hypothalamus cell line (IC50 = 40.57 ± 0.06 µg/ml). When CA was combined with irinotecan (IR), temozolomide or vincristine, CA showed synergistic cytotoxicity with combination index values of <1 in glioblastoma cells. CA inhibits AKT and AMPKα phosphorylation significantly in a dose-dependent manner. The cell migration, which is necessary for invasion and metastasis, was also inhibited by CA treatment with about 43% inhibition at 20 µg/ml concentration. Analysis of mRNA and protein expression of genes showed that CA modulates expression of genes associated with apoptosis (Bax, Bcl-2, Bcl-X, BNIP3, caspase-3, mutant p53, and p21), cell proliferation (Ki67) and angiogenesis (VEGF). Additionally, HSP90 and AMPKα which interact with the AKT signaling pathway were down regulated by CA treatment. Analysis of tumor growth inhibition in nude mice xenografts transplanted with U-87MG glioblastoma cells showed that CA treatment has reduced tumor growth rate by 40.2%, IR by 23.7% and CA + IR by 99.5%. Both CA and CA + IR treated xenografts showed better survival rate than IR and control (saline) groups (*p < 0.0328). These results indicated the molecular targets underlying the anticancer effect of CA in human glioblastoma cells and the potential use of CA as an adjuvant for therapeutic management of glioblastoma.

Rhizogenesis in Cell Suspension Culture from Mango Ginger: A Source of Isosorbide and n-Hexadecanoic Acid

Curcuma amada Roxb. belongs to the monocotyledonous family Zingiberaceae. It is commonly known as mango ginger and used as a spice and valuable medicine. In this study, adventitious roots of C. amada have been successfully established from cell suspension culture. The highest percentage of adventitious root production was obtained from friable callus derived cell suspension culture. The culture conditions of adventitious root were optimized and the maximum adventitious root production was obtained in half strength MS liquid medium containing 0.3 mg L−1 IBA along with 3% of sucrose after 5 weeks of culture. Among the different initial inoculum density, the best culture condition for root growth occurred at 10 g FW of initial inoculum density. GC-MS analysis revealed that the in vitro raised adventitious roots containing two valuable bioactive compounds, isosorbide and n-hexadecanoic acid. The outcome of the present work will be helpful for the large scale cultivation of adventitious roots for the production of valuable bioactive compounds.

Evaluation of rheological, bioactives and baking characteristics of mango ginger (curcuma amada) enriched soup sticks.

Wheat flour was replaced with mango ginger powder (MGP) at 0, 5, 10 and 15%. Influence of MGP on rheological and baking characteristics was studied. Farinograph was used to study the mixing profile of wheat flour-MGP blend. Pasting profile of the blends namely gelatinization and retrogradation were carried out using micro-visco-amylograph. Test baking was done to obtain the optimum level of replacement and processing conditions. Sensory attributes consisting texture, taste, overall quality and breaking strength were assessed. Nutritional characterization of the soup sticks in terms of protein and starch in vitro digestibility, dietary fiber, minerals, polyphenols and antioxidant activity were determined using standard methods. With the increasing levels of MGP from 0 to 15%, the farinograph water absorption increased from 60 to 66.7%. A marginal increase in the gelatinization temperature from 65.4 to 66.2°C was observed. Retrogradation of gelatinized starch granules decreased with the addition of MGP. The results indicated that the soup stick with 10% MG had acceptable sensory attributes. The soup stick showed further improvement in terms of texture and breaking strength with the addition of gluten powder, potassium bromate and glycerol monostearate. The total dietary fiber and antioxidant activity of the soup sticks having 10% MGP increased from 3.31 to 8.64% and 26.83 to 48.06% respectively as compared to the control soup sticks. MGP in soup sticks improved the nutritional profile.

Anticancer potential and mechanism of action of mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.) supercritical CO₂ extract in human glioblastoma cells.

Mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.) is among the less-investigated species of Curcuma for anticancer properties. We have investigated the anticancer potential and the mechanism of action of a supercritical CO2 extract of mango ginger (CA) in the U-87MG human glioblastoma cell line. CA demonstrated higher cytotoxicity than temozolomide, etoposide, curcumin, and turmeric force with IC50, IC75, and IC90 values of 4.92 μg/mL, 12.87 μg/mL, and 21.30 μg/mL, respectively. Inhibitory concentration values of CA for normal embryonic mouse hypothalamus cell line (mHypoE-N1) is significantly higher than glioblastoma cell line, indicating the specificity of CA against brain tumor cells. CompuSyn analysis indicates that CA acts synergistically with temozolomide and etoposide for the cytotoxicity with combination index values of <1. CA treatment also induces apoptosis in glioblastoma cells in a dose-dependent manner and downregulates genes associated with apoptosis, cell proliferation, telomerase activity, oncogenesis, and drug resistance in glioblastoma cells.

Modelling solubility of phenolics of mango ginger extract in supercritical carbon dioxide using equation of state and empirical models.

Solubility of phenolics of mango ginger extract in supercritical carbon dioxide was studied at 40-60°C and 100-350bar. Critical temperature, critical pressure and critical volume of caffeic acid, the principal component of the extract were calculated using group contribution methods and compared with the values obtained by CHEMDRAW®. Vapor pressure of caffeic acid was predicted by Reidel method. Solubility prediction in supercritical carbon dioxide was studied using two different equation of states (EOS) models and eight empirical models. Peng-Robinson EOS predicted the solubility very well with average deviation of 0.68% from the experimental solubility. Empirical equations based on the simple error minimization using non-linear regression method which do not require complex physiochemical properties was also found suitable to predict the solubility at different extraction conditions. Jouyban et al. model showed very less deviation (2.25%) for predicted solubility values from the experiment.

ET-49 * ANTICANCER POTENTIAL AND MECHANISM OF ACTION OF MANGO GINGER (CURCUMA AMADA ROXB.) SUPERCRTICAL EXTRACTS IN HUMAN GLIOBLASTOMA CELL LINES

Brain tumors are the most common form of solid tumors in children accounting for about 20-25% of all pediatric cancers. Chemotherapy options for brain tumor treatment are very much limited because of the blood brain barrier and emergence of drug resistance in brain tumor cells. The genus Curcuma contains several herbs like mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.), turmeric (C. longa L.) and Javanese turmeric (C. xanthorrhiza Roxb.) that are suggested to have anticancer properties. Previous studies have indicated that curcumin, the major active ingredient in turmeric is cytotoxic to brain tumor cells. In this investigation, we show that the supercritical extract of mango ginger (CA) is superior in terms of cytotoxic effects than turmeric extract (CL), Javanese turmeric extract (CX), curcumin and turmeric forceTM (a nutraceutical containing supercritical and hydroethanolic extract of turmeric) against human glioblastoma cell lines (U-87MG and U-188MG). The cytotoxicity profile of CA is significantly better than temozolomide and etoposide as it has induced >90% death of tumor cells. The combination index values calculated according to Chou and Talalay's equations indicated that CA is synergistic (<1) for cytotoxic effects with temozolomide, etoposide and irinotecan in glioma cell lines. Gene expression analysis to explore the mechanism of action indicated that CA downregulates the expression of genes associated with inflammation (NF-kB, COX-2 and STAT3), apoptosis (p21, p53, Bcl-2/Bax ratio), telomerase (hTERT), drug resistance (MRP, DRP, LRP) and oncogenes (N-myc, V-Jun) in the RT-PCR assay. These positive results suggest the need for further evaluation of CA in nude mice xenograft studies and human clinical trials.

Effect of the Status of Planting Materials on Growth and Yield of Mango Ginger (Curcuma Amada Roxb.)

The influence of the status of planting materials such as mother rhizomes, primary fingers and secondary fingers on growth and yield of Curcuma amada Roxb. (Mango Ginger) was studied in detail. Out of sixteen characters observed, ten characters including yield per plant showed significant variation depending upon the status of planting materials used. Plants produced from mother rhizomes showed significantly higher plant height, leaf length, leaf breadth, leaf area, number of secondary fingers, length of primary and secondary fingers, diameter of mother rhizome and diameter of primary fingers. Yield per plant was 35 to 50 percent higher in the crop produced by mother rhizomes indicating the advantage of using mother rhizomes as planting material.

Mathematical Modeling of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction Kinetics of Bioactive Compounds from Mango Ginger (Curcuma amadaRoxb)

The main goal of this work was to study the extraction kinetics aspects of the Supercritical carbon dioxide(SC-CO2) extraction by modeling the extraction curves. Extraction of mango ginger was performed at the different level of the pressure (100-350 bar) and temperature (40-60 o C) to evaluate the effect of process parameters on the extraction kinetics. The mass transfer models used to describe the extraction curves were simple exponential model and Ficks's diffusion model. Based on the experimental data, extraction rate constant and diffusion coefficients were estimated. Results showed good agreement between calculated and experimental data with higher values of coefficient of determination (R 2 ). The extraction rate and diffusivity increased with increase in pressure and decreased with increase in temperature. But at higher pressure and temperature the yield increased significantly due to vapor pressure effect.

Experimental and modeling studies on microwave-assisted extraction of mangiferin from Curcuma amada.

Mangiferin, a bioactive compound having potent nutraceutical, strong antioxidant and pharmacological significance has been extracted using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) technique from Curcuma amada, commonly known as mango ginger. The extraction solvent ethanol is eco-friendly, nontoxic and reduces the risk of environmental hazards. The influence of several independent variables such as microwave power, ethanol concentration, extraction (irradiation) time and pre-leaching time has been studied under varying conditions using one-factor-at-a-time analysis to obtain an optimal extraction ratio. The maximum mangiferin content of 1.1156 mg/g is obtained at microwave power of 550 W and extraction time of 50 s with 80 % ethanol as a solvent and pre-leaching time of 20 min. The results indicate that microwave power and ethanol concentration have the most significant effect on the yield of mangiferin content. The presence of mangiferin in final Curcuma amada extract is confirmed through high-performance liquid chromatography and the functional groups are identified through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses using standard mangiferin. The experimental profiles are fitted into a two-parameter modified first-order kinetic model and a three-parameter modified logistic model and checked using the goodness-of-fit criterion. The Curcuma amada retained its antioxidant activity after MAE treatment and the antioxidant activity of mangiferin obtained after extraction using DPPH free radical scavenging assay is studied.

Hot air drying characteristics of mango ginger: Prediction of drying kinetics by mathematical modeling and artificial neural network.

Mango ginger (Curcuma amada) was dried in a through-flow dryer system at different temperatures (40-70°C) and air velocities (0.84 - 2.25m/s) to determine the effect of drying on drying rate and effective diffusivity. As the temperature and air velocity increased, drying time significantly decreased. Among the ten different thin layer drying models considered to determine the kinetic drying parameters, semi empirical Midilli et al., model gave the best fit for all drying conditions. Effective moisture diffusivity varied from 3.7 × 10(-10) m(2)/s to 12.5 × 10(-10) m(2)/s over the temperature and air velocity range of study. Effective moisture diffusivity regressed well with Arrhenius model and activation energy of the model was found to be 32.6kJ/mol. Artificial neural network modeling was also employed to predict the drying behaviour and found suitable to describe the drying kinetics with very high correlation coefficient of 0.998.

Grinding Studies of Mango Ginger: Mathematical Modelling of Particle Size Distribution and Energy Consumption

Mango ginger was ground in hammer mill with three different classifying screens and pin mill to study the particle size distribution and energy consumption. The Rosin-Rammler Bennet (RRB) model fitted well the particle size distribution data over the entire range of the size distribution for grinding in both hammer mill and pin mill with high coefficient of determination (R2) and low values of residual sum square, root mean square error and Chi-square. Relationship between RRB model parameters with hammer mill screen size was obtained with high R2. All the three classical models such as Rittinger’s, Kick’s and Bond’s law were found suitable to explain the energy consumption for grinding. Energy consumption increased exponentially with decrease in classifying screen size of hammer mill. The Work index for grinding increased with increase in size reduction ratios and were in the range of 0.075-0.58 kW/kg.

An efficient regeneration system via somatic embryogenesis in mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.)

A reproducible protocol for somatic embryogenesis was established for mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.)—an important horticultural aromatic rhizomatous plant. Embryogenic callus induction was obtained from leaf sheath explants of in vitro raised plants on Murashige and Skoog (MS) agar medium containing 2.0 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 0.5 mg/L 6-benzyladenine (BA). Embryogenic callus proliferation, somatic embryo (SE) formation and subsequent plantlet conversion occurred under optimal culture conditions. The effects of MS medium strength, sucrose and BA on SE formation were also evaluated. Half strength MS liquid medium necessary for SE formation and optimal sucrose concentration was found to be 3.0 %. BA at 0.3 mg/L produced the highest number (84.71 %) of SEs from leaf sheath explants. Secondary somatic embryos originated from primary somatic embryos on the same medium supplemented with 0.4–0.6 mg/L BA. Stereo microscopic and scanning electron microscopic observation revealed that the globular and torpedo shaped somatic embryos resulted in suspension culture during development. Mature somatic embryos germinated readily and developed into normal plantlets after 3 weeks on half strength MS basal agar medium under dark condition. Well rooted plantlets were successfully acclimatized at the survival rate of 70 %.

Influence of Mango-Based Intercropping Systems on Improvement of Soil Health under Rainfed Situation

An experiment using various mango-based intercropping systems was conducted to find out the effect of intercropping on soil health in the rainfed uplands of Orissa, India. The results of the study revealed that the intercropping systems were effective in bringing gradual improvement in the physicochemical properties of the orchard soil. Among different intercropping systems tried, the mango + guava + cowpea system resulted in the most improvement in bulk density, electrical conductivity, water-holding capacity, organic carbon content, and pH within soil depths of 0–15 cm and 15–30 cm. The nutrient status of orchard soil indicated that the mango + guava + cowpea system also recorded the greatest available nitrogen and potassium contents. The maximum available phosphorus content was recorded in the mango + guava + mango ginger system, which was statistically at par with that of the mango + guava + cowpea system.

Development of a cost-effective, palatable and shelf-stable blended beverage of pummelo (Citrus grandisLinn.)

Introduction. Natural beverages face strong competition from synthetic drinks in the open market.Creation of diversity in natural products is a key strategy to withstand this com- petition. Pummelo (Citrus grandis Linn.) is one such potential fruit which could be exploited on a commercial scale if processed properly. The bitterness of pummelo juice is a serious han- dicap in its utilization. The present study aimed at preparation of a cost-effective, palatable blended beverage of pummelo. Materials and methods. To overcome this problem, pummelo was blended with mango ginger and kokum juice in the ratio of (65:30:5) for the preparation of syrup. The product was stored for 120 days in ambient conditions of storage and analyzed for changes in its physicochemical constituents. Results and discussion. Total soluble solids and total sugar increased during storage, while titratable acidity and ascorbic acid content decreased slightly during storage. Organoleptically, the best recipe was 25% juice, 70 °Brix total soluble solids and 1.5% acidity with a score of 6.3 out of 7.0 for overall acceptability. Mango ginger juice suppressed the bitter aftertaste of pummelo juice and imparted its characteristic taste andflavortotheproduct.Theproductwasshelf-stableandhadimportantmedicinalconstituents in it. The (total revenue / total cost) ratio of the product was 2.90. India / Citrus grandis / Curcuma amada / Garcinia indica / beverages / fruit juices / fruit syrups / profitability / flavor / quality

Microwave drying of mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb): prediction of drying kinetics by mathematical modelling and artificial neural network

SummaryCurcuma amada (Mango ginger) was dried at four different power levels ranging 315–800 W to determine the effect of microwave power on moisture content, moisture ratio, drying rate, drying time and effective diffusivity. Among the fifteen thin layer drying models considered for evaluating the drying behaviour, the semi‐empirical Midilli et al., model described the drying kinetics very well with R2 &gt; 0.999. Drying rate and effective diffusivity increased as the microwave power output increased. Activation energy was estimated by a modified Arrhenius type equation and found to be 21.6 kW kg−1. A feed‐forward artificial neural network using back‐propagation algorithm was also employed to predict the moisture content during MW drying and found adequate to predict the drying kinetics with R2 of 0.985.

Modeling, characterization, and evaluation of efficiency and drying indices for microwave drying of Zingiber officianale and Curcuma mangga

ABSTRACTMethods for efficiently drying agricultural products are an ever‐increasing demand. Due to its rapid and thorough dehydrating ability, microwave techniques were used to evaluate the thin‐layer drying kinetics of organic ginger and mango ginger. Microwave drying characteristics, efficiency and indices determined with respect to sample thickness, microwave output power and sample load revealed higher power (300 W), lesser thickness (0.001 m) and load (25 g), increased drying rates and reduced drying time. Effective diffusivity values were found within the range reported in literatures (9.17 × 10−11 and 11.6 × 10−11 m2 s−1). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX) images revealed that the surface morphology and the elemental composition gradually degraded during drying. The ability of eight different thin‐layer mathematical models was evaluated for representing the experimental drying profiles. Among the eight new models derived from the basic diffusion model, statistical analysis inferred that the modified diffusion model no. 4 could predict most accurately changes in drying behavior of organic ginger and mango ginger rhizomes for all drying conditions applied. Copyright © 2010 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.) – A promising spice for phytochemicals and biological activities

Mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.) is a unique spice having morphological resemblance with ginger but imparts a raw mango flavour. The main use of mango ginger rhizome is in the manufacture of pickles and culinary preparations. Ayurveda and Unani medicinal systems have given much importance to mango ginger as an appetizer, alexteric, antipyretic, aphrodisiac, diuretic, emollient, expectorant and laxative and to cure biliousness, itching, skin diseases, bronchitis, asthma, hiccough and inflammation due to injuries. The biological activities of mango ginger include antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity, antifungal activity, anti-inflammatory activity, platelet aggregation inhibitory activity, cytotoxicity, antiallergic activity, hypotriglyceridemic activity, brine-shrimp lethal activity, enterokinase inhibitory activity, CNS depressant and analgesic activity. The major chemical components include starch, phenolic acids, volatile oils, curcuminoids and terpenoids like difurocumenonol, amadannulen and amadaldehyde. This article brings to light the major active components present in C. amada along with their biological activities that may be important from the pharmacological point of view.

Determination of anti-tubercular agent in mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.) by reverse phase HPLC-PDA-MS

Mango ginger (Curcuma amada) is a spice of high usage in pickles, sauce, culinary formulations and traditional/folk systems of medicine for therapeutic actions in Asian countries. After establishing scheme for isolation and characterisation of labdane diterpene dialdehyde [labda-8(17), 12-diene-15, 16-dial]-an anti-tubercular agent, we developed a new validated HPLC-PDA method for its quantification in C. amada. Chromatography was performed with reverse phase column in isocratic condition at a flow rate of 1.0mL/min using mobile phase of acidified water and acetonitrile. Specificity of determination was achieved with UV (190–400nm) and mass spectrum. Good linearity was obtained with correlation coefficients >0.99. In the analytical range the precision and accuracy (RSD%) values were ⩽2%. Present validated method allowed both the identification and determination of labda-8(17), 12-diene-15, 16-dial, in C. amada rhizome. The method was applied to screen the labdane diterpene dialdehyde in the samples of different geographic locations.

Evaluation of antibacterial activity of extract of Curcuma amada against Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogen and produces a widespread infection. Increasing usage of antibiotic for staphylococcus aureus infections has created antibiotic resistance and subsequently new antibiotics should be produceed. Medicinal herbs with antimicrobial activity have had important roles in traditional medicine. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of hydroalcholic extract root of Curcuma amada against staphylococcus sureus (25923 ATTC). The roots of C. amada were collected from India and its hyroalcololic extract was obtained and then antibacterial activity against S.aureus was evaluated by disk diffusion and broth serial dilution methods for determining of MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) and MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration). The results from the antibacterial tests demonstrated that the C. amada hydroalcoholic extract is effective against staphylococcus aureus. The MIC and MBC of the extract against staphylococcus aureus were 2.5 and 5 mg/ml, respectively. This study demonstrated that hydroalcoholic extract of C.amada have excellent antibacterial activities against staphylococcus aureus and are beneficial to human health. They have the potential to be used for medical purposes and to be utilized as antibacterial additives in making paper products. However, we need more investigation in vitro and in vivo.

Characterization of the genetic structure of mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.) from Myanmar in farm and genebank collection by the neutral and functional genomic markers

A preliminary characterization was undertaken to describe genetic structure of mango ginger ( Curcuma amada ) acquired from farmers and ex situ genebank in Myanmar using neutral (rice SSR based RAPDs) and functional genomic (P450 based analog) markers. The high polymorphism (> 91%) depicted has displayed existence of genetic variability in the germplasm investigated. Large number of source-specific alleles (neutral-markers = 78, functional-markers = 63) was amplified which revealed that neutral regions of the mango ginger were more variable compared with the functional regions. The major fraction of the molecular variance (neutral-markers = 85%, functional-markers = 93%) was explained within germplasm acquisition sources and this tendency was also supported by the estimate of gene diversity. The genebank accessions have shown comparatively more genetic variability than farmers' accessions. The variability observed in mango ginger may possibly be associated with the long history of its cultivation under diverse ecological conditions. The two marker systems elucidated their high resolving power which detected variability even in fewer genotypes assayed. As the target sites of these markers are different, therefore, the variability detected is believed to cover diverse part of the genome together with neutral and functional regions. We found the concurrent use of the different types of molecular markers valuable to comprehend a dependable variability pattern in the germplasm assayed.