Manganese Intake Research Articles

Betel quid chewing as a source of manganese exposure: total daily intake of manganese in a Bangladeshi population

BackgroundA relationship between betel quid chewing in Bangladeshi populations and the development of skin lesions and tremor has been previously reported, for people exposed to high levels of arsenic (As) through drinking contaminated groundwater. Exposure to manganese (Mn) is also known to induce neurotoxicity and levels of Mn in Bangladeshi groundwater are also high. The present study evaluates betel quid chewing as an overlooked source of Mn exposure in a Bangladeshi population.MethodsInductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to determine (1) urinary Mn levels for 15 chewers and 22 non-chewers from the ethnic Bangladeshi community in the United Kingdom, and (2) Mn levels in betel quids, its individual components and other Bangladeshi foods.ResultsBetel quid chewers displayed a significantly higher (P = 0.009) mean Mn concentration in urine (1.93 μg L-1) compared to non-chewers (0.62 μg L-1). High levels of Mn were detected in Piper betel leaves with an overall average of 135 mg kg-1 (range 26 -518 mg kg-1). The mean concentration of Mn in betel quid was 41 mg kg-1 (SD 27) and the daily intake of Mn in the Bangladeshi population was estimated to be 20.3 mg/day. Chewing six betel quids could contribute up to 18% of the maximum recommended daily intake of Mn.ConclusionWe have demonstrated that Mn in betel quids is an overlooked source of exposure to Mn in humans. Chewers display a 3.1 fold increased urinary Mn concentration compared to non-chewers. The practice of betel quid chewing contributes a high proportion of the maximum recommended daily intake of Mn, which could make chewers in Bangladesh more vulnerable to Mn neurotoxicity.

The estimated daily manganese intake of Korean children aged 11-12

The purpose of this study was to estimate the daily manganese (Mn) intake of Korean children. This study was done using a three-day dietary intake survey of 257 Korean children (boys 123; girls 134). The Mn intake values were calculated based on a database that provides the Mn content of the frequently consumed Korean foods, alongside the food composition table provided by the Korean National Rural Living Science Institute. The average age, height, weight and body mass index of our subjects were 11.9 years, 155.4 cm, 48.9 kg and 20.2 kg/m2 in boys and 11.9 years, 154.1 cm, 43.5 kg and 18.3 kg/m2 in girls. The average daily energy intakes were 2,249.2 kcal in boys and 2,044.5 kcal in girls. Boys consumed significantly more Mn than girls, based on intake estimates of 4,585.3 µg (117.6% of adequate intake) and 4,029.3 µg (117.1% of adequate intake), respectively (P < 0.001). Boys had a Mn intake of 2,041.1 µg per 1,000 kcal of energy consumption, whereas for girls this was at 1,983.9 µg per 1,000 kcal. Neither group exceeded the tolerable upper intake level for Mn. The major food groups which contributed to Mn intake in our subjects were cereals (50.8%), vegetables (21.0%), seasonings (8.9%), and pulses (7.7%). Notably, boys derived a higher Mn intake through cereals and vegetable than did girls (P < 0.001, P < 0.05). The key food sources of Mn, in descending order, were rice, soybean curd, kimchi, black rice and cereals. We propose that the results of our study may be used as a basis for follow-up studies that examine the Mn intake of children.

Estimation of mineral and trace element intake in vegans living in Japan by chemical analysis of duplicate diets

Thirty-six daily duplicate diet samples were collected from 12 healthy female Japanese vegans and sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, iodine, selenium, chromium and molybdenum in the diets were measured to estimate mineral and trace element intake by Japanese vegans. Significantly higher intake of potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, copper, manganese and molybdenum was observed in vegans than in general Japanese women, but no difference was observed in sodium, iodine, selenium and chromium intake. Vegan calcium intake tended to be low compared to that of general women but the difference was not significant. Since high potassium, magnesium and iron intakes cannot be achieved by general Japanese diets and high intake of potassium and magnesium may prevent hyperextension and cardiovascular disease in vegans, there are few problems with Japanese vegan diets regarding mineral and trace element intake, except for calcium intake, which is low as it is in the general Japanese people.

Intellectual Impairment in School-Age Children Exposed to Manganese from Drinking Water

BackgroundManganese is an essential nutrient, but in excess it can be a potent neurotoxicant. Despite the common occurrence of manganese in groundwater, the risks associated with this source of exposure are largely unknown.ObjectivesOur first aim was to assess the relations between exposure to manganese from drinking water and children’s intelligence quotient (IQ). Second, we examined the relations between manganese exposures from water consumption and from the diet with children’s hair manganese concentration.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 362 children 6–13 years of age living in communities supplied by groundwater. Manganese concentration was measured in home tap water (MnW) and children’s hair (MnH). We estimated manganese intake from water ingestion and the diet using a food frequency questionnaire and assessed IQ with the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence.ResultsThe median MnW in children’s home tap water was 34 μg/L (range, 1–2,700 μg/L). MnH increased with manganese intake from water consumption, but not with dietary manganese intake. Higher MnW and MnH were significantly associated with lower IQ scores. A 10-fold increase in MnW was associated with a decrease of 2.4 IQ points (95% confidence interval: −3.9 to −0.9; p < 0.01), adjusting for maternal intelligence, family income, and other potential confounders. There was a 6.2-point difference in IQ between children in the lowest and highest MnW quintiles. MnW was more strongly associated with Performance IQ than Verbal IQ.ConclusionsThe findings of this cross-sectional study suggest that exposure to manganese at levels common in groundwater is associated with intellectual impairment in children.

Evidence of high sugar intake, and low fibre and mineral intake, in the gluten‐free diet

The only therapy for coeliac disease (CD) is a long-term gluten-free diet (GFD). Little is known about the detailed composition of such a diet. To clarify the nutritional composition of a GFD and to compare it with a non-GFD diet in representative non-CD populations. A total of 139 consecutive patients with CD were invited to fill in a prospective validated 5-day food diary, of whom data from 93 were analysed. Results were compared with data from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey of Adults and the UK Women's Cohort Study (UKWCS). Individuals consuming a strict GFD generally had similar intakes of energy and nutrients to those of comparison populations, but a higher proportion of carbohydrate intake was obtained from nonmilk extrinsic sugars and intakes of nonstarch polysaccharides were low. Compared with the UKWCS sample, female patients adhering to a GFD had lower intakes of magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese, selenium and folate. In male patients, intakes of magnesium and selenium were particularly low. This study reinforces the need for clinicians to recognize that avoidance of gluten cannot be the sole focus of a gluten-free diet. Maintenance of adequate intakes of essential nutrients and in particular complex carbohydrates must also be the goal for patients.

Assessment of the manganese content of the drinking water source in Yancheng, China

Excessive intake of manganese can damage the nervous system of the human body. In August 2009, the manganese content of the drinking water source in Yancheng exceeded the national standard of drinking water source, which influenced the daily life of the local residents. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors leading to the manganese content of river water in Yancheng exceeding the national standard. To the data, the manganese content of surface water in Yancheng already met the national standard of drinking water source in September 2009, but the manganese content of river sediment was relatively high, especially in Mangshe River and Tongyu River. It was worthwhile to note that the soluble manganese content of the sediment in Mangshe River was even as high as 270 mg kg −1, which suggested that the release of manganese from the sediment was the major cause of the pollution. The manganese content of the soil near the rivers was also determined, and the results indicated that the wastewater and waste slag discharged by the stainless steel factories nearby were the main pollution sources of manganese. Furthermore, the environmental factors affecting the release of manganese from the sediment were also investigated.

Daily dietary intake of iron, copper, zinc and manganese in a Spanish population

To evaluate the daily dietary intake of essential metals in the Canary Islands, the iron, copper, zinc and manganese contents in 420 food and drink samples collected in local markets were analysed by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The estimated daily dietary intakes of iron, copper, zinc and manganese are 13.161 mg/day, 2.098 mg/day, 8.954 mg/day and 2.372 mg/day, respectively. The iron dietary intake was found to be below the recommendations fixed for adult women, while the copper and manganese dietary intakes fulfilled the Recommended Dietary Allowances. The mean daily intake of zinc was below the Recommended Dietary Allowance. Cereals were found to be the food group that contributed most to the intake of these metals. While the island of El-Hierro presented iron, copper, zinc and manganese mean intakes over the estimated intakes for the whole archipelago, Fuerteventura island showed the lowest intakes. Tenerife and Fuerteventura showed the lowest iron intakes, being below the recommendations.

Evaluation of manganese balance status in Korean adults

Few data are available to establish recommendations for manganese in Korea. This study assessed the status of manganese balance among 51 free‐living Korean adults. We measured dietary manganese intake using 3‐day dietary records, and analyzed the manganese contents in 24 hr urine, feces and serum of the subjects. Average age, height, weight and body mass index were 24.7 years, 173.2 cm, 73.6 kg and 24.6 kg/m2 in males and 22.8 years, 160.8 cm, 55.5 kg and 21.6 kg/m2 in females. The daily manganese intakes of male and female subjects were 3.2 mg and 3.7 mg, respectively. Average serum manganese level was 10.49 ug/dl in male and 6.11 ug/dl in females, and there was no significant difference. Urinary manganese excretion in male (344.5 ug/day) was significantly higher than that in female (184.7 ug/day). However, fecal manganese excretion was not significantly different between male (2078.0 ug/day) and female (1950.6 ug/day). Also, retention, retention rate and apparent digestibility of manganese were 765.6 ug/day, 18.4% and 30.9% for male, and 596.6 ug/day, 19.4% and 26.0% for female, it turned out that there was no significant difference. By continuous evaluating balance status of manganese, it is anticipated that reference intakes of manganese will be established. &lt;'This work was supported by the Korea Research Foundation Grant funded by the Korean Government (KRF‐2006‐531‐C00069).'&gt;

Daily intake of manganese by local population around Kylleng Pyndengsohiong Mawthabah (Domiasiat), Meghalaya in India

Present work is carried out adjacent to world's highest rainfall area Kylleng Pyndengsohiong (KP) Mawthabah (Domiasiat), Meghalaya in India to establish the baseline value of manganese intake through dietary route by the local tribe population in view of proposed uranium mining. The locally available food items collected from villages surrounding the proposed uranium mining site at KP Mawthabah (Domiasiat) were analysed using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) Technique. The manganese concentration in different food categories varies from 2.76–12.50 mg kg − 1 in cereals, 1.8–4.20 mg kg − 1 in leafy vegetables, 0.30–13.50 mg kg − 1 in non leafy vegetables, 0.50–15.30 mg kg − 1 in roots and tubers, 0.70–1.50 mg kg − 1 in fruits and 0.12–0.96 mg kg − 1 in flesh food. The mean dietary intake of Mn was found to be 3.83 ± 0.25 mg d − 1 compared to Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) of 2–5 mg d − 1 . The daily intake of Manganese by the local tribe population is comparable with the value (3.7 mg d − 1 ) recommended by International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) for reference man and lower than the intake value observed for Indian and other Asian population.

Daily dietary intake of iron, copper, zinc and manganese in a Spanish population

Daily dietary intake of iron, copper, zinc and manganese in a Spanish population

Evaluation of dietary status with respect to trace element intake from dry fruits consumed in Pakistan: a study using instrumental neutron activation analysis

Instrumental neutron activation analysis has been utilized for the quantification of 24 major, minor and trace elements in dried apricots (Prunus armeniaca), dates (Phoenix dectylifera), figs (Ficus carica) and raisins (Vitis vinifera) using a low-power reactor as the neutron source. The weekly intakes of aluminium, arsenic, boron, calcium, chlorine, cobalt, chromium, iron, mercury, potassium, sodium, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, antimony, selenium and zinc have been calculated and compared with the Recommended Dietary Allowance/Estimated Safe and Adequate Dietary Intake values through consumption of 100 g dried fruit. Fairly adequate levels of calcium, cobalt, iron, potassium and magnesium were determined in these dried fruits while the contribution of chlorine, chromium, molybdenum and sodium to the Recommended Dietary Allowance was found to be insignificant. Apricot is a nutritionally rich source of potassium, magnesium and cobalt, while chlorine and manganese contents were found to be highest in dates. Figs are an ample source of calcium, iron, magnesium and manganese, whereas raisins provide the highest intake of chromium, molybdenum and sodium. The toxic element contents of these dry fruits are considerably below the tolerance limits.

Higher Intakes of Vegetables, Vitamin E, Manganese and Zinc Are Associated with a Lower Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL): Results from a Case-Control Study

Background: Reactive oxygen species cause DNA damage and altered immunologic responses, and have been linked to the development of NHL. Diets rich in fruits and vegetables are excellent sources of antioxidants, and vitamins C, E, polyphenols, and carotenoids, along with selected micronutrients such as zinc are thought to be responsible for most of the antioxidant activity in foods. We evaluated the hypothesis that vegetables, fruits and nutrients involved in antioxidant activity would protect against developing NHL. In a secondary analysis, we also assessed heterogeneity of this hypothesis for the most common subtypes of NHL: chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL), follicular lymphoma, and diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL).Methods: We evaluated dietary antioxidant intake and NHL risk in a clinic-based study of 416 newly diagnosed NHL cases and 926 frequency-matched controls enrolled at the Mayo Clinic from 2002–2007. Usual diet two years before diagnosis/enrollment was assessed using a self-administered, 128-item food frequency questionnaire. Dietary intake of antioxidants was estimated using the Food Processor SQL system, further supplemented with data from US Department of Agriculture nutrient databases. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), adjusted for age, sex, residence, and total energy. NHL subtypes were centrally reviewed, and subtype-specific risks were estimated using polychotomous logistic regression.Results: The mean age at diagnosis was 60.8 years for cases and 57% were male; for controls, the mean age at enrollment was 60.8 years and 54% were men. NHL risk was inversely associated with intake of total vegetables (OR for highest compared to lowest quartile, 0.46; 95% CI 0.32–0.68; p-trend<0.001), and specifically green leafy (OR=0.54; 95% CI 0.39–0.76; p-trend<0.001) and cruciferous (OR=0.62; 95% CI 0.43–0.88; p-trend=0.02) vegetables, but not legumes or red/yellow/orange vegetables. There was no association with total fruit intake or intake of citrus fruits in particular. When modeled together, the association for green leafy vegetables was unchanged while the association for cruciferous vegetables attenuated (OR=0.75; 95% CI 0.50–1.13; p-trend=0.3). Higher intake of total vitamin A (OR=0.60; 95% CI 0.41–0.88; p-trend<0.001) and vitamin E (OR=0.53; 95% CI 0.34–0.82; p-trend<0.001), but not vitamin C, were associated with lower NHL risk. For vitamin A, there was no association with preformed Vitamin A, but there was an inverse association with beta-carotene (OR=0.56; 95% CI 0.39–0.81; p-trend<0.001); only weak inverse associations were observed for other carotenoids (lutein/zeaxanthin, lycopene, and cryptoxanthin). When modeled together, the inverse association for vitamin E was unchanged while the association for beta-carotene attenuated. For micronutrients, there were inverse associations for manganese (OR=0.60; 95% CI 0.40–0.90; p-trend=0.02), selenium (OR=0.47; 95% CI 0.27–0.80; p-trend=0.01), and zinc (OR=0.46; 95% CI 0.27–0.80; p-trend<0.001) but not copper; when modeled simultaneously, both manganese (p-trend=0.03) and zinc (p-trend=0.02) remained significantly and inversely associated with NHL risk. Further adjustment for education, family history of NHL, smoking, alcohol use, and body mass index did not alter these results. There was no NHL subtype heterogeneity for the associations with total vegetables, green leafy vegetables or vitamin E, while inverse associations were not observed for manganese and follicular lymphoma or zinc and CLL/SLL.Conclusion: Higher intakes of vegetables, particularly green leafy vegetables, vitamin E, manganese, and zinc were associated with lower risk of NHL. These finding extend a growing literature from case-control and cohort studies that support a protective role of foods and nutrients that function in antioxidant related pathways against development of NHL, and therefore may represent one of the few known modifiable risk factors for this cancer.

Dietary assessment of Indigenous Canadian Arctic women with a focus on pregnancy and lactation

Objectives. To assess the diet of Indigenous women, including pregnant and lactating women, in the Canadian Arctic in terms of dietary adequacy, and to assess the contribution of traditional food to the diet.Study design. Population-based cross-sectional design, using 24-hour dietary recalls.Methods. Twenty-four hour quantitative dietary recalls were collected in 47 communities in 5 surveys between 1987 and 1999, including non-pregnant and non-lactating women (n=1300), pregnant women (n=74) and lactating women (n=117). Unique methods of assessment were undertaken using Software for Intake Distribution Assessment (SIDE) partitioned intra-and interindividual variance that allowed the estimation of the distribution of usual daily nutrient intakes for comparison to North American dietary reference intakes.Results. Contributions of traditional Arctic food to energy intakes varied and the prevalence of inadequacies were generally high for magnesium, vitamin A, folate, vitamin C and vitamin E. Supplement use was infrequent. Many women met their needs for iron, and some exceeded the recommended upper limit for iron with food alone. Average intakes of manganese and vitamin D met recommended levels, but calcium did not.Conclusions. These results are the only data to date reporting an assessment of the dietary intakes of pregnant and lactating Canadian Arctic Indigenous women. Special attention is required for inadequacies of magnesium, zinc, calcium, folate, and vitamins E, A and C; and for use of supplements during pregnancy. Most pregnant and lactating women met iron needs without supplements.

Lipid characteristics and essential minerals of native Turkish hazelnut varieties ( Corylus avellana L.)

Five native hazelnut varieties from Turkey, namely, prime quality Tombul variety, and second grade quality Yassı Badem, Sivri, Karafındık, and Ham varieties were examined for their lipid characteristics (triacylglycerol, tocopherol, tocotrienol, phytosterol, and phytostanol composition) and 12 essential minerals. Among 12 triacylglycerols separated in all hazelnut varieties, OOO (61.0–77.5%) and OOL (10.5–22.8%) were the main components (where O = oleoyl and L = linoleoyl). Seven tocol isoforms (four tocopherols and three tocotrienols), seven phytosterols, as well as cholesterol, and one phytostanol were positively identified and quantified; among these, α-tocopherol and β-sitosterol were predominant in all hazelnut oils. Hazelnut varieties served as an excellent source of copper and manganese. Consumption of the recommended daily amount of 42.5 g of hazelnut from different varieties provides 44.4–83.6% of copper and 40.1–448% of recommended manganese intake for adults. These results suggest that second grade quality hazelnut varieties were as good sources of functional lipids and essential minerals as was prime quality Tombul hazelnut, with some exceptions ( P < 0.05).

Intake of antioxidant vitamins and trace elements during pregnancy and risk of advanced β cell autoimmunity in the child

BackgroundType 1 diabetes may have its origins in the fetal period of life. Free radicals were implicated in the cause of type 1 diabetes. It was hypothesized that antioxidant nutrients could protect against type 1 diabetes. ObjectiveWe assessed whether high maternal intake of selected dietary antioxidants during pregnancy is associated with a reduced risk of advanced β cell autoimmunity in the child, defined as repeated positivity for islet cell antibodies plus ≥1 other antibody, overt type 1 diabetes, or both. DesignThe study was carried out as part of the population-based birth cohort of the Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention Project. The data comprised 4297 children with increased genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes, born at the University Hospital of Oulu or Tampere, Finland, between October 1997 and December 2002. The children were monitored for diabetes-associated autoantibodies from samples obtained at 3–12-mo intervals. Maternal antioxidant intake during pregnancy was assessed postnatally with a self-administered food-frequency questionnaire, which contained a question about consumption of dietary supplements. ResultsMaternal intake of none of the studied antioxidant nutrients showed association with the risk of advanced β cell autoimmunity in the child. The hazard ratios, indicating the change in risk per a 2-fold increase in the intake of each antioxidant, were nonsignificant and close to 1. ConclusionHigh maternal intake of retinol, β-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, zinc, or manganese does not protect the child from development of advanced β cell autoimmunity in early childhood.

Estimation of manganese daily intake among adults in Korea

The purpose of this study was to estimate daily intake of manganese in Korean adults. Manganese intake was estimated through the use of the database of manganese content in frequently consumed Korean foods after first conducting anthropometric measurement and a survey on dietary intake with 354 Korean adults. Average age, height, weight and body mass index were 54.6 years, 165.7 cm, 67.2 kg and 24.5 kg/m2 in males and 53.8 years, 153.7 cm, 59.1 kg and 24.9 kg/m2 in females. The daily energy intakes of subjects were 1740.1 kcal in males and 1432.6 kcal in females. Male and female subjects recorded, respectively, 5.2 mg and 4.1 mg in manganese intake indicating that the male subjects consume more manganese (p<0.001). And they posted, respectively, 3.0 mg and 2.9 mg in manganese intake per 1000 kcal of energy consumption; it turned out that there was no significant difference. Daily manganese intake of both males and females posted, respectively, 148.8% and 135.2% of the adequate intake, and 8 males and 3 females surpassed the tolerable upper intake level. It is suggested that the study for accurate determination of manganese consumption needs to be more diversified based on the database of manganese content in Korean foods.

A High School Soccer Player with Energy Deficiency

A High School Soccer Player with Energy Deficiency

Time to re-evaluate the guideline value for manganese in drinking water?

ObjectiveWe reviewed the scientific background for the current health-based World Health Organization (WHO) guideline value for manganese in drinking water.Data sources and extractionThe initial starting point was the background document for the development of the WHO’s guideline value for manganese in drinking water as well as other regulations and recommendations on manganese intake levels. Data referred to in these documents were traced back to the original research papers. In addition, we searched for scientific reports on manganese exposure and health effects.Data synthesisThe current health-based guideline value for manganese in drinking water is based partly on debatable assumptions, where information from previous reports has been used without revisiting original scientific articles. Presently, preparation of common infant formulas with water containing manganese concentrations equivalent to the WHO guideline value will result in exceeding the maximum manganese concentration for infant formula. However, there are uncertainties about how this maximum value was derived. Concurrently, there is increasing evidence of negative neurologic effects in children from excessive manganese exposure.ConclusionsThe increasing number of studies reporting associations between neurologic symptoms and manganese exposure in infants and children, in combination with the questionable scientific background data used in setting the manganese guideline value for drinking water, certainly warrant a re-evaluation of the guideline value. Further research is needed to understand the causal relationship between manganese exposure and children’s health, and to enable an improved risk assessment.

20세 이상 일부 성인남녀의 망간 섭취상태 평가

본 연구에서는 우리나라 정상 성인의 일상적인 망간 섭취량과 주요 급원식품을 제시하여 망간의 영양섭취기준 마련을 위한 기초 자료로 활용하고자 20세 이상 성인남녀 354명을 대상으로 신체계측과 24시간 회상법에 의한 식사섭취조사를 실시한 후 망간의 섭취상태를 분석하였다. 조사대상자의 평균 연령은 남자 54.6세, 여자 53.8세이었으며, 신장, 체중 및 체질량지수는 남자 165.7 ㎝, 67.2 ㎏, 24.5 ㎏/㎡, 여자 153.7 ㎝, 59.1 ㎏, 24.9 ㎏/㎡로 남자대상자의 신장과 체중이 여자대상자보다 유의하게 높았으나(p＜0.001, p＜0.001) 체질량지수는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 1일 평균 에너지섭취량은 남자 1740.9 kcal, 여자 1432.6 kcal이었으며, 망간 섭취량은 남녀 각각 3.7 ㎎과 3.2 ㎎으로 남자대상자가 유의하게 높았다(p＜0.001, p＜0.01). 그러나 섭취 에너지 1000kcal당 망간 섭취량으로 산출한 망간 밀도는 남녀 각각 2.2㎎/1000 kcal와 2.3 ㎎/1000 kcal로 유의한 차이가 없었다. 남자대상자의 총 식품 섭취량은 1219.1 g으로 여자대상자의 1071.3 g보다 유의하게 높았다(p＜0.05). 전체대상자의 식품군별 망간의 섭취량과 섭취 에너지 1000 kcal당 섭취량은 곡류(1.9 ㎎, 1.3 ㎎/1000 kcal), 채소류(0.5 ㎎, 0.3 ㎎/1000 kcal), 두류(0.4 ㎎, 0.2 ㎎/1000 kcal), 조미료류(0.2㎎, 0.1 ㎎/1000 kcal) 순위로 높은 섭취를 보였다. 1일 망간 섭취량에 기여한 20 순위 식품은 쌀, 대두, 수수, 김치, 두부, 밀가루, 고춧가루, 팥, 차조, 된장, 감자, 라면, 풋고추, 국수, 메밀냉면, 콩나물, 김, 수박, 들깨, 간장이었으며, 20가지 식품을 통해 전체 망간 섭취량의 74%를 섭취하였다. 이상의 연구결과를 종합할 때, 전체대상자의 1일 망간 섭취량은 3.4㎎(2.2 ㎎/ 1000 kcal)로 충분섭취량 수준이었으며 쌀, 대두, 수수, 김치, 두부와 같은 곡류, 두류, 채소류가 망간의 주요 급원인 것으로 나타났다.

Zinc, copper, selenium and manganese blood levels in preterm infants

Objective:To measure the zinc, copper, selenium and manganese blood levels in a cohort of 68 preterm infants, and to establish any associations with growth and/or dietary intake.Design:Blood samples were collected...