Mandibular Osteosarcoma Research Articles

Establishing a Mandibular Osteosarcoma Model in SD Rats Using Tissue Block Transplantation.

To investigate the feasibility of establishing a mandibular osteosarcoma model in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats using tissue block transplantation, providing a foundational model for osteosarcoma research. Fourteen male SD rats, 3 weeks old and SPF grade, were randomly divided into a control group (n=4) and a mandibular osteosarcoma group (n=10). Using tissue block transplantation, UMR106 cell-induced tumor tissues were transplanted subcutaneously into the left mandibular marrow cavity of the SD rats. Observations included behavioral changes, weight variations, tumor growth, and tumor formation rate. Bone changes were monitored via micro-CT scanning, and histological analysis was conducted using HE staining. Two weeks post-transplantation, the mandibular osteosarcoma group exhibited significant left facial swelling, malocclusion, eating difficulties, and weight loss compared to the control group. The tumor formation rate was 80% (8/10). Micro-CT scans indicated significant bone destruction in the osteosarcoma group. HE staining revealed high cellular atypia and pathological mitoses in both subcutaneous and mandibular osteosarcoma cells, with no notable abnormalities in lung tissues. Tissue block transplantation is a viable method to establish a mandibular osteosarcoma model in SD rats. This method is simple, with a high tumor formation rate, providing an ideal animal model for mandibular osteosarcoma research.

Clinical features and overall survival of osteosarcoma of the mandible

Osteosarcoma is the most common bone sarcoma and is typically found in the distal femur, proximal tibia, and proximal humerus. While several factors are known to influence survival, less is known regarding the influence of primary tumor location. This study describes the clinical features and prognosis of mandibular osteosarcoma. The SEER database was utilized to identify cases of mandibular osteosarcoma diagnosed between 2004 and 2015. Sex, age, grade, histological subtype, tumor size, tumor extension, presence of metastasis at diagnosis, and therapeutic intervention were determined. Osteosarcomas originating from other sites were assessed for comparison. There were 164 cases of mandibular osteosarcoma identified, representing 5.5% of all surveyed osteosarcomas. The 2-, 5-, and 10-year overall survival rates were 79.9%, 65.6% and 58.5%, respectively. Survival was worse for patients with older age, larger tumor size, metastatic disease, and absence of surgical resection. Compared to other sites, mandibular osteosarcomas were significantly smaller tumors and were far less likely to metastasize. Mandibular osteosarcoma manifested at an older age than the more common extremity osteosarcomas and presented with smaller tumors. Rates of metastasis of jaw osteosarcoma were much lower than osteosarcoma found in the extremities, while mortality rates were comparable.

Mandibular osteosarcoma: diagnosis and treatment.

This article presents a review of the literature on mandibular osteosarcoma, focusing on the main aspects of its management, including diagnosis, histotype, and treatment. The literature published in the last 5 years was considered but because of the rarity of mandibular osteosarcoma, major publications from the past have also been included. Management of mandibular osteosarcoma still lacks a clear standard of care, and treatment has not changed markedly over the past several years. The mainstay of treatment is surgical resection with free margins, but chemotherapy has recently begun to play a role in both adjuvant and neoadjuvant settings. Mandibular osteosarcoma is a rare tumor and extensive randomized trials are not available in the international literature. Therefore, the standard of care is not defined, and diagnosis and treatment protocols have been extrapolated from analysis of multiple reports that are often discordant. This makes an interdisciplinary approach mandatory for the management of these patients, to provide the best care possible based on tumor size, site, and patient characteristics.

Osteosarcoma of Jaw Masquerading as Calcifying Epithelial Odontogenic Tumour- A Diagnostic Dilemma

Osteogenic osteosarcoma is the most widely recognised primary malignant bone tumour involving particularly the appendicular skeleton. Osteosarcoma of jaw including maxillary and mandibular osteosarcoma accounts for about 7% of cases. The variants of osteosarcoma involving jaw include- osteosarcoma, Not Otherwise Specified (NOS) Low grade central osteosarcoma; chondroblastic osteosarcoma; parosteal osteosarcoma; periosteal Osteosarcoma. The present case was a 27-year-old male who came to the dental Outpatient Department (OPD) with the complaints of swelling in the upper vestibule and loosening of upper alveolar teeth and was reported as Calcifying Epithelial Odontogenic Tumour (CEOT) on histopathological examination and excision of the lesion was done. After two months the patient again presented with a recurrent lytic and sclerotic lesion involving the left maxillary bone with soft tissue extension in the maxillary sinus. Provisional diagnosis was made as malignant transformation of CEOT and immunohistochemistry was performed for the confirmation of the diagnosis. This case represented the challenges in the diagnosis of osteosarcoma of jaw which can be due to difficult biopsy procedure; limited imaging and challenges in legitimate resection because of the proximity to essential structures and the challenges are being faced to get the optimal treatment of jaw osteosarcoma.

Gnathic (Mandibular) Osteosarcoma in a Middle Adolescent-A rare case report

Gnathic Osteosarcoma (GOS) is a subtype of osteosarcoma (OS) that primarily affects the maxilla and mandible. An accurate diagnosis, usually facilitated by Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and Biopsy, is required to define the stage of the disease and plan adequate treatment. Early diagnosis and complete tumor resection are mandatory to improve the prognosis of GOS. We present a case of GOS in a 17-years-old female based on clinical-radio-pathological correlation.

Pediatric Head and Neck Tumors Associated with Li-Fraumeni Syndrome.

Cancer predisposition syndromes are germline pathogenic variants in genes that greatly raise the risk of developing neoplastic diseases. One of the most well-known is Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS), which is due to pathogenic variants in the TP53 gene. Children with LFS have higher risks for multiple malignancies before adulthood, often with rare and aggressive subtypes. To examine head and neck manifestations of LFS in children treated at a tertiary children's hospital over a 20-year period. A retrospective review of LFS children with neoplastic disease presenting in traditional Otolaryngologic head and neck subsites from 2000 to 2019, with patient charts reviewed for relevant clinical, imaging, and operative data. Of the 40 LFS patients initially identified, 27 neoplastic tumors were identified in 20 children within this cohort (20 primary, 7 second primary). Head and neck subsites aside from the brain or orbit were involved in 22% (6/27) of these tumors, representing 20% (4/20) of primary tumors and 29% (2/7) of second primary tumors. Both second primaries within the head and neck were within the radiation fields of the first primary tumor. The mean ages at primary and second primary diagnosis were 4.6 years (SD 3.5) and 12 years (SD 1.4), respectively. The male/female ratio was 1:6 among all patients with head and neck tumors. All 6 head and neck tumors were sarcomas. Rhabdomyosarcoma (N = 3, 50%) was the most common pathology, and the other 3 demonstrated rare tumor pathological subtypes (synovial cell sarcoma, pleomorphic myxoid liposarcoma, mandibular osteosarcoma). The neck was the most common subsite (75%) within this group for primary tumor presentation. This study identifies a high potential for head and neck involvement in children with LFS, which has not been previously described in the literature. Otolaryngological care should be included in a multidisciplinary care team surveilling these patients.

Diagnostic efficacy of multi-detector computed tomography in delineation of neck masses

Background: MDCT with its speed, use of thinner collimation, multiplanar reformation technology and easy availability makes it the diagnostic modality of choice.Objectives: to assess the role of MDCT in detection, characterization and extension of neck masses. Method: 40 patients with suspected neck lesions were subjected to CECT in our institution and the images were analyzed on plain scan and after the administration of non- ionic intravenous contrast agent. The lesions were studied with respect to enhancement pattern, local invasion, bony involvement and vascular invasion.Results: There were 15 malignant lesions and 25 benign lesions in our study. The imaging diagnosis of malignant and benign lesions was confirmed on histopathology. We had one false negative where one case of mandibular osteosarcoma was wrongly interpreted as osteomyelitis. MDCT had an overall accuracy of 97.5%. Conclusion: MDCT can be a very valuable tool in localizing and characterizing the neck lesions and it is the diagnostic modality of choice. It can aid in the diagnosis of neck lesions at the earliest and help in determining the accurate modality of treatment.

A CASE REPORT OF OSTEOSARCOMA IN THE MANDIBLE

The report describes a case of mandibular osteosarcoma in a 25-year-old black male patient complaining of increase of volume in mandible with evolution of 4 months. The anamnesis stated a previous history of mucoepidermoid carcinoma in the left retroauricular region treated by parotidectomy 18 years ago. Physical examination revealed the swelling of the left body of the mandible with face asymmetry and an expansive increase of volume in the buccal region of the mandible, extending to vestibule depth, associated with pain on palpation and paresthesia. Panoramic radiograph revealed a poorly defined radiolucent image without sclerotic border, with destruction of the periodontal ligament corresponding to tooth 36. Incisional biopsy was performed, and the histopathologic report was compatible with osteosarcoma. The patient was referred for oncology treatment. Osteosarcomas in the mandible are extremely rare, and this case justifies investigation as the patient had already presented another type of tumor in the proximal region.

Considerations for Mandibular Reconstruction in the Pediatric Patient Following Resection of Malignant Tumors.

We recently achieved favorable results in 3 pediatric patients with mandibular osteosarcomas that were treated at our hospital, including with immediate reconstructive surgery performed after tumor resection. Based on a literature review and practical investigation, we discuss the considerations for mandibular reconstruction after malignant lesions are removed from the mandible in children. Mandibular reconstruction for pediatric patients requires an understanding of the changes in bone and soft-tissue architecture due to growth and development at both the donor and recipient sites. Immediate mandibular reconstruction with a free flap can be considered a reasonable option even for young children who require extensive mandibular surgery. However, the variables affecting decisions about treatment planning vary between the different conditions in individual patients, and moreover, these cases are not common in the pediatric population. Therefore, long-term follow-up treatment and further investigations are required for the optimized diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of pediatric mandibular malignancies.

Generation of a TP53-modified porcine cancer model by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene modification in porcine zygotes via electroporation.

TP53 (which encodes p53) is one of the most frequently mutated genes in cancers. In this study, we generated TP53-mutant pigs by gene editing via electroporation of the Cas9 protein (GEEP), a process that involves introducing the Cas9 protein and single-guide RNA (sgRNA) targeting exon 3 and intron 4 of TP53 into in vitro-fertilized zygotes. Zygotes modified by the sgRNAs were transferred to recipients, two of which gave birth to a total of 11 piglets. Of those 11 piglets, 9 survived. Molecular genetic analysis confirmed that 6 of 9 live piglets carried mutations in TP53, including 2 piglets with no wild-type (WT) sequences and 4 genetically mosaic piglets with WT sequences. One mosaic piglet had 142 and 151 bp deletions caused by a combination of the two sgRNAs. These piglets were continually monitored for 16 months and three of the genome-edited pigs (50%) exhibited various tumor phenotypes that we presumed were caused by TP53 mutations. Two mutant pigs with no WT sequences developed mandibular osteosarcoma and nephroblastoma. The mosaic pig with a deletion between targeting sites of two sgRNAs exhibited malignant fibrous histiocytoma. Tumor phenotypes of TP53 mosaic mutant pigs have not been previously reported. Our results indicated that the mutations caused by gene editing successfully induced tumor phenotypes in both TP53 mosaic- and bi-allelic mutant pigs.

Parosteal osteosarcoma: a diagnostic dilemma on non-healing following tooth extractions: a case report

Objective: This paper reports a case of mandibular ramus parosteal osteosarcoma, discussing diagnostic problems and reviewing treatment variations. Methods: A 37 year old male patient was referred by a private hospital with a history of abscesses treatment and removal of his right lower molar 1.5 years ago. The wound in his tooth socket was not healed. Swelling with abscesses recurred and was diagnosed as osteomyelitis. The Orthopantomogram (OPG) result showed a description of osteomyelitis, and the Multi Slice Computed Tomography (MSCT) 3D confirmed the suspected osteosarcoma. Histopathologic results indicated parosteal osteosarcoma. Result: Hemimandibulectomy and chemotherapy were performed with good results.Conclusion: This parosteal osteosarcoma was difficult to diagnosis quickly because the initial image resembled osteomyelitis but it was low grade and rare; therefore, meticulous and accurate diagnosis was deemed necessary. Chemotherapy-combined surgery was thereby performed for treating this parosteal osteosarcoma.

A large osteosarcoma in the mandible of an ox

A three years old ox was referred to the University of Zambia Veterinary Clinic with a large protruded mass in the mouth. The slow growing oral mass was noticed three months earlier and contained displaced, loosely embedded incisor teeth. On clinical examination the mass was firm, large, round and located anterio-dorsally in the mandible. Histo-pathologically, tumor mass composed of neoplastic osteoblasts exhibiting osteoid and immature trabecular bony production. Neoplastic cells were positive for osterix marker expression. Gross pathology, radiology, cytology, immunohistochemistry and histopathology confirmed the mass as a mandibular osteosarcoma. This is a first and rare case of mandibular osteosarcoma being reported in cattle from Zambia and should be included in differential diagnosis of oral mass in cattle.

Osteosarcoma of the Mandible: A Site-Specific Study on Survival and Prognostic Factors.

Osteosarcoma of head and neck is a rare condition comprising of <1% of all head and neck cancers, retrospective studies show difference in survival of mandibular osteosarcoma to other head and neck sites, necessitating investigation into site-specific survival and recurrence rates.

Immediate reconstruction of the mandible following segmental resection of osteosarcoma mandibular

Aim of the workThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of immediate reconstruction of the mandible following segmental resection of mandibular osteoblastic osteosarcoma with a safety margin of 2 cm.Patients and methodsThis study was carried out on six patients (four females and two

A new subtype of high-grade mandibular osteosarcoma with RASAL1/MDM2 amplification

In contrast to long bone osteosarcoma, mandibular osteosarcoma is highly heterogeneous and morphologically overlaps with benign tumors, obscuring diagnosis and treatment selection. Molecular characterization is difficult due to the paucity of available specimens of this rare disease. We aimed to characterize the spectrum of mandibular osteosarcoma using immunohistochemistry and molecular techniques (quantitative polymerase chain reaction and sequencing) and compare them with benign fibro-osseous lesions. Forty-nine paraffin-embedded mandible osteosarcoma tissue samples were collected retrospectively and compared with 10 fibrous dysplasia and 15 ossifying fibroma cases. These were analyzed for molecular markers thought to differ between the different diseases and subtypes: MDM2 (murine double-minute type 2) overexpression, GNAS (guanine nucleotide-binding protein/α subunit) mutations, and amplification of MDM2 and/or RASAL1 (RAS protein activator like 1). Five fibroblastic high-grade osteosarcoma subtypes showed MDM2 amplification, including 2 with a microscopic appearance of high-grade osteosarcoma with part low-grade osteosarcoma (differentiated/dedifferentiated osteosarcoma) and MDM2 overexpression. The other 3 contained a coamplification of MDM2 and RASAL1, a signature also described for juvenile ossifying fibroma, with no overexpression of MDM2. These were of the giant cell-rich high-grade osteosarcoma, with areas mimicking juvenile ossifying fibroma (ossifying fibroma-like osteosarcoma). Our results show that some diagnosed high-grade osteosarcomas are differentiated/dedifferentiated osteosarcomas and harbor an overexpression and amplification of MDM2. In addition, juvenile ossifying fibromas can potentially evolve into giant cell-rich high-grade osteosarcomas and are characterized by a RASAL1 amplification (osteosarcoma with juvenile ossifying fibroma-like genotype). Thus, the presence of a RASAL1 amplification in ossifying fibroma may indicate a requirement for closer follow-up and more aggressive management.

Rare case of mandibular osteosarcoma: Clinical, imaging and pathological aspects

Rare case of mandibular osteosarcoma: Clinical, imaging and pathological aspects

Antitumor Activity of Cationic Liposome-mediated Bax mRNA Transfer in HOSM-1 mandibular osteosarcoma cells: A comparative study of local administration and systemic administration

Osteosarcoma is one of the malignant tumors that has a poor prognosis. In particular, relapsed or inoperable cases may require the development of new therapeutic approaches. Gene therapy is an innovative treatment for cancer, and is currently being investigated for osteosarcoma. Bax, one of the Bcl-2 family proteins, is a pro-apoptotic molecule that functions as a tumor suppressor, and Bax gene therapy has been investigated for various tumor cells. Gene transfer that is essential for the gene therapy is more efficient by mRNA lipofection than by plasmid DNA lipofection.1 Also as an effective mRNA-based cancer vaccine by systemic injection of MART1 mRNA has been reported in B16 melanoma.2 We examined the antitumor effect of the Bax mRNA transfected using a cationic liposome against human mandibular osteosarcoma cells in vitro, and further studied its antitumor effects in vivo comparing the differences between local administration and systemic administration.

Total mandibular reconstruction using four free flap transfers in a patient with large mandibular osteosarcoma

Mandibular reconstructions with composite defects are complex procedures that aim to achieve soft tissue closure, bony support and to restore facial contours. When large defects are present, multiple flaps may be required for optimal aesthetic and functional outcomes. Facial reconstruction using multiple flaps has been described. In 1993, Sanger et al. reported the use of three free flaps in a patient with osteoradionecrosis of the mandible. However, the feasibility of using more than three free flaps in a mandibular reconstruction remained to be determined. In this report, we describe the use of bilateral deep circumflex iliac artery (DCIA) iliac crest flaps and two radial forearm free flaps for the mandibular reconstruction in a 19-year-old male with radical excision of mandibular osteosarcoma and total mandibulectomy.

A Aggressive Osteosarcoma of Mandible with Lung Metastasis in a 5 Year Child: A Case Report

Osteosarcoma is a malignant mesenchymal tumor whose cancerous cells produce osteoid matrix. It is the most common primary malignant bone tumor, accounting for approximately 20% of the sarcomas, but osteosarcoma of mandible is rare only 5% of the osteosarcomas occur in the jaws and occur mainly in adult population in their later part of the life. They present various clinical and histological aspects, as well as variable disease progression and outcome. Mandibular osteosarcoma are slow growing tumors and have better prognosis compared to other site. Lung is the most common site of metastasis in osteosarcoma mainly in the long bones, in craniofascial osteosarcoma lung metastasis is a rare findings. We are presenting a case of osteosarcoma of mandible in 5 year child with aggressive initial presentation.

Mandibular Fibrosarcoma and Bile Duct Adenoma in a Pet Rabbit (&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Oryctolagus cuniculi&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;): A Case Report

This report describes the clinical manifestations and pathological findings in a 4-year-old neutered male dwarf rabbit diagnosed with a mandibular fibrosarcoma. The rabbit was evaluated for a unilateral mandibular swelling and an acute onset of oral blood loss. Physical examination confirmed a marked facial asymmetry with a swollen painful left mandible. Radiographic projections of the skull revealed a left mandibular mass extending into the oral cavity. Tissue biopsies demonstrated severe bone destruction and a presumptive pathological diagnosis of a mandibular osteosarcoma were made. A helical CT (computed tomography) study of the skull confirmed the severe mandibular bone destruction and the oral extension of the mass. The patient was treated palliative with oral meloxicam and subcutaneous penicillin injections. Six months later, the rabbit died in a natural way. Postmortem examination led to final diagnosis of severe left facial malformation due to mandibular fibrosarcoma. A bile duct adenoma was found in the liver. To the author’s knowledge, this is the first description of a spontaneous mandibular fibrosarcoma in a pet rabbit.