Mandibular Canines Research Articles

Prevalence of two-rooted and one-rooted mandibular canines with two root canals in Poland, assessed using CBCT: A preliminary study.

The normal anatomy of mandibular canines presents with 1 root and 1 root canal. Two roots are found in approx. 2% of cases, and a bilateral configuration is even rarer. Canines with 2 root canals are found in around 15% of cases. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) enables the detailed visualization of the teeth. The present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of two-rooted mandibular canines and one-rooted mandibular canines with 2 root canals in a Polish population by using CBCT. A total of 300 consecutive CBCT scans, taken for different clinical indications, were examined to assess permanent mandibular canine anatomy. The study group included 182 females and 118 males aged 12-86 years (mean age: 31.7 years). Among 600 cases, 27 two-rooted teeth were found (4.5%), and there were only 6 cases of onerooted mandibular canines with 2 root canals (1.0%). Six cases of two-rooted canines had this configuration bilaterally, all in females. Five cases of canines with 2 root canals were found on the left side (83.3%). The predominance of the occurrence of two-rooted canines in females (81.5%) was strongly emphasized. The prevalence of two-rooted mandibular canines in a Polish population, evaluated by means of CBCT, was higher, while the presence of 2 root canals was lower than in recent literature reports. There was no side predilection of two-rooted mandibular canines, although their occurrence was higher in females.

Analysis of Root Canal Characteristics in Permanent Canine Teeth Among 270 Saudi Subjects: A Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Study.

BACKGROUND An understanding of root canal morphology is vital for successful endodontic treatment. However, variations in the root canal system of permanent canines, especially in relation to population-based diversity, are not well-documented. This study thus aimed to analyze the root canal numbers, configurations, and bilateral symmetry in 1080 permanent canine teeth among 270 Saudi individuals using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), contributing to the existing body of knowledge and aiding clinicians in devising effective treatment strategies. MATERIAL AND METHODS The CBCT images of 270 participants, encompassing 1080 canines (540 pairs of upper and lower canines), were scrutinized for root and canal counts. Canal configurations were assessed based on Ahmed's and Vertucci's classifications. Bilateral symmetry in these parameters was recorded and the data were statistically analyzed. RESULTS The study revealed variable prevalence of multiple roots and canals in maxillary and mandibular canines. Ahmed's and Vertucci's type I canal configuration was predominantly observed. Notably, significant bilateral symmetry was noted in root and canal numbers, and canal configurations. CONCLUSIONS The most common configuration of permanent canines was a single root and canal, usually adhering to Ahmed's and Vertucci's type I classification. Mandibular canines showed a higher incidence of two canals than two roots. The extent of bilateral symmetry, especially in mandibular canines, could provide valuable insights for better contralateral tooth treatment planning.

Evaluation of Dentinal Thickness and Remaining Dentine Volume around Root Canals Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Scanning.

The remaining dentinal thickness is a significant factor to deal with when planning post-endodontic treatment. To assess the changes in the root canal dentinal thickness of intact and endodontically treated teeth using CBCT scans in the coronal, middle, and apical third of the root canal. Three hundred CBCT scans for three age groups were analyzed to study the dentinal thickness pre- and post-endodontic treatment. The dentinal thickness (DT) was measured along the buccal, mesial, distal, and lingual/palatal walls from the inner surface of the root canal to the outer surface in mm. Statistical analysis was set at 0.05. The results of this study showed that the buccal, palatal, distal, and mesial dentinal thickness in intact and endodontically treated teeth is different. The differences were statistically significant when comparing the parameters of "healthy" and "treated" teeth (p < 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in indicators associated with age (p > 0.05). In the coronal third of the root canal, the least amount of dentin tissue lost was 4.2% for mandibular canines. The dentinal thickness in the coronal and middle third of the root decreases significantly more than the apical third. The most loss of dentine volume was among molar teeth, and the remaining dentinal thickness was less than 1 mm, which would increase the risk of complication while preparing the canal for a post.

Non-Surgical Camouflage Treatment of a Skeletal Class III Patient with Anterior Open Bite and Asymmetry Using Orthodontic Miniscrews and Intermaxillary Elastics

This case report presents the non-surgical orthodontic camouflage treatment of an 18-year-old male patient with skeletal Class III asymmetry and severe anterior open bite. The anterior open bite was corrected by extrusion of the maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth and clockwise and counterclockwise rotation of the maxillary and mandibular occlusal plane, respectively, using intermaxillary Class III elastics between the maxillary posterior buccal miniscrews and mandibular canines and anterior vertical elastics between the maxillary and mandibular canines. Class III dental relationships and dental asymmetry were corrected via unilateral distalization of the mandibular dentition on the left side using a closed coil spring between the buccal shelf screw and hook. The patient’s smile esthetics and dental relationship were improved with a more favorable facial profile, and facial asymmetry was slightly alleviated after orthodontic camouflage treatment. The total treatment time was 15 months. A modified wraparound retainer with a scalloped labial bow, tongue crib, and tooth positioner was used simultaneously to prevent the potential relapse.

The findings of impacted and transmigrated maxillary and mandibular canines: a retrospective cone beam computed tomography study

The aim of this study was to examine and evaluate the maxillary and mandibular impacted and transmigrant canines, their relationship with neighboring tissues and pathology with cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). CBCT data of 217 patients, between January 2018 and December 2019, with a total of 293 impacted canines were retrospectively reviewed. Clinical records were also evaluated. Maxillary or mandibular localization, angulations, transmigration, lateral and premolar tooth resorption, apical dilacerations, pathological formations, presence of persistent deciduous canines and treatment methods were investigated. For 293 impacted canines, 237 were in the maxilla and 56 in the mandible, with this difference being statistically significant (P<0.05). Among the 293 impacted canines, 14 (4.8%) transmigrated canines were detected. From the 14 transmigrant canines, 13 were in the mandible and 1 was in the maxilla. This difference was found statistically significant (P<0.05). Eighteen dentigerous cysts (10 maxilla, 8 mandible) and 4 odontomas (3 maxilla, 1 mandible) were found in impacted canines. For a total of 293 impacted canines, 57 were extracted, 13 were referred to orthodontics and a follow-up decision was made for 223 teeth. Transmigration incidence is statistically significant, on a higher area of the lower jaw, compared to the upper jaw (P<0.05). In patients with impacted canines, taking CBCT together with a detailed clinical examination is effective in correct treatment planning and in minimizing complications that may occur during surgical extraction.

Assessment of Gingival Phenotype in Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Sulaimani City

Objective: To determine the prevalence of gingival phenotype (GP) in type 2 diabetic patients in Sulaimani city and its relation with the severity of periodontal diseases.Methods: A sample of 150 individuals with type 2 diabetes were selected with an age range of 40-65. Probe transparency method involving a colorvue biotype periodontal probe was used to assess GP through the mid-labial gingival margin on the maxillary and mandibular central, lateral incisors, and canines. Clinical periodontal parameters including keratinized gingival width (KGW), probing pocket depth (PPD), plaque index (PI), bleeding index (BI), and clinical attachment loss (CAL) were recorded with a Williams periodontal probe. In addition, standardized HBA1C was assessed for each participant.Results: The majority of patients in this study had thin gingiva (42.7%), followed by medium, thick, and very thick gingiva (38%, 14.7%, and 4.7%, respectively). The association between gingival thickness and severity of periodontal disease (gingivitis, periodontitis stage 1, stage 2, stage 3, and stage 4) was non-significant. However, significant differences were detected between the mean of KGW and the severity of periodontal disease. Furthermore, there was no statistically significant association with gingival thickness according to sex. Conclusions: Thin gingiva was the most common gingival phenotype among type 2 diabetes patients in Sulaimani city, followed by medium gingiva, while thick and very thick gingiva were less common. Furthermore, there was no statistically significant association between gingival phenotype and the severity of the periodontal diseases.

Orthodontic Approach of Impacted Mandibular Canine

The etiology, diagnosis, and orthodontic approach for the treatment of an impacted mandibular canines have less well established compared to the maxillary canine. From the orthodontic aspect, the patient’s age and root development of the impacted canine at the timing of diagnosis would be important predictors for successful orthodontic traction. In this case report, we introduced 2 cases of successful traction of mandibular impacted canines in adolescent and elderly patients who had completed root formation. For these patients with the increased complexity of treatment, the orthodontic traction mechanics should be carefully considered to reduce the periodontal side effects and respond appropriately to unexpected decrease in traction rate during the treatment.

Morphological analysis of anterior permanent dentition in a Chinese population using cone-beam computed tomography

PurposeMorphological analysis of permanent anterior dentition is essential for achieving an ideal treatment outcome and avoiding unnecessary failure. This study aimed to analyze the morphologies of anterior teeth in the Chinese population in depth.MethodsIn this retrospective study, 4309 anterior teeth from 401 Chinese patients were investigated using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) from 2019–2021. We summarized the morphological characteristics of the anterior teeth in terms of the root length, cementoenamel junction curvature (CEJ-C), root furcation and canal variations.ResultsWe found that the root lengths of the maxillary anterior incisors were similar (13.3 mm), while the root lengths of the mandibular central (12.2 mm) and lateral incisors (13.4 mm) varied significantly (p < .0001). Both the maxillary (16.6 mm) and mandibular canines (15.5 mm) were found to have greater root lengths than the corresponding incisors (p < .0001). The CEJ-C was significantly greater around incisors (2.5 mm) than around the canines (2.0 mm) in the maxilla (p < .0001), while the curvature remained similar in mandibular anterior teeth (1.8 mm). Root furcation was observed in mandibular canines and lateral incisors. Moreover, all types of Vertucci’s classification in anterior dentitions were observed, while two other new types were found. Among them, the maxilla was only observed to exhibit types I, II, III, and ST II, while the mandible was found to exhibit almost all types. However, Type I still accounts for the majority of dentitions.ConclusionsMorphological analysis of permanent anterior dentition revealed diversity in the tooth length, CEJ-C, furcation proportion, and canal variations. In general, mandibular anterior teeth showed a more complex structure than maxillary teeth.

Volumetric assessment of canines using post-mortem computed tomography (PMCT) for sexual dimorphism in a Malaysian population

BackgroundRecent research has explored volumetric assessment in three-dimensional (3D) imaging procedures for sexual dimorphism. The 3D techniques have enabled a more realistic, accurate, and non-invasive visualization of sex-related anatomical parameters, such as the size and shape of human teeth.AimTo perform sexual dimorphism based on dental tissue volumes of permanent left maxillary and mandibular canines in a Malaysian population.MethodsA cross-sectional study was carried out on 220 post-mortem computed tomography (PMCT) scans of Malaysian subjects (114 males and 106 females) aged between 18 and 40 years old. The permanent left maxillary and mandibular canines were analysed based on the volume of their (I) enamel cap, (II) coronal dentine, and (III) root, as well as the combination between the three dental tissue volumes (DTV). 3D Slicer version 4.10.2 computer software was used to perform a semi-automated segmentation of the anatomic regions of interest of each tooth.ResultsThe DTV of the permanent left maxillary and mandibular canines showed sexual dimorphism as the males presented larger DTV than females (p < 0.05). After binary logistic regression, the DTV revealed an overall sex classification rate of 60 to 74.1%. The DTV of the permanent left mandibular canine had more discriminant power to correctly classify males and females compared to the left maxillary canine.ConclusionsThe volumetric assessment of the dental tissues of the permanent left maxillary and mandibular canines could discriminate sex in the Malaysian population. Given the limited classification rate, this approach could act solely as a supplementary tool to existing sex estimation methods.

Pulp Revascularization After Autotransplantation of the Mandibular Canines With Partially Resected Roots: Report of 5 Cases With Follow-ups Between 26 and 80 Months

IntroductionTransmigrated (migrated through the midline) mandibular canines constitute a treatment challenge. Advanced transmigration can be successfully treated by autotransplantation. In developing canines, pulp revascularization is typical after transplantation. On the contrary, the pulp of teeth with completed apex formation does not undergo revascularization. In this case, root canal treatment becomes compulsory and decreases the success of autotransplantation. The aim of this observational retrospective study was to evaluate whether partial resection of the root (performed during the autotransplantation of mature canines) would enable revascularization of the pulp after the surgery. MethodsFive transmigrated mandibular canines with complete apex formation before the surgery were evaluated. During the autotransplantation surgery, the resection of 2 to 4 mm of the root apex was performed to open the path for revascularization of the pulp after surgery. The transplanted teeth were observed during healing after the surgery for the presence of pulp obliteration. Clinical and radiographic examinations were performed. ResultsAll treated canines survived the minimum observation period of 2 years (ranging from 26 to 80 months, mean: 55 months) without pulp healing complications. The survival was 100%, and the success was 80%. In one canine, the external cervical root resorption was diagnosed and treated 1 year after the surgery. At the final examination, transplanted canines presented radiographic features of pulp obliteration, normal mobility, and healthy periodontal tissues. ConclusionsThe surgical protocol proved to be successful in promoting revascularization to maintain pulp vitality, in all cases. The outcomes confirm that autotransplantation, combined with the resection of the root, constitutes a valid treatment for mature ectopic canines.

Sexual dimorphism in permanent mandibular and maxillary canines of Sri Lankan Sinhalese population

Introduction: Sexual dimorphism is one of the most important implications in forensic investigations and anthropological studies. Teeth are becoming a good source of material for gender determination. The canine is the most preferred tooth for gender determination because the canine is the strongest tooth in the oral cavity. Objectives: To investigate sexual dimorphism in permanent mandibular and maxillary canines of a Sri Lankan Sinhalese population, and to ascertain the most suitable dimension (labiolingual, mesiodistal and crown height) to determine the sex of an individual. Materials &amp; Methods : The study was conducted using 384 dental casts (Males 192, Females 192) aged between 18 and 25 years in a sample of the Sri Lankan population. According to a selection criterion, casts were selected using a convenient random sampling technique. Mesio-distal, Bucco-lingual and Crown height of all the canines in the casts were measured using a digital vernier caliper accurate to 0.01 mm. Results : Statistical analysis was performed using Minitab 17 and SPSS (Version 21). Unpaired sample t-test, paired sample t-test and point-biserial correlation were used for data analysis. The present study revealed that males show larger mean dimensions of canine teeth than females. Out of all four canines, mandibular canines show highly consistent results for sexual dimorphism. Further, crown height is the best measurement to evaluate sexual dimorphism. Conclusion : It can be concluded that out of all the four canines, mandibular canines show highly consistent results for sexual dimorphism. Moreover, crown height is the best measurement to evaluate sexual dimorphism, in identifying an unknown .

Traumatic effects of infant oral mutilation on odontogenesis: A case report.

Infant oral mutilation (IOM), widely practiced in East Africa, involves gouging of unerupted teeth to allegedly cure childhood diseases. Non-sterile instruments are often used during IOM, causing immediate and long-term complications, including dental defects, infection, and death. This is a case report describing how IOM affected tooth development and oral health in a four-year-old Somali girl who, three years prior, underwent IOM of her primary mandibular canines. Two affected primary mandibular canines (denoted M* and R*) were extracted from the patient at age four because they were dysmorphic, nonfunctional, and at risk of further pathology. Tooth M* was moderately affected, with reduced root length and blunt root tip, though enamel and dentin thickness, densities, and tissue organization were within normal range by micro-computed tomography. Tooth R* was dramatically diminished in size and severely dysmorphic. By histology, dentinal tubules were within normal parameters in affected canines, and acellular cementum was thin but with undiminished mineral density and normal histological appearance. Permanent canines appeared unaffected in radiographs. This case demonstrates that IOM affected odontogenesis of primary canines, although formation of enamel, dentin and cementum proceeded despite the trauma. Further investigation of IOM and its effects on oral and systemic health can aid in advocacy efforts to eradicate this practice.

Alveolar bone height changes in the anterior tooth region before and after orthodontic treatment for Angle's Class II division 1 malocclusion and related factors.

The aim of this study was to observe the alveolar bone height changes in the anterior tooth region after orthodontic treatment for Angle's Class II division 1 malocclusion. Ninety-three patients treated from January 2015 to December 2019 were retrospectively analyzed, of whom 48 received tooth extraction and 45 did not. After orthodontic treatment, the alveolar bone heights in the anterior tooth regions of tooth extraction and non-extraction groups decreased by 67.31% and 66.94%, respectively. Except for the maxillary and mandibular canines in the tooth extraction group as well as the labial side of maxillary anterior teeth and the palatal side of maxillary central incisors of the non-extraction group, the alveolar bone heights of other sites significantly reduced (P<0.05). The reduction in the alveolar bone height of the tooth extraction group significantly exceeded that of the non-extraction group on the palatal side of maxillary incisors and the lingual side of mandibular anterior teeth (P<0.05). Alveolar bone height in the anterior tooth region decreases after orthodontic treatment for Angle's Class II division 1 malocclusion, being closely related to tooth position together with movement direction and amplitude.

Ultrasound Imaging of the Periodontium Complex: A Reliability Study.

Ultrasonography is a noninvasive, low-cost diagnostic tool widely used in medicine. Recent studies have demonstrated that ultrasound imaging might have the potential to be used intraorally to assess periodontal biomarkers. To evaluate the reliability of interlandmark distance measurements on intraoral ultrasound images of the periodontal tissues. Sixty-four patients from the graduate periodontics (n = 33) and orthodontics (n = 31) clinics were recruited. A 20 MHz handheld intraoral ultrasound transducer was used to scan maxillary and mandibular incisors, canines, and premolars. Distances between the alveolar bone crest and cementoenamel junction (ABC-CEJ), gingival thickness (GT), and alveolar bone thickness (ABT) were measured by 3 raters. The intercorrelation coefficient (ICC) and mean absolute deviation (MAD) were calculated among and between the raters. Raters also scored images according to quality. The ICC scores for intrarater reliability were 0.940 (0.932-0.947), 0.953 (0.945-0.961), and 0.859 (0.841-0.876) for ABC-CEJ, GT, and ABT, respectively. The intrarater MAD values were 0.023 (±0.019) mm, 0.014 (±0.005) mm, and 0.005 (±0.003) mm, respectively. The ICC scores for interrater reliability were 0.872 (95% CI: 0.836-0.901), 0.958 (95% CI: 0.946-0.968), and 0.836 (95% CI: 0.789-0.873) for ABC-CEJ, GT, and ABT, respectively. The interrater MAD values were 0.063 (±0.029) mm, 0.023 (±0.018) mm, and 0.027 (±0.012) mm, respectively. The present study showed the high reliability of ultrasound in both intrarater and interrater assessments. Results suggest there might be a potential use of intraoral ultrasound to assess periodontium.

Association between dental and skeletal maturation in Scandinavian children born between 2005 and 2010

Objective The aim of this cross-sectional study was to analyse the association between dental and skeletal maturation in children born between 2005 and 2010. Materials and methods Dental and skeletal maturation of 117 ethnic Scandinavian children born between 2005 and 2010 (70 girls, 47 boys, mean age 11.48 years) was analysed. Dental maturation (DM) was assessed on orthopantomographs (OPs) by using Demirjian’s and Haavikko’s methods while skeletal maturation was assessed on hand-wrist radiographs by use of Helm’s method. The correlation between skeletal and DM was analysed using Spearman’s rho (Rs). Additionally, the most frequent DM stage in relation to the skeletal maturation stage was analysed by logistic regression adjusted for age and sex. Results The correlation between dental and skeletal maturation was significant for all teeth (Rs = 0.071–0.562; p < .000–p = .035) except for the first incisor and the first molar. Logistic regression analysis showed that when the mandibular and maxillary canines are ¾ mineralized, this is significantly associated with the beginning of the adolescent period before peak height velocity (PHV) (PP2= p < .005–< .05). Likewise, when the mandibular second premolars are ¾ mineralized, this is significantly associated with the maturation stage PP2= or S (PP2= p < .05, S: p < .005–< .05), both of which are before PHV at the beginning of the adolescent period. Limitations Limited sample size and the X-rays were taken before orthodontic treatment, which may have introduced a selection bias. Conclusions When the root of the canines or second premolars is ¾ mineralized, it may indicate the beginning of the adolescent period with increased skeletal growth intensity.

Permanent Tooth Eruption Patterns in Nigerian Local Pigs.

Pigs are diphyodonts with heterodont dentition and have been used in studies involving teeth and jawbone regeneration, and dental implants. Patterns of tooth eruption are used to age animals and determine the effects of environmental and genetic influences on occurrence of variations. As with other species, variations exist in the tooth eruption pattern in pigs. The aim of this study was to determine the permanent teeth eruption patterns of Nigerian local pigs. Twenty-six healthy pigs were observed throughout the study period. Pigs were firmly held in dorsal or lateral recumbency and their mouths gently held open to visually examine all quadrants of the dental arches (right and left maxillary, right and left mandibular). Observations were recorded from 16 weeks of age, until the last permanent tooth erupted. Results obtained from the study showed that males had lower mean values for eruption time (54%) of examined teeth in comparison to females. The mean values of eruption time for the maxillary third incisor, the mandibular and maxillary canines, and the mandibular fourth premolar teeth were statistically significant in the males (P = .0017, P = .0088, P = .0002 and P = .0244, respectively). Sixty-nine percent of the adult pigs did not have eruption of the mandibular first premolar, while polydontia was observed in the maxillary and mandibular incisors. These results show that intra-breed and inter-breed variations exist in the dental eruption pattern in pigs. The data obtained from this study can be used for comparative dental studies and can aid further research on the developmental anatomy of Nigerian local pigs.

Outcome of Surgical Extraction of Linguoverted Deciduous Mandibular Canine Teeth, Performed as an Interceptive Orthodontic Procedure in Puppies, on Permanent Occlusion.

Linguoversion of deciduous mandibular canine teeth can be a painful condition, interferes with the development and growth of the jaws, and potentially leads to further malocclusions affecting permanent dentition. Extraction of linguoverted deciduous mandibular canines is considered an interceptive orthodontic procedure that would allow unimpeded development of the jaws and permanent teeth. This study assessed clinical records of 124 dogs that had linguoverted deciduous mandibular canine teeth surgically extracted between October 2010 and September 2019 in a veterinary dental referral clinic. Seventy-seven cases fulfilled the study criteria. Fifty-one percent of these patients required further orthodontic treatment of the permanent occlusion and forty-nine percent demonstrated atraumatic permanent occlusion. The study found no correlation of the outcome with age at the time of surgery. The class of malocclusion (class 1 or class 2) at the time of surgery was also not associated with the outcome.

A Study On Odontometric Assessment Of Mandibular Canine For Sexual Dimorphism

Introduction: Gender identification from the skeletal remains is an important part and procedure of forensic sciences. In forensic investigations the tooth especially canine gives excellent evidence in determining the gender because of many physical characters of it. Sexual dimorphism of mandibular canine provides an immense usage in forensic investigation. The aim of the study was to assess the dimensions of mandibular canines, as an adjunctive tool in determination of gender and dimorphism pertaining to the age group of 21-32 years. Materials and methods: The study was performed on 80 subjects in general population (40 males and 40 females). Following parameters were considered in the study; mesiodistal width of right and left mandibular canine, intercanine arch width and right and left MCI. All the measurements were taken on dental casts and tabulated for statistical analysis. Results: Mesiodistal dimension and intercanine values were utilised to determine the mean for the right and left mandibular canine. Assessment of the Standard Mandibular canine index showed more sexual dimorphism with right mandibular canine. Conclusion: The accuracy of determining gender using the mesiodistal parameter of mandibular canine turns out to be satisfactory and justifies usage as tool in forensic sciences. Keywords : Mandibular Canine, Canine Index, Sexual Dimorphism, Mass Disaster.

ALT ÜÇÜNCÜ MOLAR DİŞLERİN ALT İKİNCİ MOLAR VE ALT KANİN DİŞLERİNİN EKSEN EĞİMLERİNE OLAN ETKİSİ

AIM: This study aims to investigate effect of mandibular third molars on angulation of mandibular second molars and canines. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A total of 16 patients (10 female, 6 male) were included. All patients had two panoramic radiographs. All mandibular third molars were available in the first panoramic radiograph. The second panoramic radiograph was taken approximately 124.81 ± 21.63 weeks after one-sided mandibular third molar extraction. The angulations of the second mandibular molars and mandibular canines were measured on the first and second panoramic radiographs. These angulations were evaluated on the extraction side and non-extraction side. Paired t-test was used to compare the angulation changes. RESULTS: On the extraction side, differences were observed in the angulation of the second molars and canines showed uprighting movement however, these differences were not significant. On the non-extraction side, both the second molars and canines showed uprighting movement. However, the difference was statistically significant only in the second molars. CONCLUSION: We conclude that mandibular teeth are progressively uprighting and not extracting the mandibular third molars increases the uprighting effect on the second molars.

Mandibular Canine in Sexual Dimorphism to Aid in Forensic Investigation

Mandibular Canine in Sexual Dimorphism to Aid in Forensic Investigation