Assessment of Gingival Phenotype in Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Sulaimani City

Abstract

Objective: To determine the prevalence of gingival phenotype (GP) in type 2 diabetic patients in Sulaimani city and its relation with the severity of periodontal diseases.Methods: A sample of 150 individuals with type 2 diabetes were selected with an age range of 40-65. Probe transparency method involving a colorvue biotype periodontal probe was used to assess GP through the mid-labial gingival margin on the maxillary and mandibular central, lateral incisors, and canines. Clinical periodontal parameters including keratinized gingival width (KGW), probing pocket depth (PPD), plaque index (PI), bleeding index (BI), and clinical attachment loss (CAL) were recorded with a Williams periodontal probe. In addition, standardized HBA1C was assessed for each participant.Results: The majority of patients in this study had thin gingiva (42.7%), followed by medium, thick, and very thick gingiva (38%, 14.7%, and 4.7%, respectively). The association between gingival thickness and severity of periodontal disease (gingivitis, periodontitis stage 1, stage 2, stage 3, and stage 4) was non-significant. However, significant differences were detected between the mean of KGW and the severity of periodontal disease. Furthermore, there was no statistically significant association with gingival thickness according to sex. Conclusions: Thin gingiva was the most common gingival phenotype among type 2 diabetes patients in Sulaimani city, followed by medium gingiva, while thick and very thick gingiva were less common. Furthermore, there was no statistically significant association between gingival phenotype and the severity of the periodontal diseases.