Mandatory Reporting Research Articles

Spatial analysis of probable cases of dengue fever, chikungunya fever and zika virus infections in Maranhao State, Brazil.

ABSTRACTDengue fever, chikungunya fever, and zika virus infections are increasing public health problems in the world, the last two diseases having recently emerged in Brazil. This ecological study employed spatial analysis of probable cases of dengue fever, chikungunya fever, and zika virus infections reported to the National Mandatory Reporting System (SINAN) in Maranhao State from 2015 to 2016. The software GeoDa version 1.10 was used for calculating global and local Moran indices. The global Moran index identified a significant autocorrelation of incidence rates of dengue (I=0.10; p=0.009) and zika (I=0.07; p=0.03). The study found a positive spatial correlation between dengue and the population density (I=0.31; p<0.001) and a negative correlation with the Performance Index of Unified Health System (PIUHS) by basic care coverage (I=-0.08; p=0.01). Regarding chikungunya fever, there were positive spatial correlations with the population density (I=0.06; p=0.03) and the Municipal Human Development Index (MHDI) (I=0.10; p=0.002), and a negative correlation with the Gini index (I=-0.01; p<0.001) and the PIUHS by basic care coverage (I=-0.18; p<0.001). Lastly, we found positive spatial correlations between Zika virus infections and the population density (I=0.13; p=0.005) and the MHDI (I=0.12; p<0.001), as well as a negative correlation with the Gini index (I=-0.11; p<0.001) and the PIUHS by basic care coverage (I=-0.05; p=0.03). Our results suggest that several socio-demographic factors influenced the occurrence of dengue fever, chikungunya fever, and zika virus infections in Maranhao State.

Global landscape of measles and rubella surveillance

BackgroundAll six World Health Organization (WHO) regions have committed to eliminate measles, and three WHO regions have committed to eliminate rubella. One of the key tenets of measles and rubella elimination is to have a strong surveillance system in place. The presence of a case-based measles and rubella surveillance system that is national, population-based, provides laboratory confirmation, and directs action, is one of the requirements for elimination-standard surveillance. MethodsIn order to understand the global landscape for measles and rubella surveillance, a questionnaire was sent to all 194 WHO member states (herein referred to as countries) requesting information on how surveillance was conducted for measles, rubella, and congenital rubella syndrome. Data were supplemented with information provided to WHO through other reporting mechanisms and by national policy documents available to the public. Frequencies and percentages were calculated. ResultsData were available to review from 164 (85%) countries, although not every country responded to every question. Case-based, population-based, national surveillance with laboratory confirmation was reported to be conducted in 136 (86%) of 158 countries for measles and 122 (77%) of 158 countries for rubella. Congenital rubella syndrome surveillance was reported to be conducted by 126 (77%) of 163 countries. Gaps were noted in the quality of measles-rubella surveillance conducted, and 26 (16%) of 158 countries reported not including all healthcare providers as mandatory reporters. ConclusionsMany countries reported having some of the essential components in place to conduct elimination-standard surveillance for measles and rubella; however, in order to achieve elimination, the quality of surveillance needs to improve to detect all cases. In those countries without these essential components of elimination-standard surveillance, the first step is to implement these components.

Mandatory Reporting of Health Professional Incompetence and Incapacity: Is it Time to Adopt the Australian Regime?

Identifying poor or unsafe practice is an important aspect of professional regulation. One way that health profession regulators access this information is through legislated mandatory reporting of incompetence or incapacity. Australia's mandatory reporting provisions are far-reaching and have become a touchstone issue in Australia's regulatory framework. In Ontario, mandatory reporting of health professionals is more limited. In this article, we compare the mandatory reporting regimes in these two jurisdictions through a historical and legal analysis examining the development and reform of mandatory reporting. Regulators' access to and handling of information about professionals has been under a critical media spotlight recently. Canadian policymakers and nurse leaders should consider advocating for more comprehensive mandatory reporting regimes with clear reporting structures to improve public confidence in regulation and protect the public.

Commentary: Will Mandatory Reporting of Health Professional Misconduct, Incompetence or Incapacity Make Patients Safer?

Public expectations of safety are a given in all aspects of our daily lives and certainly in the delivery of health services. Can enhanced legislation and regulatory requirements strengthen the very systems established to support safe care and safe practice by those professionals delivering this care? The delivery of health services is a complex matrix of public and private systems and care providers. Individual regulated health professionals play a key role in ensuring safe care as do legislators, employers, regulators and unions.

Counselors’ Mandated Responsibility to Report Child Maltreatment: A Review of U.S. Laws

Although counselors in 44 states are mandatory reporters of child maltreatment, they may lack an understanding of their legally designated role. This article presents the results of a systematic review of child maltreatment reporting laws in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. The authors apply relevant legislation to real‐life contexts for counselors.

Carrot or stick: CSR disclosures by Southeast Asian companies

PurposeMotivated by legitimacy theory, this paper aims to examine comprehensively corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure in Southeast Asian (Association of Southeast Asian Nations [ASEAN]) countries with the aim of disentangling whether such disclosures are the result of a proactive stance or a reaction to regulations.Design/methodology/approachAfter a content analysis of CSR stand-alone reports that relies on the Global Reporting Initiative as the basis for comparison, a multivariate analysis is carried out while controlling for firm-specific incentives and industry, country and year fixed effects.FindingsThe paper finds that CSR disclosure increased across the entire ASEAN. Although this increase cannot be directly ascribed to the introduction of regulations in Indonesia and Malaysia, the latter may have impacted choices of disclosure media. In countries where reporting requirements have become mandated, mandatory reporters show low levels, and voluntary reporters high levels, of CSR disclosure. The paper also finds that the attainment of CSR awards is related to disclosure. Additional analyses reveal a substitution effect between voluntary and mandatory incentives in countries with high levels of law enforcement.Practical implicationsThe evidence suggests that the introduction of regulations can be effective in improving the level and breadth of CSR reporting only in the presence of institutions that ensure the enforcement of the disclosure regulations.Social implicationsThe evidence suggests that organizations are reluctant to report on issues such as child labor, human rights and corruption. Organizations opportunistically employ related disclosure strategies that deviate from the underlying CSR performance.Originality/valueThe paper analyzes not only the level and breadth of CSR disclosure but also the motivation for its use across the still under-investigated ASEAN area, thus allowing an examination of the influence of institutional incentives above and beyond the firm-specific factors that drive CSR activities.

Mandatory Reporting of Domestic Violence: What Do Abuse Survivors Think and What Variables Influence Those Opinions?

For decades, states have passed legislation to mandate reporting of criminal conduct and the abuse of vulnerable persons. Four types of mandatory reporting laws have been enacted, including laws that require reports of injuries associated with crime or due to use of certain weapons, abuse of children, abuse of vulnerable adults, and reporting of domestic violence. While studies have been conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of mandatory reporting laws in domestic violence cases, methodological weaknesses in this body of literature make it difficult to make broad statements about whether mandatory reporting laws advance women's protection or actually place them at additional risk. This study's sample is based on 388 surveys administered in-person to women who had sought services from one of Kentucky's 15 regional domestic violence shelters. In addition to querying women regarding their own experience with mandatory reporting laws, the survey explored the factors that influenced women's views. The study advances research into women's decisions to access shelters, medical, or mental health services and how they are influenced by advance knowledge that their case would be reported if they disclosed abuse. A new and troubling finding was that almost two in five women reported they would have been less likely to contact a domestic violence shelter if they knew in advance that a mandatory report would be made. Future research on mandatory reporting is needed with an eye toward changing state policies and laws to ensure that women feel free to seek the type of assistance they need for themselves and their children.

By Faith Alone: When Religious Beliefs and Child Welfare Collide

In this chapter excerpted from The Contested Place of Religion in Family Law, law professor and family law expert Robin Fretwell Wilson discusses how to discipline one’s child, like the decision to treat “by faith alone,” sometimes runs deep in religious and cultural belief systems. The state’s regulation of childrearing not only impacts the parent’s liberty but also a community’s ability to hold onto its identity and transmit norms. Too often, the state’s solicitude for parental autonomy dictates the child’s fate. This chapter explores the limits of the broad and constitutionally recognized grant of parental power and documents the veritable kaleidoscope of exemptions for practices that expose children to real and present harm. Section I reviews the constitutional parameters of the parent child relationship. It discusses four cases often invoked as proof of thick parental rights to the care, custody, and control of minor children and dependents — Meyer v. Nebraska, Pierce v. Society of the Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus & Mary, Prince v. Massachusetts, and Wisconsin v. Yoder — and ultimately shows that the US Supreme Court brackets parental authority derived from the Constitution: parents may not harm their children. Section II evaluates the degree of harm to children that results from corporal punishment and faith healing. It presents a schism in views among social scientists about whether corporal punishment always harms children and shows that ethnic and cultural identity can moderate the experiences and effects of physical discipline, as well as presenting the few studies of faith healing practices and the overwhelming majority of children who have died as a result suffered from wholly treatable ailments. Section III shows the degree of respect for parental autonomy, religion, and cultural practices reflected in state statutes that otherwise require parents to secure needed medical treatment for and to not abuse or neglect their children. Faith healing and corporal punishment laws define the fault lines between parental freedom and child abuse and neglect in each state, and states compensate for the latitude given to parents by charging adults in the community as mandatory reporters of child abuse and by authorizing judges to consent to needed treatment. Using a single state, Idaho, as a case study, Section IV argues how a state’s regulation of child abuse, medical neglect, involuntary manslaughter, and lesser crimes operates to confer on parents in Idaho effective immunity from civil sanction when they act “by faith alone.” This overlapping statutory scheme has proven hard to reform, even as children continue to die. This is so, in part, because lawmakers are unsure whether attempts to constrain parental choices would ensure that children receive necessary medical care — or would backfire, pushing communities and families further from the law. Rather than only prosecuting parents, we conclude that strengthening linkages between the outside world and insular communities holds great promise for protecting children from harm at the hands of their parents.

The Effect of Mandatory Quarterly Reporting on Firm Value

ABSTRACT We exploit a regulatory change in Singapore to analyze the capital market effects of mandatory quarterly reporting. The listing rule implemented in 2003 has required firms with a market capitalization above S$75 million—but not firms with a market capitalization below this threshold—to publish quarterly financial statements. Using regression discontinuity analysis for our identification, we provide novel evidence of the causal effects of mandatory quarterly reporting on small firms. We find a 5 percent decrease in firm value, consistent with the notion that mandatory quarterly reporting is perceived as a net burden for small firms. Contrary to popular belief, we cannot find evidence of informational benefits or myopic investment for firms around the threshold. Additional tests suggest positive information spillover effects from large mandatory quarterly reporters to non-quarterly reporting firms. JEL Classifications: M41; M48.

Environmental and Social Matters in Mandatory Corporate Reporting: An Academic Note

AbstractThis note provides an overview of mandatory corporate reporting for environmental and social matters in Canada, the United States and the EU. When researchers and educators consider reporting on these matters, they often look to voluntary corporate reporting. However, we argue that a lot of related information exists in companies’ mandatory reports, either in the disclosures dictated by securities regulators, or via other required channels. Our objective is threefold. First, to describe what currently exists regarding mandatory reporting on environmental and social matters (to inform). Second, to discuss several of the current ongoing debates regarding such reporting (to encourage discourse). Third, to encourage research into the mandatory reporting of environmental and social matters.

노인학대 신고의무자 및 관련기관 종사자의 학대 신고의향에 영향을 미치는 요인

노인학대 신고의무자 및 관련기관 종사자의 학대 신고의향에 영향을 미치는 요인

Market Power Effects of the Livestock Mandatory Reporting Act in the U.S. Meat Industry: a Stochastic Frontier Approach Under Uncertainty

The present study evaluates changes in market power in the U.S. red meat industry after the implementation of the 1999 Livestock Mandatory Reporting (LMR) Act. It employs the recently developed stochastic frontier approach of market power estimation and accounts for uncertainty in the market, capturing this way the counteractive strategic and risk effects generated by the increased transparency of the Act. The net effect of the LMR Act on market power exerted by packers was estimated. Time series data on the U.S. cattle/beef and hog/pork industries for the period 1970–2010 were employed. The empirical findings suggest that the mandatory reporting program has generated a pro-competitive impact in both livestock markets.

Child Abuse Recognition Training Using Deliberate Practice for Prehospital Providers

Purpose: Prehospital Providers (PHPs) are mandated reporters of child abuse, however their lack of training is a challenge to recognizing and reporting injuries concerning for abuse. PHPs need additional training regarding the identification of abusive and non-abusive skin injuries as they often encounter children who might be the victims of child physical abuse. Deliberate practice, a method where learners are given real-time feedback during skill performance, may be a useful method to train PHPs to distinguish between skin injuries concerning for abuse and those that are not. The purpose of …

Decision-Making Factors in the Mandatory Reporting of Child Maltreatment.

The goal of this exploratory study was to investigate the factors that may impact a social worker's decision to report suspected child maltreatment. A volunteer sample of social workers (n = 439) from Ontario, Canada completed an online survey where they reviewed three hypothetical vignettes of potential child maltreatment (exposure to intimate partner violence, physical, emotional). Social workers responded to questions regarding their decision-making and the factors which would impact their reporting decision (legal requirements, ethnicity of caregivers, circumstances around disclosure, reporting history, consultation or supervision, field of practice). A series of multiple logistic regression analyses were performed for each version of the three vignettes. The study found that consultation or supervision were significant predictors in social worker's decision to report suspected child maltreatment. Peer consultation may assist with emotional regulation and provide an outside perspective to guide decision-making.

Mandatory reporting by doctors of medically unsafe drivers is unpopular and poorly adhered to: a survey of sleep physicians and electro-physicians.

Medical fitness to drive is one way governments control the issuing and renewal of driving licences, and some jurisdictions demand mandatory reporting (MR) of unsafe drivers by doctors. To determine the views, adherence rate and experiences of sleep physicians and electro-physicians with regards to South Australia's (SA) MR law. Self-administered surveys were delivered by post and email to all SA Medical Board-registered sleep physicians (n = 49) and electro-physicians (n = 11). Twenty-nine sleep physicians and six electro-physicians returned surveys, giving a 61% response rate. Of the doctors, 8 agreed with MR, 19 thought reporting should be voluntary and 6 that doctors should never report. Four doctors had reported all reportable patients, five had never reported any and the rest inconsistently applied the law. MR affected doctors' relationships with their patients as follows: 28 had experienced abuse by patients, 25 suspected patients of doctor shopping and 33 suspected patients of withholding information for fear of loss of licence. Only eight thought they were the most appropriate person to determine their patient's fitness to drive; 29 had not received any training with regards to making such determinations, yet, of these, 27 desired training. Widely disliked and causing deterioration of doctor-patient relationships, the MR law is ignored by some and inconsistently applied by most of the doctors surveyed. Further clinician and community education is required regardless of whether the law is abandoned, modified or left unchanged.

Trends in the Prevalence of Intraoperative Adverse Events at Two Academic Hospitals After Implementation of a Mandatory Reporting System.

Anesthesia information management systems (AIMSs) have been effectively used to improve quality in anesthesia care, and have enabled the development of mandatory quality assurance (QA) reporting systems for adverse events (AEs). While this approach has been shown to increase event reporting over time, the long-term effect of such a system on quality is unknown. We investigated the trends in AE reporting over time after implementing AIMS-based mandatory reporting systems at 2 academic medical centers. At Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, AEs were retrieved after implementation of a mandatory QA process in 2013. These AEs were categorized as preventable and unpreventable. The rates of overall preventable and unpreventable AEs were analyzed over time. At Vanderbilt University Medical Center, the rates of AEs were analyzed after establishing a mandatory QA process in 2002. Data were binned by quarter, and trends over time were analyzed using the Mann-Kendall test. At Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, over a period of 2 years after implementation of a mandatory QA process, the documented AE rate decreased from 1.23% to 0.64% (P < .0001). This decrease occurred primarily in the group of preventable AEs, which declined from 1.01% to 0.52% (P = .014). The rate of unpreventable AEs was unchanged, from 0.22% to 0.12% (P = .12). At Vanderbilt University Medical Center, over a 7-year period after implementation, the AE rate decreased from 4.20% to 1.36% (P < .0001). After implementation of a mandatory QA process at 2 academic medical centers, documented AE rates decreased significantly. The decrease observed in preventable AEs, with unchanged rates of unpreventable AEs, demonstrates that mandatory reporting of intraoperative AEs was followed by a reduction in preventable intraoperative AEs. If our findings are replicated at other institutions and are shown to have a stronger trend compared with institutions where the implementation was not conducted, or there was a change from preimplementation trends, adding mandatory perioperative outcomes reporting in the AIMS may represent a valuable method to improve the overall safety of anesthesia.

Comparison of Attitudes of School Administrators and Counselors towards Mandatory Reporting of Suspected Child Sexual Abuse

Comparison of Attitudes of School Administrators and Counselors towards Mandatory Reporting of Suspected Child Sexual Abuse

The Effects of Child Maltreatment Prevention Education on the Intention to Report Child Maltreatment among Future Mandatory Reporters: The Mediating Effects of Knowledge of Recognizing and Reporting Child Maltreatment

본 연구는 아동학대 예비신고의무자인 273명의 대학생을 대상으로 아동학대 예방교육 경험및 향후 교육의 필요성에 대한 인식을 살펴보고, 아동학대 예방교육이 아동학대 인식과 신고지식을 매개로 아동학대 신고의도에 미치는 영향을 검증하고자 하였다. 연구에 참여한 사회복지, 아동복지, 보육전공 대학생들의 약 87%가 전공이나 교양과목&#8901;특강을 통해 아동학대와 관련된 정보를 접해본 것으로 나타났고, 이는 여러 경로 중 가장 빈번하게 경험한 경로였다. 또한 참여자들은 향후 교육에 대한 필요성을 높게 인식하고 있었다. 다중회귀분석을 통해 아동학대 예방교육이 아동학대 인식과 신고지식을 매개로 아동학대 신고의도에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과 아동학대 인식은 매개 효과를 갖는 것으로 나타났으나 신고지식은 그렇지 않았다. 결과적으로 아동학대 예방교육을 많이 경험할수록 아동학대 인식이 높아지고 이에 따라 적극적인 아동학대 신고의도를 갖게 된다고 할수 있다. 연구결과를 바탕으로 예비신고의무자를 위한 아동학대 예방교육 방안에 대해 논의하였다.The current study aims to reveal experiences and perceived need of child maltreatment prevention education among 273 college students as future mandatory reporters. It also tries to reveal the mediating effects of knowledge of recognizing and reporting child maltreatment between child maltreatment prevention education and intention to report child maltreatment. The results showed that 87% participants were exposed to child maltreatment prevention education through courses(major or electives) or special lectures at college. It was the most frequently experienced way of receiving education among other ways of education. The participants also had high need of additional child maltreatment prevention education. Multiple regression analysis showed that increased knowledge of recognizing child maltreatment mediates the effect of child maltreatment education on intention to report child maltreatment. However, knowledge of reporting chid maltreatment did not have mediating effects. In conclusion, more education lead to higher intention to report child maltreatment through increased knowledge to recognize child maltreatment. Based on the results, strategies for child maltreatment prevention education were discussed for furture mandatory reporters.

Corrigenda

The Obstetrician & GynaecologistVolume 20, Issue 1 p. 20-20 CorrigendaFree Access Corrigenda This article corrects the following: Tackling female genital mutilation in the UK Sadiya Hussain MBBS BSc DfRSH MRCOG, Janice Rymer MD FRCOG FRANZCOG FHEA, Volume 19Issue 4The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist pages: 273-278 First Published online: August 9, 2017 First published: 04 December 2017 https://doi.org/10.1111/tog.12463Citations: 1AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat In the following article1, there were errors in the first paragraph under ‘Mandatory reporting of female genital mutilation’ on page 275 and reference 19 on page 278. 1. The beginning of the paragraph reads: The Serious Crime Act 2015 came into force in October 2015.This introduced mandatory reporting of FGM (including genital piercings) in girls under 18 years by regulated professionals (healthcare workers, teachers and social workers) to the police within 1 month of confirmation, but preferably by the next working day.17,18The General Medical Council has advised that healthcare professionals are not required to make reports directly to the police, but instead deal with such cases in the context of existing child protection structures, policies and procedures.19Doctors have also been advised that complying with the duty to report FGM will not breach any existing confidentiality requirement because there is a law which compels them to do so.20 The beginning of the paragraph should read: The Serious Crime Act 2015 came into force in October 2015. This introduced mandatory reporting of FGM (including genital piercings) in girls under 18 years by regulated professionals (healthcare workers, teachers and social workers) in England or Wales, to the police within 1 month of confirmation, but preferably by the next working day.17,18 The professional who has identified the case of FGM has a personal duty to inform to the police directly by calling 101, the non-emergency police number. They will need to provide the girl's name, date of birth and address as well as contact details for themselves and the safeguarding lead. They should inform the local safeguarding lead and ensure that all the decisions and actions have been clearly documented. 19 Doctors have been advised by the General Medical Council (GMC) that complying with this duty to report FGM will not breach any existing confidentiality requirement because there is a law which compels them to do so.20 Guidance on the FGM mandatory reporting duty can be found on www.gov.uk/dh/fgm. 2. Reference 19 reads: General Medical Council. GMC's response to the Home Office consultation - Introducing Mandatory Reporting for FGM. London: GMC; 2015 [http://www.gmc-uk.org/FINAL_GMC_s_response_to_the_Home_Office_consultation___Introducing_Mandatory_Reporting_for_FGM_59424192.pdf]. Reference 19 should be: Department of Health. FGM mandatory reporting duty: guidance for healthcare professionals. London: Department of Health; 2015 [https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/525405/FGM_mandatory_reporting_map_A.pdf]. Reference 1Hussain S, Rymer J. Tackling female genital mutilation in the UK. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2017; 19: 273– 8. https://doi.org/10.1111/tog.12394 Citing Literature Volume20, Issue1January 2018Pages 20-20 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Analysis of dengue cases according to clinical severity, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.

ABSTRACTSevere dengue cases have increased in Brazil since 2001, with the first records in Maranhão dating back to 2002. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of severe dengue cases by age group and the possible risk factors. This was a study of secondary data on dengue in residents of São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil, using probable cases notified to the National Mandatory Reporting System (SINAN) from 2002 to 2011. The diagnosis and classification of dengue were based on the Brazilian Ministry of Health criteria: dengue fever (DF), dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue fever with complications (DWC). DHF and DWC were considered severe dengue, and DF was classified as non-severe dengue. A logistic regression analysis was performed with severe dengue as the outcome. During the study period, 1,229 cases of severe dengue were reported; of these, 812 in patients under the age of 15 (66%). Among the risk factors evaluated, age under 15 years old (OR = 3.10, 95% CI = 2.69-3.57, p-value = 0.001) was associated with severe dengue. The prevalence of severe dengue in children under the age of 15 was higher, and only this age group was associated with the occurrence of severe dengue.