Mandatory Requirement Research Articles

ENVISPRAY: A Methodology to Evaluate PAE (Pesticide Application Equipment) According to the Environmental Risk

Pesticide application equipment (PAE) is the last part of the chain during the plant protection process. The use-phase of plant protection products (PPP) has been addressed in two EU Directives: 128/2009/EC and 127/2009/EC. This last one covers all the mandatory technical requirements to be fulfilled by new sprayers prior to their placement in the market. The objective of this research was to develop a potential decision support system (DSS) to evaluate and quantify the degree of implementation of all the required characteristics of new sprayers, including not only the mandatory requirements but also specifications widely described in the corresponding harmonized standard ISO 16119. It includes 10 independent elements of the sprayer, including a list of technical specifications listed in the applied standards ISO 16119 and ISO 16122. The relative influence of every one of the different elements has been quantified based on previous research. The algorithm enables the establishment of an objective relative classification of the sprayers to differentiate among different machines, mainly based on their quantified environmental contamination risk. The DSS can also discriminate among sprayers that should not reach the market due to their non-compliance with any of the mandatory requirements.

Pengaruh Kebijakan Moneter dan Makroprudensial terhadap Risiko Kredit di Bank Umum Syariah Periode 2018-2022

Abstract 
 The impact of the financial crisis at the end of 2008 resulted in the financial sector losing its ability to mitigate risk, in turn causing increased credit risk. The aim of the study is, of course, to understand the impact of monetary policy and macroprudential on credit risks in Indonesia's non-allocation financing (NPF). The study USES the data panel that has been processed through eviews 10 and applied with multiple linear regression analysis, specifying five different types of cellular general Banks that fit the criteria as a sample of observation during the 2018-2022 period. Research shows that bi rate as a monetary policy proxy and mandatory minimum requirement (GWM) as a macroprudensian policy proxy does not significantly affect credit risk. However, those capital inequality ratios have a significant negative impact on credit risk, while those variables financing to depositite ratios have significant positive effects on credit risk. Monetary policy and macroprudencies are crucial to systemic risk, particularly credit risk in the financial sector, especially at sharia general bank.

Problems of professional training of employees of the Russian penal system in the context of digital transformation

The subject of this article is the problem of professional training of current and future employees of the Russian penitentiary enforcement system in the context of the digital transformation of the penitentiary system in the country and the world. The relevance of the stated topic is due to the fact that the current employees of the penal enforcement system have a low level of knowledge of information technologies. In addition, modern professional training of future personnel of the penitentiary system is carried out without the use of such information innovations as distance education technologies and digital security. The article examines the current level of information technology proficiency of current employees of the penitentiary system; describes the problems existing in the system of training future personnel when they receive education in institutions under the jurisdiction of the Federal Penitentiary Service of the Russian Federation, as well as in civilian universities training personnel in the field of "Jurisprudence", "Law Enforcement"; the problem of the lack of courses is considered improving the digital literacy of current employees of the penitentiary system; the experience of using distance learning technologies by foreign countries in the process of obtaining education by current employees who have the opportunity to improve their competence without interrupting their direct official duties; the possibility of applying foreign experience in the Russian penitentiary system was assessed. Along with general scientific methods, the authors also used special legal methods (system-analytical, comparative legal, statistical). The novelty of the research lies in the development of the main ways to solve the problems of professional training of employees of the penitentiary system within the framework of the digital transformation of the penitentiary system, providing for improving the training of existing employees, as well as introducing certain innovations in the training of future personnel of the penitentiary system. On the basis of the conducted research, difficulties were identified and opportunities for improving the modern professional training of future personnel, as well as current employees of the penitentiary enforcement system, contributing to the optimization of processes and improving the quality of the penitentiary system were identified. The best way to solve these problems will be the introduction of a mandatory requirement to improve the digital literacy of existing employees of the system. For institutions that train future personnel of the penitentiary system, it is necessary to introduce disciplines into the educational program aimed at obtaining practical skills in working with automated information systems used in the activities of the Federal Penitentiary Service of the Russian Federation.

Features of the implementation of control (supervisory) activities in the field of the technical condition of self-propelled machines and other types of equipment by the State Technical Supervision bodies of the Russian Federation

The year 2024 is a natural continuation of the reform of control (supervisory) activities, which began in 2020 in the Russian Federation. The concept of improving control (supervision) activities adopted by the Ministry of Economic Development until 2026 defined the final "philosophy" of control (supervision). It immediately became clear that the implementation of certain control (supervisory) functions is not possible without the reform of the activities of individual executive authorities performing these functions. The subject of our research is the specifics of the control (supervisory) activities of the State Technical Supervision bodies of the Russian Federation in 2024 under the conditions of the moratorium and the development of the concept of improving control (supervisory) activities until 2026. Our article aims to propose approaches that allow for the integration of supervision of self-propelled vehicles into a new reality aimed at reducing the pressure of the state, as a power machine, on economic entities. In addition, the subject of the study also includes the definition of generally applicable signs, tasks and principles of control (supervision). The definition of similarities and differences between the concepts of "control" and "supervision" does not remain without attention of the author. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the proposed ways to change the current activities of Gostekhnadzor bodies related to the implementation of control (supervision) in the field of the technical condition of self-propelled machines and other types of equipment, namely, amendments to the current legislation of the Russian Federation regulating this area. An important conclusion of the study should be the identification of the inapplicability of a risk-based approach to all types of control (supervision). In addition, we propose a structure of general requirements for the organization and supervision of self-propelled vehicles, as well as a change in the current version of Article 9.3 of the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation, corresponding to new realities and allowing, within the framework of a "permanent raid", to bring to administrative responsibility drivers of self-propelled vehicles that violate mandatory requirements in the field of their technical condition.

Navigating Quality Assessment Hurdles in Clinical Laboratory Services: A Comprehensive Review in Resource-Limited Settings.

External quality assessment is the process of evaluating the performance of a laboratory and the competence of professionals. Participation in EQA and standardizing the quality of laboratory services are a mandatory requirements for accreditation. This review is aimed at identifying and discussing challenges that hinder the effective implementation of an EQA program in countries with resource limited setting. To obtain abundant information, articles were identified by searching the literature publishedin English using the National Library of Medicine, PubMed, Science Direct and AMC digital library databases. The articles identified in the references were manually searched and included. After the article was identified, it was imported to Endnote version 8.1 and exported to Microsoft Word for citation. Based on this review, the major identified challenges that hinder the implementation of an EQA program include the high cost of control materials, malfunction and lack of maintenance for equipment failure and breakdown, a knowledge gap among laboratory professionals, noncommutability of control samples, and difficulty in assigning target values. In addition, failing to participate in EQA and failing to take corrective action are the major challenges identified. As a result, applying to an EQA program in resource-limited counties was highly challenging. To attain high performance in the laboratory and to provide quality laboratory service for patient care, the EQA supplier and the user laboratory must pay attention to these issues and take appropriate corrective actions for ongoing quality improvement and accreditation.

Digitalisation and the welfare state – how First Nations people experienced digitalised social security under the Cashless Debit Card

Digitalisation of the welfare state has intensified in recent years, with burdens unevenly distributed between technology advocates and those receiving government income support. Putting in place processes where people needing social security must meet mandatory requirements of digital literacy and divert a significant amount of their small incomes to pay for expensive technologies such as computers, smartphones, and data plans comes at a cost. This article examines lived experiences of First Nations Cashless Debit Card (CDC) holders who experienced digitalisation of their social security payments. Under the CDC, a range of restrictions were placed on purchases, spending social security income came with stigma, technology troubles meant that income was less secure, and Indigenous peoples’ autonomy was undermined. Although the CDC has since been abolished, these issues remain relevant as a new cashless social security card, the SmartCard, has been introduced in 2023.

Государственное регулирование в области транспортной безопасности на железнодорожном транспорте

What happened on the Crimean Bridge in 2022 has shown that transport facilities are still attractive for committing acts of unlawful interference, and that the state mechanism protecting them is not perfect. The purpose of the study was to systematize strategic planning documents and railway transport development programs, to identify if the established mandatory requirements for ensuring transport security are adequate to potential threats. The author substantiates the necessity for making amendments to the Federal Law ‘On Railway Transport’.

Development of RP HPLC-PDA method for simultaneous quantitative analysis of Inoscavin A and Meshimakobnol A and application on some Phellinus mushroom species.

Phellinus igniarius, a medicinal mushroom containing many active ingredients with health benefits, can be applied in functional food. At present, the quantification of the main active ingredients from higher fungi (Ganoderma, Phellinus…) materials from different growing sources is a mandatory requirement to standardize the input resources of pharmaceutical and food production. Our study's aims are to perfect the RP HPLC-PDA method for quantitative analysis of Inoscavin A and Meshimakobnol A which are two main active ingredients present in Phellinus mushroom. In this analytical method, a C18-HPLC column and the mixture of methanol and formic acid solutions (pH = 2.2) are used to analyze and elute the active substances with the column activity parameters being the concentration gradient. This perfect method was tested for system suitability, repeatability, intermediate precision, recovery, and linear curve calibration to validate the method. After validation, the perfected RP HPLC-PDA method was applied to analyze eight samples of Phellinus and three samples of Ganoderma mushroom category. This method can be the basis for classifying between Phellinus and some other medicinal mushrooms.

Securing the future of IoT-healthcare systems: A meta-synthesis of mandatory security requirements

IntroductionHealthcare-based Internet of Things (Healthcare-IoT) is a turning point in the development of health information systems. This emerging trend significantly contributes to enhancing users' awareness of their health, ultimately leading to an extension in life expectancy. Security and privacy are among the greatest challenges for H-IoT systems. To establish complete safety and security in these systems, the implementation of mandatory security requirements is imperative. For this reason, this study identifies the necessary security requirements for H-IoT systems using a Meta-Synthesis approach. MethodsInitially, following the Seven-Stage Sandelowski & Barroso approach, the existing literature was searched in the Scopus and Web of Science databases. Among the 844 extracted articles from the period of 2010 to 2020, 78 final articles were reviewed and analyzed, leading to the identification of 51 security requirements. Subsequently, to assess the quality of the identified requirements and their overlap, interviews were conducted with two experts. ResultsFinally, 14 security requirements, predominantly with technical and quantitative aspects, were identified for designing a Healthcare-IoT system and implementing security mechanisms. ConclusionThe findings of this study emphasize that addressing the identified 14 security requirements is crucial for safeguarding Healthcare-IoT systems and ensuring their robustness in the evolving health information landscape.

Adaptive inter-area power oscillation damping from offshore wind farm and MMC-HVDC using deep reinforcement learning

The coordination of the offshore wind farm (OWF) and high-voltage direct current (HVDC) links to provide ancillary power oscillation damping (POD) services may become a mandatory requirement from the transmission system operators in the near future. However, the performances of the POD controllers (PODCs) are vulnerable to the power system uncertainties and random communication delays of the wide-area signals. To address these issues, this paper proposes the design of the coordinated PODCs by using the deep reinforcement learning (DRL) method. The DRL-based PODCs employ one of the state-of-the-art DRL algorithms, proximal policy optimization, which can learn to adapt to the system uncertainties and time-varying communication delays by interacting with the power system continuously. A detailed simulation model of an OWF connected to the IEEE-39 bus AC grid via the modular multilevel converter based HVDC link has been built as a simulation platform, and the efficacy of the proposed DRL-based PODCs has been validated across a broad spectrum of operating conditions, disturbances, and communication latency.

Suitable areas for temperate fruit trees in a Brazilian hotspot area: Changes driven by new IPCC scenarios

Chilling accumulation and sufficient water availability are mandatory requirements for most temperate fruit trees (TFT) productivity. Given the strong dependence of these crops on air temperature and water availability, it is imperative to analyze the impacts of climate change on TFT, especially in areas considered persistent climate change hotspots. This study analyzed the impacts of climate change on suitable areas for planting TFT in a Brazilian state considered a hotspot for future climate changes - Minas Gerais, using an Agroclimatic Zoning (AZ) method, and outlined adaptation measures for the sustainable cultivation of the main TFT under future climate scenarios. Daily near-surface air temperature (minimum and maximum) and precipitation data were used from 10 Earth System Models (ESMs) from the NASA Earth Exchange Global Daily Downscaled Projections (NEX-GDDP), which are derived from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6), in two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways scenarios (SSP2–4.5 and SSP5–8.5). The AZ method was applied for the current climate simulations (1995–2014), as well as for projections by the near (2041–2060) and far future (2081 – 2100) climate conditions considering two base temperature values (Tb = 7ºC and 13ºC). Given intense and persistent increases in air temperature, water deficit, and reduced chilling accumulation, TFT plantations will be restricted and economically unfeasible for about 69% (SSP2.4–5) to 86% (SSP5.8–5) of Minas Gerais in the far future for both Tb values. Only ∼6% (near future) and ∼2% (far future) of the study area located in a small portion of the Southern region of Minas Gerais will be suitable for TFT plantations. However, the future of TFT plantations in places classified as regular will depend on adopting adaptation measures to reduce vulnerability to these crops, including low-chill genotypes selection, improvements in breeding programs, using strategies to break dormancy artificially, and intensifying irrigation with less water-demanding techniques.

Plasma kinetic simulation in Eulerian approach fully respecting f≥0 requirement and total particle number conservation

Abstract Plasma kinetic simulation in Eulerian approach (PKSiEA) can yield a dynamic description on plasmas and hence is a popular method in theoretical plasmas physics. Its mathematical model consists of 8 members: 5 partial differential equations (PDEs), a phase space boundary condition and an initial condition of the distribution function (PDF) f, and a mandatory non-negativity requirement on f. Because Vlasov equation (VE) is a PDE with variable coefficients and the non-negativity requirement is mandatory, when 5 PDEs (4 Maxwell equations and the VE) are treated as an initial-value problem, the temporal evolution of f is difficult to be attacked by existing popular computational mathematics techniques, such as Fourier analysis technique and finite-difference technique, and hence these techniques do not yield efficient and reliable schemes of the PKSiEA. In a universal scheme of the PKSiEA presented here, because the phase space boundary condition f∣ r=∞,∣υ∣=c = 0 causes the VE to yield a conservation of total particle number ∫fd 3 rd 3 υ, we propose an efficient and strict expression of the f-profile in terms of two classes of functions of phase space coordinates r , υ , and the VE displays a universal relation between two classes. By this new expression, we express the initial-value problem of 5 PDEs in terms of allowed deformation modes from an initial f-profile, and ensure the PKSiEA fully respecting the non-negativity requirement on f.

Do different cooling-off modes affect audit quality? A study based on the audit rotation system in China

ABSTRACT Using a sample from China’s regime, we find that, longitudinally, whether auditors treat former clients favorably after rotation-back depends on the cooling-off modes. Relative to the year before rotation, audit quality after rotation-back is higher if the auditors use the ‘substantive’ cooling-off mode, whereas the audit quality decreases if the auditors use the ‘non-substantive’ cooling-off mode. Horizontally, audit quality in the initial year after auditor rotation-back increases with increased length of the cooling-off period. These effects vary based on the audit firm quality control system. Furthermore, our analysis reveals that auditors exhibit a greater propensity to employ ‘non-substantive’ cooling-off strategies in instances where the client – auditor relationship is more intimate, clients have fewer business risks, and audit firms/auditors contend with constrained audit resources. We further find some evidence of client – auditor collusion under ‘non-substantive’ cooling-off modes. Our findings carry implications for application of mandatory auditor rotation requirements.

Административная проверка судебных доказательств: пробелы цивилистической процессуальной формы

Work with judicial evidence is limited to a certain form of legal proceedings; the arsenal of judicial means for their verification and research focuses on identifying the content and meaning of the information provided, however, situations often arise when the admissibility of evidence submitted to the court must be rechecked by administrative authorities, but the current legislation does not provide for the use of such a mechanism as a mandatory one, the participants in the case may not have the appropriate competence, and the limited time of the trial does not allow for a long wait for the conclusions that can be made by the administrative authorities. In this regard, it is proposed to introduce an imperative pre-trial procedure for verifying written evidence, supported by mandatory requirements, and the competencies (lawfulness of actions) of the persons who compose and (or) provide them, by administrative bodies with the assignment of appropriate powers to the administrator (apparatus) of the court.

The hidden costs of the intercollegiate membership of the Royal College of surgeons examinations: Can trainees afford it?

BackgroundThe Intercollegiate Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons (MRCS) examination is a mandatory requirement for higher specialty surgical training in the UK. However, there is a significant economic impact on trainees which raises the question of whether the costs of this exam hinder surgical career progression. This study explores the burden of these exams on trainees. MethodsA 37-point questionnaire was distributed to all trainees who were preparing for or have sat MRCS examinations. Univariate analyses included the cost of the preparatory resources, extra hours worked to pay for these and the examinations, and the number of annual leave (AL) days taken to prepare. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to identify possible correlation between monetary expenditure and success rate. ResultsOn average, trainees (n ​= ​145) spent £332.54, worked 31.2 ​h in addition to their rostered hours, and used 5.8 AL days to prepare for MRCS Part A. For MRCS Part B/ENT, trainees spent on average £682.92, worked 41.7 extra hours, and used 5 AL days. Overall, the average trainee spent 5–9% of their salary and one-fifth of their AL allowance to prepare for the exams. There was a positive correlation between number of attempts and monetary expenditure on Part A preparation (r(109)=0.536, p ​< ​0.001). ConclusionsThere is a considerable financial and social toll of the MRCS examination on trainees. Reducing this is crucial to tackle workforce challenges that include trainee retention and burnout. Further studies exploring study habits can help reform study budget policies to ease this pressure on trainees.

Pelatihan Pengolahan Data Penelitian Menggunakan Eviews Untuk Meningkatkan Kualitas Karya Ilmiah Mahasiswa Di Universitas Tjut Nyak Dhien Medan

Research is one of the three components of the dharma of higher education. Research for students is presented in the final project, either the thesis or thesis, or is included as a mandatory requirement for graduation. From the results of observations made, there are still many students at Tjut Nyak Dhien University in Medan who are not yet proficient in using statistical testing tools, namely E-views. Based on these concerns, we took specific steps by implementing a community service program with the topic "Training in Research Data Processing Using Eviews to Improve the Quality of Student Scientific Work at Tjut Nyak Dhien University, Medan." This program targets students from across different majors at Tjut Nyak Dhien University. The outcomes achieved through this program are: Increased knowledge and understanding of research methods. Furthermore, increasing knowledge and understanding of statistics. Additionally, there is the ability to use research data processing software, including Eviews.

О специфике критериального подхода к пониманию недвижимого имущества в гражданском праве

The article is devoted to the criterial approach to the understanding of immovable property in civil law. It is noted that at normative fixation of those or other concepts necessary for legal regulation, the criterial method is widely used, which consists in formulating a set of mandatory features or requirements, only the simultaneous presence of which indicates the presence of the relevant phenomenon. When constructing the concept and legal regime of immovable property in the civil legislation, a special complicated legal technique is used. Behind the seemingly criterial way of its construction there is something else, namely a mixed approach, which includes three different elements: firstly, an indication of the general criteria of immovable property — a strong connection with the land, impossibility to move it without damage; secondly, an official list of separate immovable things, some of which fit into these criteria, while others do not meet them; thirdly, a blanket way of regulation — mentioning other things that can be referred by law to immovable property. In other words, the criterion approach in the legislative fixation of the concept of immovable property has not the main, but rather an auxiliary meaning and covers not the entire scope of this concept, but only some, albeit the largest part of it, which generally contradicts the function of criteria from the point of view of logic.

Bearing Witness: The Impact of Lived Experience Educators Participating in Social Work Student Supervision during Placement

Abstract Social work student supervision during field education is a mandated requirement where students review their activities and learning in the workplace with field educators (FEs). Inevitably service users will be discussed in supervision but will have little or no opportunity to represent their perspectives during sessions. In order to explore how service user perspectives might be integrated into supervision, this qualitative study examined the participation of two Lived Experience Educators in supervision sessions between six social work students and their FEs during final placement. Despite some initial trepidation, participants reported a significant and overwhelmingly positive impact based on more equalised power differentials, greater depth of reflection and the emergence of new ideas on increasing accountability to service users. These results have implications for the practice of supervision, with both students and staff, and for how people with lived experience expertise may contribute to improving service culture for the intended beneficiaries of social work services.

Fault classification of the rolling bearing based on minimax entropy domain adaption augmented with signal generation algorithm

Rolling bearing faults have been capturing substantial research attention as they are the root causes of malfunctions in mechatronics systems than any other factors. The detection of rolling bearing faults in the early stage is therefore a mandatory requirement demanded by reliable industrial plants. To release the dependence of diagnostic methods on human expertise and system’s understanding, this work proposes a fault classification method for rolling bearings that is based on a deep learning framework. The framework consists of a minimax entropy domain adaptation algorithm augmented with a signal generalization algorithm. The function of the signal generalization algorithm is to reduce the domain shift between training and testing datasets that are often obtained experimentally from different working conditions. The generalized signal is then represented in the form of Fourier series whose coefficients contain intrinsic information that associated with different types of bearing faults. A convolutional neural network extracts the hidden information of bearing faults buried in the Fourier coefficients and then categorises the working condition of the bearing under test. By combining the advantages of both signal processing techniques in the frequency domain and the minimax entropy domain adaptation, the novel diagnostic framework is able to detect bearing faults from different working conditions. The effectiveness of the proposed diagnostic algorithm is experimentally verified by two case studies that were prepared with different types and levels of bearing faults.

The Effect of Mandatory Fitness Requirements on Cardiovascular Events: A State-by-State Analysis Using a National Database.

Cardiovascular events are known to be the leading cause of death among on-duty firefighters. Implementing fitness standards may help reduce the incidence of cardiovascular deaths; however, standards vary between firefighter type and states. We aimed to investigate the rate of cardiovascular events among firefighters across states. Using publicly available data from the United States Fire Administration, we explored the rates of cardiovascular deaths between firefighter type (e.g., career, volunteer, and wildland) and state. Specifically, we examined rates of cardiovascular deaths between California and Tennessee, which have fitness standards for all firefighters, and New York, which does not have fitness standards for volunteer firefighters. We used descriptive statistics and trend analysis to examine the data. Most cardiovascular events occur among volunteer firefighters (60.6%, n = 877). Volunteer firefighters had 7.5 (95% CI = [4.8, 11.7], p < .001) greater odds of cardiovascular events compared to wildland firefighters, who had the lowest incidence of cardiovascular events (1.7%, n = 24). New York reported the most cardiovascular events (n = 161), primarily among volunteer firefighters (73.9%, n = 119). After the passage of legislation mandating fitness standards in California, a downtrend in the number of volunteer firefighter fatalities is observed. However, a null effect was observed in Tennessee after the passage of similar fitness standards as in California. Volunteer firefighters are significantly more likely to die of a cardiovascular event than career and wildland firefighters, both of which have stricter fitness standards. However, the effect of legislation mandating stricter fitness standards among volunteers did not produce a clear benefit for preventing fatalities. Nurses need to promote cardiovascular health among volunteer firefighters.