Role In Management Research Articles

Toward a systemic approach to evaluating evaluation capacity development

AbstractIn this article, we contribute to evaluation capacity development (ECD) research and practice by demonstrating how a systems‐based evaluation approach can be applied to a complex ECD initiative. Since 2013, the German evaluation institute, DEval, has implemented an ECD program focused on Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). This is a diverse, emergent program developed using a bottom‐up approach. DEval takes a facilitating rather than managerial role, supporting ECD among a range of stakeholders. The article discusses several issues related to evaluating this complex ECD program. The evaluation viewed the program as a system comprising two sub‐systems: one focused on improving the knowledge and skills of evaluators and stakeholders (capacity), and the other focused on fostering an enabling evaluation environment (capability). It drew on an evaluation tradition primarily focused on the consequences of evaluations. A focus on the consequences of evaluations is essentially one step beyond evaluation use (an instrumental orientation) toward usefulness (a value‐based orientation). The evaluation adopted a systemic approach to define the core boundaries of evaluation focus, acknowledging that various stakeholders perceive the evaluation differently based on their interests or stake. By aligning the evaluation with these perspectives, it could focus on what matters most to different stakeholder groups. Four key perspectives or framings were identified: the program itself, the transferability of the LAC lessons to ECD in other parts of the world, collaborations with global agencies undertaking ECD at a global level, and institutional practices within DEval.

The Relationship Between Nurses' Digital Health Literacy and Their Educational Levels, Professional Roles, and Digital Attitudes: A Cluster Analysis Based on a Cross-Sectional Study.

The current study aimed to identify digital health literacy levels among nurses with respect to their education, role and attitude towards digital technologies. Cross-sectional study. Through convenience sampling, all Registered Nurses, managers/leaders and nurse researchers employed in Hospitals, University Hospitals and Districts were recruited and surveyed using an online questionnaire. The data collection tool assessed: (I) demographics, (II) Digital Health Literacy (DHL) with the Health Literacy Survey19 Digital (HLS19-DIGI) instrument including DHL dealing with digital health information (HL-DIGI), interaction with digital resources for health (HL-DIGI-INT) and use of digital devices for health (HL-DIGI-DD); (III) attitudes on the use of digital technologies in clinical practice. The multiple correspondence analysis was applied to identify three clusters for the education/professional role (A, B, C) and three for digital technologies' use (1, 2, 3). The one-way nonparametric analysis of variance (Kruskal-Wallis test) was applied to compare HL-DIGI, HL-DIGI-INT and the HL-DIGI-DD scores among clusters. Among 551 participants, the median scores of the HL-DIGI, the HL-DIGI-INT and the HL-DIGI-DD questionnaires were 70.2, 72 and 2.00, respectively. The distribution in the clusters 'educational/professional role' was A, (58.8%); B, (16.5%); and C, (24.7%). Nurses in a managerial or coordinator role and with a postgraduate degree used digital resources with greater frequency. The distribution in the clusters 'use of digital technologies' was: 1, (54.6%); 2, (12.2%); and 3, (33.2%). The HL-DIGI-DD and HL-DIGI scores of clusters 1, 2 and 3 differed significantly. DHL among nurses is strongly influenced by the education level, professional role, habits and attitude towards digital technologies. Nurses with coordinator roles used digital technologies with greater frequency and had a higher level of DHL. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines were used for reporting. No Patient or Public Contribution. Local Ethical Committee of the Polyclinic of Bari (code: DHL7454, date: 21/09/22).

Improve disaster literacy in nurses: a qualitative descriptive study.

The enhancement of nurses' disaster literacy is crucial for effective disaster emergency management, especially for clinical nurses with no prior experience in disaster rescue. This study aims to explore the perspectives of nurses who have been involved in disaster rescue operations on strategies to advance nurses' disaster literacy. A qualitative descriptive study, which follows unified qualitative study reporting guidelines. Thirty disaster rescue nurses were recruited to participate in this study, who came from 30 third-class hospitals in China. From October to December 2021, information was acquired by conducting semi-structured telephone interviews with participants. Qualitative content analysis was used to examine the data. Six categories and eleven subcategories were created. Strengthening disaster education and training was the main focus, and its subcategories included continuing education, nursing curriculum development, and disaster rescue experience guide. The second focus, which included scene simulation, actual combat/military simulation, and virtual reality simulation, was strengthening disaster simulation and drill. The third focus was on providing psychosocial support, which included improving self-psychological adjustment, developing resilience, and engaging in active coping. The fourth category was to strengthen nurse/hospital managers roles and leadership, which included enhancing professional identity and policies/leadership support. The fifth category was disaster preparedness, and the sixth was enhancing knowledge transformation. Government agencies or healthcare organizations should actively promote the formation of nurses' disaster literacy from multiple viewpoints. Disaster education and training, simulation exercises, and psychosocial support should be prioritized.

Female Directors and Technological Innovation: Evidence from China

Research on strategic leadership's role in achieving superior performance in technological innovation is still evolving, particularly regarding the effects of female directors and the contextual factors that enhance their effectiveness. This study provides a comprehensive view of female directors’ influence on R&D initiatives, innovation outputs, and innovation efficiency. Using Upper Echelons Theory and Agency Theory as the theoretical framework, the study employs fixed-effect regression for baseline outcomes, addressing endogeneity with prediction modeling, propensity score matching, and an instrumental variable approach on panel data from Chinese listed firms (2008–2021). Findings indicate that female directors not only enhance R&D investment but their presence on the board achieves higher innovation outcomes and ensures innovation efficiency. Findings also reveal that the interaction with CEOs is crucial, as newly appointed CEOs moderate the advisory role of female directors, while CEO power influences their monitoring role. The study also shows that female directors are more effective when they constitute a critical mass on the board rather than merely having token representation. These findings suggest that including women on the board is essential for superior innovation outcomes, especially when resource efficiency is a firm's priority.

DEVELOPMENT OF PLASMA RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGIES AT THE GAS INSTITUTE OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF UKRAINE AND THE GLOBAL SITUATION

A multi-faceted analysis of the development of the subject of plasma research and technologies was performed, the center of which is the production of hydrogen from hydrocarbon-containing raw materials. The competitive selection of scientific and technical (experimental) developments under the state order, the implementation of which will begin in 2024 at the expense of the state budget, objectively proved the relevance of the subject matter of the department of plasma processes and technologies. Indeed, immediately two of the total number of 25 competitive works are directly based on plasma technologies in the field of competence of the department. The in-depth history of the initiation at the world level of plasma research or the “fourth state of matter”, as it was called in the 19th century, is analyzed; the outstanding role of the Ukrainian scientist Ivan Pulyuy is shown in it (in addition to his already well-known X-ray research, which is similar in terms of experimental technique). Peculiarities of the early formation of the problem of gasification of hydrocarbon-containing raw materials (as the basis of modern plasma technologies of hydrogen production) are also analyzed on the basis of a comparison of publications from the early period of the existence of the former USSR and Germany. In order to return to historical justice, the most prominent role of the former director of the Gas Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Academician V.F. Kopytov in the establishment of the institute as a powerful scientific organization and a scientist who also actively supported the development of research into high-temperature processes and plasma technologies. Individual scientific achievements of employees of the department of plasma processes and technologies at various stages of its formation and development are analyzed. The directions of development of plasma technologies are classified according to the physical state of the plasma and areas of application; the developments of the institute are briefly presented according to the directions where they are carried out. Bibl. 77, Fig. 6.

<b>Accelerating Firm’s Operational Performance through GSCM Practices and Lean Management: A Case of the Textile Sector of Karachi</b>

Sustainable performance remains a debate among the business community however, achieving it remains a challenge. Globally, firms have incorporated different initiatives to gain efficiency and effectiveness, but developing nations are still in transit. Operationalization of green initiatives to gain operational performance was rare in Asian literature and practice. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine the role of green supply chain management practices that impact a firm’s operational performance and the mediating role of lean management in the textile sector of Karachi. A quantitative method was used in this research study and data were collected from 184 respondents from the textile sector of Karachi through a convenience sampling technique. The data were analyzed by partial least structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) through Smart PLS 3.0. The results indicated that lean management significantly mediates the relationship between green manufacturing, green procurement, and operational performance. Whereas eco-design without lean management does not positively affects operational performance. This study recommends local companies adopt green practices religiously to compete internationally and to educate workers and suppliers about the importance of using these practices.

Pollination, cultivation, and perennialization: creating the amateur logic in collegiate sport

ABSTRACT While there is a rich tradition of understanding the impact of institutional logics on sport organizational activity, questions remain about how the logics themselves are created and remain historically dominant. This research is an attempt to address this concern by examining how the dominant logic of a sport institution was created and institutionalized. Drawing on historical institutionalism as our methodological guide, this research provides the account of how the NCAA created its amateur logic. The findings of this work suggest three processes: pollination (changing the British notion of amateurism to a US ethos), cultivation (creating and enforcing policy), and perennialization (creating new terms to withstand legal scrutiny, creating executive director role, and building “place”). We introduce the notion of logic work to explain how sport institutions craft their dominant organizing rationales to accommodate diverse interests within institutional settings.

Enhancing partnership performance of medical clinics in Java, Indonesia: Perspective of women’s managerial roles

This study aims to determine the role of women with managerial positions in medical clinics and the ways in which they can enhance the performance of their partnerships to optimize business opportunities within the healthcare services sector of Indonesia. The study identified two key challenges: complex requirements from corporate partners and limited partnership capabilities of female employees. The study used entrepreneurial marketing theory as a framework to identify the key factors that can improve partnership performance by strengthening the capabilities of women in these roles. The study gathered data from 113 health clinics in Java, Indonesia, where female managers were responsible for marketing, partnerships, and director roles. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results reveal a positive impact of intrapreneurship and partnership capabilities on partnership performance. It is noteworthy that relationship quality exerts no influence on partnership performance. Furthermore, relationship quality does not function as a mediating variable for intrapreneurship capability or partnership capability on partnership performance. The healthcare services ecosystem attenuates the relationship between relationship quality and partnership performance. Additionally, the prevalence of medical clinics with female managers in the healthcare services ecosystem significantly affects partnership performance in the Java region, Indonesia.

The Role of Green Intellectual Capital and Busy Director as Moderators of the Influence of Prudence and Audit Tenure on Integrated Reports

Financial reports are financial information of a company in an accounting period that can be used to describe the performance of a company (Kashmir in Gayatri). Financial reports are said to be good if they have integrity over the information contained therein. Along with the convergence of IFRS, the concept of conservatism is now replaced by prudence, what is meant by prudence in IFRS is that revenue recognition may be recognized even though it is still potential, as long as it meets the provisions for revenue recognition but still uses the principle of prudence in its recognition. After SAK adopted IFRS. This study aims to test the effect of Prudence, Audit Tenure on the Integrated Report and examine whether there is a role of Green Intellectual Capital and Busy Director as a moderation of the influence of Prudence, Audit Tenure on the Integrated Report carried out by the company. This study took the research population from financial sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2019-2021 period. The type of data used in this study is secondary data in the form of company financial reports which are used as samples. The research method used in this study is a quantitative research method. The sample was selected using the purposive sampling method. To test the hypothesis, this research uses multiple linear regression analysis. Based on the results of this study, it shows that prudence has an effect on the integrated report, Audit tenure does not have an effect on the audit report, Green Intellectual capital strengthens the effect of Prudence on the integrated report but busy directors do not strengthen the effect of Prudence on the integrated report. Green Intellectual capital strengthens the effect of Audit Tenure on the integrated report but busy directors do not strengthen the effect of Audit Tenure on the integrated report

Political connections of independent directors and earnings quality: The case of French firms

This paper examines the impact of political connections of independent board directors on earnings quality. We used two proxies of earnings quality, namely, discretionary accruals and real earnings management. Based on a sample of 1,936 firm-year observations from 2012 to 2022, our results reveal that firms with politically connected independent directors are more likely to display lower earnings quality in higher discretionary accruals and greater real activities manipulation. These results suggest that the monitoring role of independent directors in constraining earnings management practices, as emphasized by the agency theory, may be compromised by political connections.

Navigating the Glass Ceiling: Women's Career Challenges in Nepal's Banking Sector

Background: Glass ceiling factors, such as organizational, social, and psychological barriers, continue to hinder women's career advancement, particularly in managerial roles. Despite increasing efforts to promote gender equality in the workplace, these factors still limit opportunities for women’s development, especially in traditionally male-dominated industries like banking in Nepal. This study investigates how these factors influence women’s perceptions of career development and whether they significantly impact their progress. Methods: The research employed a quantitative approach using a structured questionnaire distributed to 51 respondents in the banking sector. The survey measured perceptions of organizational, social, and psychological factors impacting women’s career development. Multiple regression analysis was used to assess the impact of these factors on personal factors related to career growth. Descriptive statistics and correlation analyses were also performed. Results: The findings indicate that social factors significantly influence personal factors (B = 0.257, p = 0.035), suggesting that social barriers are key determinants of women's career development. Organizational and psychological factors, while positively related to personal factors, did not show statistically significant effects (OFFF: B = 0.159, p = 0.164; PSFFF: B = 0.144, p = 0.275). The model explained 29.5% of the variance in personal factors, highlighting that additional unexamined factors may influence women’s career perceptions. Conclusion: Social factors have a significant impact on women's perceptions of career barriers, underscoring the need to address societal norms and biases that prevent women from advancing. Organizational and psychological factors, although relevant, were not statistically significant in this context. The study contributes to understanding the dynamics of the glass ceiling, particularly within Nepal’s banking sector, and provides insights for policy and organizational change. Novelty: This study offers a unique perspective on the glass ceiling in the Nepalese banking sector, providing empirical evidence of how social factors predominantly influence women's career progression. The findings suggest targeted interventions to address these barriers and promote more equitable career advancement opportunities for women in managerial roles.

The managerial and future-oriented role of audience data in data-informed news organisations

One sign of datafication in journalism is that newsrooms utilise insights from audience data and related metrics in their decision-making. In professional discourse, this often alludes to the notion of ‘data-informed newsrooms’ in which organisations are managed with the help of data. This article focuses on the managerial role of audience data in such organisations: What types of audience data inform newsrooms, which domains of newsroom management are being informed by data, and what kinds of visions motivate the future of data use in news organisations? These questions are answered based on empirical material from three different research projects (2020–2022) in Finland, including both qualitative interviews and survey results featuring the views of varied journalism professionals on data use. The theoretical framework draws from conceptualisations of anticipatory governance. Professionals’ interpretations of audience data reveal the basic elements of data sources, types, systems and storages that inform the organisations. Such audience data are used for four main management purposes–leading individuals, work processes, the news product, and the audience. The role of audience data in the future preferably includes elements of predictability, fairness, usability, and depth. However, there are discrepancies between the visions themselves as well as the views of the managers and journalists, which results in an ongoing negotiation about the suitable role of audience data in news organisations.

The Role of Leadership in Improving the Quality of Healthcare Services at Community Health Centers : A Systematic Review

Various factors related to the quality of health services in primary health care facilities include health care providers, organizational and leadership factors, and environmental factors (internal and external). A leadership role is required, especially in terms of company-wide coordination and of course motivation. This study used a systematic review method. Electro databases used included Google Scholar, Pubmed, & Garuda Journal using the key terms "leadership role", "health service quality", & "puskesmas". Based on the results of the research conducted, it was found that the role of leadership has an impact on improving the quality of health services at the puskesmas. The role of a leader in an organization is very important. This is because the leader is one of the gates or spearheads that is very important in planning the success of an organization. To increase employee creativity and innovation to achieve organizational goals, the manager's role is to encourage employees to express their creativity and recognize the results of their efforts.

Obgyn resident research program practices and outcomes after implementation in an academically affiliated residency program

ProblemUnlike other aspects of Obstetrics and Gynecology (OBGYN) residency training, the research education curriculum and requirements are not standardized. It is unclear what constitutes core curricula in educational research programs, which components are most useful and efficacious, and how to use these findings to adapt existing programs.ApproachA multi-phase approach to (1) garner cross-sectional data from United States OBGYN Residency Program Directors and review previously published literature, (2) use Phase I and input from clinical, research and education faculty to develop a comprehensive program, and (3) evaluate the program for resident research productivity, knowledge and satisfaction.OutcomesPhase I: Sixty-one (31%) Program Directors completed the survey. Most reported ≤ 4 research didactics per year and no dedicated research rotation. Programs with post graduate year (PGY) level specific didactics, a research rotation, or allocated time for the Research Director role noted higher odds of resident research resulting in peer-reviewed publication. Phase II: A Resident Research Program was adapted to include a clinical and research faculty co-directorship and seven additional didactics (all of which were PGY-specific). A departmentally funded resident research grant and a repository to monitor completion of milestones and program requirements have been developed. Surveys were used to track residents’ research competence and satisfaction with the research program. While resident involvement in research activities and satisfaction with opportunities for scholarly activity have improved, resident self-evaluations and mentor evaluations have not. In addition, we have not seen an increase in publications or presentations.ConclusionImplementation of components of a research program associated with increased productivity did not result in increased productivity in our program, however, resident satisfaction with scholarly activity did improve.

Parents' experiences of waiting for their child's transplant: A focus on how healthcare providers can impact the waiting process.

Waiting for a child transplant is a form of suffering for parents, yet little research has explored how parents experience waiting and how healthcare providers can impact their waiting experiences. The purpose of this article is to investigate how parents experienced the process of waiting for their child's transplant with a specific focus on the impact of healthcare providers on parents' experience of waiting. Six parents from four different families participated in interviews and observations. Our narrative analysis suggested that parents had no narrative roadmap to navigate waiting and the importance of healthcare providers' tailoring the amount and type of medical information to a parents' needs. We discuss how waiting required parents to be hypervigilant and provide continuity of care for their child, and how this "managerial role" could lead to a loss of trust with their healthcare providers. Parents' accounts were replete with contradictions, and as an extension of this, waiting was full of contradictions. Findings contribute to conceptual, methodological, and practical work exploring how parents live in deep uncertainty about the future, and how healthcare providers can support parents in their child's transplantation and other life-threatening illness contexts.

The Managerial Role of the Interim Director in the Process of Strategic Development of a State Educational Institution

The development program is an exemplary strategic document, the planning and effective application of which, in accordance with the fundamental principles of programmatic and targeted approaches, ensures the stable operation and progress of a given institution. The main hypothesis put forward for this study was that in recent years, in particular, as a result of the introduction of a new management model from January 1, 2023, the number of public general education institutions of the Republic of Armenia in which the interim director has been managing for a long time has increased. This article analyzes the extended interim position’s possible negative impact on the process of sustainable development of the institution, as well as its contribution to a sense of instability and uncertainty, which leads to a decrease in the managerial role. Программа развития является образцовым стратегическим документом, планирование и эффективное применение которого в соответствии с основополагающими принципами программного и целевого подходов позволяет обеспечить стабильную деятельность и прогресс данного учреждения. Основная гипотеза, выдвинутая для исследования, заключалась в том, что в последние годы, в частности, в результате внедрения новой модели управления с 1 января 2023 года, увеличилось количество государственных общеобразовательных учебных заведений Республики Армения, в которых длительное время управление осуществляется временно исполняющим обязанности директора. В данной статье проанализировано возможное негативное влияние длительного пребывания последнего в указанной должности на процессе устойчивого развития учреждения, в том числе ощущение нестабильности и неопределенности, что приводит к снижению управленческой роли. В этом контексте также была подчеркнута важность стремления каждой системы к стабильности, что является условием и отправной точкой для прогрессивного развития. Զարգացման ծրագիրն այն ռազմավարական օրինակելի փաստաթուղթն է, որի ծրագրային և նպատակային մոտեցումների հիմնարար սկզբունքներին համապատասխան պլանավորվում և արդյունավետ կիրառմամբ հնարավոր է դառնում ապահովել տվյալ հաստատության կայուն գործունեությունն ու առաջընթացը:

Digital payments, ownership structure, and bank performance: insights from Jordan

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the connection between digital payments, ownership structure, and bank performance in Jordan, as well as investigate the moderating role of the independent director in the said relationship.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses data from 12 Amman stock exchange-listed commercial banks, covering the period from 2010 to 2023. This paper employs econometric analysis of panel data, including ordinary least squares (OLS) regression as the primary approach, as well as the generalised method of moments, the two-stage least square (2SLS), and the dynamic model to deal with causality and endogeneity issues in the proposed equations. This ensures that the results are valid.FindingsThe results indicate that digital payments and ownership structure have a significant positive connection with bank performance. Additionally, the independent director variable appears to play a substantial and positive moderating role in the link between ownership structure (e.g. institutional ownership) and bank performance. These results strengthen and support the claims of agency theory and the information systems success model.Practical implicationsOverall, this research helps stakeholders, bankers, managers, investors, customers, and policymakers, identify the influence of digital payment and ownership structure on bank performance in developing economies such as that of Jordan.Originality/valueThis investigation offers a unique understanding by illuminating how digital payment and ownership structure affect bank performance in a developing country such as Jordan. Additionally, it opens avenues for future research to delve into this literature domain in North African and Middle Eastern nations, with a particular focus on Jordan. This investigation is among the initial explorations in Jordan that aim to elucidate these relationships. On the theoretical level, it adds to the agency theory and IS model. It provides new insights into the dynamics of industry banking in developing nations (i.e. Jordan).

Tracer Study of the Bachelor of Arts Graduates of the University of Cebu-Main Campus from 2019-2024

This study determined the factors influencing job placement among graduates of the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Cebu-Main Campus between 2019 and 2024, serving as a basis for proposed curriculum enhancements. The study used descriptive research design methods with the adopted-modified questionnaire, with frequency counts and percentages applied to analyze the results. Findings reveal that graduates, particularly those from the Psychology, Political Science, and English programs, are highly employable, whether through direct applications or referrals. Key factors influencing job choices include career challenges, salary, and benefits. The study also highlights a notable gender disparity, with most female graduates and a steady increase in graduates during the study period, peaking in 2024. Although the employment rate is high, most graduates occupy rank-and-file positions, with fewer advancing to managerial roles. Also, many graduates eventually shift to fields unrelated to their studies, indicating a potential mismatch between education and career progression. Graduates identify communication, human relations, problem-solving, and critical thinking as essential skills in their professional roles. These insights suggest the need for curriculum adjustments to align education with long-term career success better.

Independent directors’ connectedness and bank risk-taking

This study examines the role of independent directors’ network centrality in bank risk-taking. Following the shareholder-incentive hypothesis and social-network theory, we predict and find that independent directors’ connectedness is positively associated with bank risk-taking. The results hold after a battery of robustness checks and endogeneity tests. Furthermore, consistent with the influence channel of networks, we show that connectedness empowers independent directors, whereas influential independent directors facilitate aggressive investment. We also find that the risk-taking effects are more pronounced for complex banks and banks with higher equity capital, higher income diversity, and lower cost-efficiency.

Stjórnun og fagleg forysta í grunnskólum

Samfara aukinni valddreifingu í íslensku skólastarfi hefur umfang starfs skólastjóra grunnskóla aukist verulega. Í skólastjórn felst bæði stjórnun og fagleg forysta en skólastjóra er fengið það hlutverk samkvæmt lögum að móta stjórnskipan síns skóla og skipta verkum á milli kennara og stjórnenda. Sjónir fræðimanna hafa í vaxandi mæli beinst að hlut skólastjóra í að bæta námsárangur en sýnt hefur verið fram á að skýr tengsl eru á milli faglegrar forystu skólastjóra og árangurs nemenda. Með kjarasamningum 2001 var samið um störf aðstoðarskólastjóra og deildarstjóra í þeim tilgangi að efla kennslufræðilega forystu í grunnskólunum og fjölgaði stjórnendunum talsvert fram til ársins 2008. Markmið þessarar rannsóknar var að kanna hverjar væru starfsaðstæður og bakgrunnur skólastjóra og hvaða viðfangsefni hann kysi sjálfur að axla í stjórnkerfi skólans. Gagna var aflað með rafrænni spurningakönnun sem send var öllum stjórnendum í grunnskólum með meira en 100 nemendur. Niðurstöður sýna að skólastjórar grunnskóla hafa umtalsverða starfsreynslu og mikill meirihluti þeirra hefur lokið framhaldsnámi í stjórnun. Þrátt fyrir viðleitni til að binda skólana saman sem faglegar stofnanir virðast þeir enn vera talsvert laustengdir. Tilhögun stjórnkerfis skólanna er óljós og hefur í för með sér ákveðin einkenni óreiðu fremur en fagveldis. Hlutverk aðstoðarskólastjóra og deildarstjóra eru óljóst skilgreind en algengast er að skólastjóri gegni sjálfur hlutverkum stjórnenda. Hinum mikilvægu faglegu forystuhlutverkum er skipt með óljósum hætti milli stjórnenda og oftar en ekki er vísað til ábyrgðar stjórnendateymis. Benda niðurstöður til þess að áform kjarasamnings árið 2001 um að efla kennslufræðilega forystu í grunnskólum hafi ekki gengið eftir.