Managerial Effort Research Articles

Airbnb’s Negative Externalities from the Consumer’s Perspective: How the Effects Influence the Booking Intention of Potential Guests

Local governments worldwide have been making efforts to regulate Airbnb and its negative externalities (NEs), as peer-to-peer (P2P) accommodations have grown exponentially. This study seeks to explore the perceptions of potential guests regarding the NEs of Airbnb accommodation by using a contextual approach and multiple methodologies to understand the effects of their choice. Through an experiment involving the collection of data on the responses of 296 participants from Taiwan’s post-Millennials and ordered probit model estimations, this study provides a quantitative analysis to distinguish the factors and NEs affecting the likelihood of choosing Airbnb. Under the circumstance where concern for NEs was not included, the results indicated that the accommodation environments and interactive experiences were among the significant Airbnb service features that attracted consumers. However, when NE factors were added a potential effect was identified, with the community environment and security assurances being factors that decreased the likelihood of choosing Airbnb. Previous experiences of staying in hotels were also found to reduce the acceptance of Airbnb as an accommodation mode. These research findings provide insights into Airbnb preferences which could assist in improving the administrative and managerial efforts of P2P accommodation platforms.

The Role of Common Risk in the Effectiveness of Explicit Relative Performance Evaluation

I examine the effect of relative performance evaluation (RPE) on firm performance and risk-taking behavior. Agency theory suggests that, for firms that experience common shocks, RPE in executive compensation plans improves risk sharing and strengthens incentive alignment by providing more information about managerial effort than firm performance alone. In practice (i.e., in the presence of a finite number of peers), RPE effectiveness depends on the extent of firms’ common risk exposure and the amount of common risk captured by RPE peers. I develop a simple model that predicts that the benefit of using RPE exceeds the cost of adding noise from peers when the amount of common risk removed is large. Consistent with predictions, I find empirically that RPE firms perform better than similar non-RPE firms when there is high common risk exposure and the common risk removed by the selected peers is high. I also find that, in these circumstances, the use of RPE is associated with greater firm risk and a lower likelihood of underinvesting. Overall, my study provides evidence that RPE is associated with better risk sharing and stronger incentive alignment when (1) RPE firms are exposed to high common risk and (2) RPE peers are effective in removing common risk for performance evaluation. This paper was accepted by Brian Bushee, accounting. Funding: F. M. Tice gratefully acknowledges financial support from Texas A&M University and the University of Colorado Boulder. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4764 .

Metals profile in deep-sea sediment from an active tectonic region around Simeulue Island, Aceh, Indonesia

Simeulue waters are adjacent to the northern part of Sumatra Island, which is undergoing massive land-use transformations; moreover, the waters are located in an active tectonic region. Land changes and tectonic activity might affect the metal pollution profile in this deep sea area. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the vertical profile and assess the sediment quality from the deep-sea marine sediment around Simeulue Island based on metal concentration. Seventy-six bottom sediment samples were collected from eight cores at a water depth of up to 2800 m in the Simeulue waters, Indonesia, in November 2017. Metals Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, and Zn were quantified from the cores and multivariate analyses were carried out to understand the process. Metals distributions are analogous to the grain size parameters and LOI550 distribution pattern, while Sumatra and Simeulue islands influenced grain size and LOI550 spatial distribution. The vertical grain size profile exhibited no extreme oscillation in the investigated cores. Thus, sediment transport from the Island was the main suspect for these metals' profiles in the deep water, and the tectonic activity had a minor impact. Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn tend to rise in the collected cores, suggesting that the accumulation of the metals is growing. While Fe tended to be stable and Cd oscillated in the cores. Indices were computed to assess the metal contamination profile. The cores were dominated by EF class 1 (none to slight enrichment) status and Igeo class 1 (unpolluted). Cd was the metal of concern in the study since a high Cd was observed in some layers (maximum EF = 26.45 and maximum Igeo = 3.81). Thus, this study can be used as a database to improve the regulation formulation for improved environmental managerial efforts in the region.

Survey of Crowd Crush Disasters and Countermeasures

Introduction:On the night of October 29, 2022, a crowd crush occurred during Halloween festivities in the Itaewon neighborhood of Seoul, Korea. At least 156 people were killed and at least 173 others were injured. In this study, the author tried to learn a lesson by investigating the worldwide crowd crush disaster and analyzing the differences and results.Method:First, the crowd crush disasters were investigated and summarized through literature and internet searches. Second, based on this, the prevention and management of crowd crush disasters, emergency medical response, and necessary research/development contents were derived through a Delphi survey of experts.Results:Crowd crush disasters have been experienced from developed countries to developing countries since the 1800s. Commonly the crowd density was high, and the crowds continued to move and then the crowd collapsed above a certain limit. The biggest casualty occurred during a pilgrimage to Mecca in Saudi Arabia in 2015, but the theme of the event, such as concerts, sporting events, and funerals, was varied. Experts survey was that the manager's efforts not to increase the crowd density, and efforts to maintain order and prevent contingencies were important. They said that it is important to comply with the principles of disaster medicine, but it is difficult to access the patient in the crowd crush state, so the management of the crowd may be more important. They said that it is necessary to establish a realistic guideline and a real-time crowd density monitoring system using CCTV or drones.Conclusion:Crowd crush disasters can occur in any type of crowd gathering events where the crowd density increases, and prevention through crowd management and real-time crowd density monitoring should be implemented.

The nexus between corporate governance, asset structure, and value of listed firms: evidence from Kenya

Shareholders of listed firms are guaranteed reasonable security prices due to enhanced firm value, which translates to global wealth creation. However, firms’ value has declined globally. Therefore, this paper uses a causal-comparative design and panel data regression model to explore the nexus between corporate governance, asset structure, and value of Kenyan-listed firms from 2010 to 2019. Secondary data were extricated from audited financial reports of 51 firms. As hypothesized, the results show a positive relationship between board composition and firm value with a regression coefficient (0.17, p < .05). The composition of the audit committee is positively associated with firm value with a regression coefficient of (0.629, p < .05). A tangible and notable correlation exists between protecting shareholders’ rights and firm value with a regression coefficient of (0.28, p < .05), while financial disclosure was significant with a regression coefficient of (1.15, p < .05). Plant, property and equipment positively and significantly affect firm value with a regression coefficient of (2.10, p < .05), while financial assets had (0.28, p < .05), which was significant. Current assets positively and significantly affect firm value with a regression coefficient of (1.87, p < .05). Finally, the results reveal a positive but insignificant correlation between firm size and value with a regression coefficient of (0.22, p < .05), while the relationship between firm age and value is negative but insignificant with a regression coefficient of (–0.003, p < .05). The study recommends that sufficient managerial effort be directed towards corporate governance and asset structure to maximize shareholder value.

Methodology of choosing a cloud service for automation of accounting in small business organizations

In countries with developed economies, technologies such as cloud computing are actively used. A cloud resource is a model for obtaining network access (if necessary) to a shared computing resource, i.e. this data storage system is quickly allocated and provided with the least managerial eff ort and at the same time reduces interference from the service provider. The purpose of the work was to develop a methodology for choosing a cloud service for automating accounting in small business organizations, including in the fi eld of agricultural production. In Russia, the market of online services for accounting and business management has begun to take shape. Recently, there are several dozen software products, among them such as “Contour.Elba”, “Contour.Accounting”, “My business”, “Button”, “Sky”, “Bukhsoft Online”, “Finguru”, etc. The theoretical and methodological principles of the introduction of cloud technologies for automation of accounting in a small enterprise have been discussed and analyzed in the article. An analytical study of cloud services of different firms represented on the domestic market has been carried out. The research having conducted in the fi eld of determining the most optimal cloud resource for automated accounting for the small enterprise, it was concluded that the cloud service of the company “Contour.Elba” is most precisely suitable for solving the problems of implementing automated accounting at a medium-sized business enterprise, including for farming enterprise. This resource scored the highest number of points when comparing the indicators of the program’s capability and the cost of the product.

Pengalaman Perawat dalam Program Peningkatan Pendidikan Formal

This study aims to explore nurses' experiences in improving formal education at X Lampung Selatan Hospital. The method used is a phenomenological qualitative research design using a descriptive approach. The research results show that there are five themes for nurses' experience, namely: 1) Understanding of the importance of formal education for nurses; 2) Support for nurses in continuing their studies; 3) Obstacles in increasing formal education; 4) Satisfaction with the manager's efforts to support education improvement; 5) Impact of formal education improvement program. In conclusion, the nursing staff development program must be a priority in efforts to improve service quality. The role and function of the nursing manager are significant so that formal education improvement programs can run well and in line with expectations. The need for managers to provide policies and planning related to improving formal education in the form of SK, Guidelines, Guidelines, SPO, and Programs.
 
 Keywords: Formal Education, Nursing, Planning

ECO-EFFICIENCY AS A PHILOSOPHY OF MODERN BUSINESS IN THE CONDITIONS OF GLOBAL TRANSFORMATIONS

Eco-efficiency is a concept accepted in the economic sphere that refers to strategies aimed at maximizing the efficiency of production processes while minimizing the negative impact on the environment. It is considered one of the best tools to promote the transformation from unsustainable to sustainable development. Eco-efficiency is a management strategy that links financial and environmental performance to create more value with less environmental impact. The purpose of the paper is to clarify the essence and content of the term “eco-efficiency” on the basis of generalization and systematization of existing conceptual approaches to the definition of this concept. Methodology. The methodological basis of the study is the scientific works of scientists on the problems of green economy, circular economy, environmental management, waste management. The research was conducted using general scientific methods: analysis and synthesis – to summarize the existing conceptual approaches and provisions, scientific developments on the development of the circular economy, greening of logistics systems, eco-efficiency, green investments, clarification of the terminology; classifications – to systematize theoretical approaches to the definition of “eco-efficiency”, which are proposed by various scientific schools; structural and logical generalization – to clarify the essence and content of the term “eco-efficiency as a philosophy of modern business”. Results. It was established that there is no single scientific approach to the definition of eco-efficiency, but a certain conceptual homogeneity is present. The key goals and specific tasks of implementing eco-efficiency as a modern paradigm of business development are determined. The impact of eco-efficiency on company management was studied and evaluated. The European trends in the development of the circular economy concept have been determined. Practical implications. Eco-efficiency approval offers a range of advantages for businesses. The implementation of eco-efficiency is related to the use of a smaller amount of natural resources, energy, and water. It also involves the adoption of recycling, waste management, and disposal in the process of improving production processes, as well as improving the operation of the logistics chain. Implementing eco-efficiency requires significant managerial effort. An important form of applying the concept of eco-efficiency has become the circular economy, which is related to the reconditioning and recycling of existing materials and products in order to increase their life cycle. The key goal of the transition to a circular economy is to change the paradigm of logistics, rethink the value chain and develop new business models that must meet modern requirements and challenges in the global world. The practical significance of the research results lies in the possibility of developing recommendations for the “green” transformation of the national economies of European countries, the implementation of business models and innovative technologies of the circular economy, waste management strategies. Value/originality. The author's approach to the formulation of the category “eco-efficiency as a philosophy of modern business” is theoretically substantiated.

Solving resource-constrained project scheduling problems under different activity assumptions

Much research has focused on Resource-Constrained Project Scheduling Problems (RCPSP(A)), where the focus has been on limited or even inadequate resources as a type of risk to implement project activities and decrease completion time. Activity interruption assumptions are considered in this paper. The RCPSP(B) is the RCPSP(A) when the non-preemption assumption is relaxed but the RCPSP(D) is the RCPSP(A) when both the non-preemption and the fixed resources are relaxed. A fundamental assertion of this paper is that the A, B, and D scheduling interruption categories can be interchanged with sufficient managerial effort. Effectively, this becomes a constraint relaxation problem. Because the capacity to manage scheduling interruptions is limited, the issue is which category A activities should be relaxed to type B and D, and which category B activities should be relaxed to type D. This paper introduces the interruptible and flexible planning project activity concept and presents a heuristic method to accomplish the reassessment of category types from A to B and D. First, the heuristic changes the interruptible activities (IAs) under categories A, B, and D. Secondly, critical interruptible activities (CIAs) that have significant impacts in reducing the project makespan are identified. This increases the manager's decision choices with respect to scheduling activities as category type A, B, or D. The methodology facilitates an understanding of how A, B, and D interpretability assumptions affect the project makespan and helps project manager to selectively choose how specific activities in a project should be managed.

Smart cities from low cost to expensive solutions under an optimal analysis

This scientific approach mainly aims to develop a smart city/smart community concept to objectively evaluate the progress of these organizational forms in relation to other classical/traditional forms of city organizations. The elaborated model allowed the construction of the dashboard of access actions in the smart city/smart community category on two levels of financial effort correlated with the effect on the sustainable development of smart cities. The validity of the proposed model and our approach was supported by the complex statistical analysis performed in this study. The research concluded that low-cost solutions are the most effective in supporting smart urban development. They should be followed by the other category of solutions, which implies more significant financial and managerial efforts as well as a higher rate of welfare growth for urban citizens. The main outcomes of this research include modelling solutions related to smart city development at a low-cost level and identifying the sensitivity elements that maximize the growth function. The implications of this research are to provide viable alternatives based on smart city development opportunities with medium and long-term effects on urban communities, economic sustainability, and translation into urban development rates. This study’s results are useful for all administrations ready for change that want the rapid implementation of the measures with beneficial effects on the community or which, through a strategic vision, aim to connect to the European objectives of sustainable growth and social welfare for citizens. Practically, this study is a tool for defining and implementing smart public policies at the urban level.

CEO Compensation Incentives and Playing It Safe: Evidence from FAS 123R

AbstractThis article uses FAS 123R regulation to examine how reduction in CEO compensation incentives affects managerial “playing it safe” behavior. Using proxies reflecting deliberate managerial efforts to change firm risk, difference-in-difference tests show that affected firms drastically reduce both systematic and idiosyncratic risks, leading to an 8% decline in total firm risk. These reductions in risk are achieved by shifting to safer, but low-Q, segments while closing the riskier ones, without significant changes in investment levels. Our findings suggest that decrease in risk-taking incentives provided by option compensation, when not compensated for by alternative incentives or governance mechanisms, exacerbates risk-related agency problem.

Optimal contracts and asset prices in a continuous-time delegated portfolio management problem

<p style='text-indent:20px;'>We study optimal contracts and asset prices in a financial market in which an investor delegates a portfolio manager to manage her wealth. The agency frictions are caused by the manager's "shirking" action and hidden effort. The shirking action converts part of the return of the managed portfolio into the manager's income without reducing his utility. The manager's effort improves the return of the portfolio but reduces the manager's utility. We illustrate this dynamic principal-agent problem under hidden effort and observable effort, respectively. When the effort is hidden, to alleviate the impact of moral hazard, the investor pays more for the manager's performance and always keeps the optimal contract related to the returns of the manager's portfolio and market portfolio, and their quadratic (co)variations. When the manager's effort is observable, the optimal contract is related to the return of the market portfolio if the agency friction caused by the shirking action is serious, but is only related to the return of the manager's portfolio if shirking is not serious. Analysing the expected utility of the manager, we find that he has a disposition to hide information about effort to pursue a higher expected utility.</p>

Analysis of the Potential Factors Affecting the Higher Education Quality using Soft Computing Technique

With the society's continual technological improvements and modernity, it is critical to stay up with the advancements in instructional tools. To address this, a comprehensive study was done to investigate the elements influencing the quality of higher education in accordance with contemporary educational systems. The study sought to uncover the precise elements that have a major influence on the progress and improvement of higher education. Soft computing approaches, such as fuzzy logic, were used to anticipate the influence of numerous criteria on higher education quality, such as teacher to student ratio, classroom atmosphere, learning materials, current tools, managerial efforts, and academic assistance. Changes in these elements can improve students' thinking and talents, resulting in a better society with more economic power. This work uses fuzzy logic system in order to found that by enhancing these elements, educational quality may be improved, resulting in high-quality instruction and a better society.

A managerial approach in resource allocation models: An application in US and Canadian oil and gas companies

In resource allocation and target setting problems, a central decision makers? managerial standpoint has a pivotal role, especially when we encounter undesirable outputs such as the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In such circumstances, firms have to cooperate with each other, to achieve the central planner?s aims. Looking into literature reveals that the existing resource allocation models based on data envelopment analysis (DEA) have not aptly considered the influence of managerial efforts and technological innovations in this sense. This study proposes a centralized model incorporating managerial disposability. This model not only reflects the leadership performance of the central planner and the technological novelty perspective in the resource allocation and target setting problem, but also has a positive modification against an environmental adaptation change. In order to illustrate the applicability of our resource allocation and target setting model, a case study of 23 US and Canadian oil and gas companies has been conducted. Analysis of the results reveals the appropriacy and efficiency of our proposed model in dealing with the current perspectives concerning the issue of resource allocation and target setting.

Critical factors for sustaining lean manufacturing in the long-term: a multi-method study

In recent years, lean manufacturing (LM) has been used to improve the operational performance of organisations by improving the productivity, quality and profitability of their operations. However, some authors claim that these organisations are struggling to implement and maintain lean initiatives in a sustainable way over time. This paper proposes a list of critical factors for sustaining LM in the long-term. We used a multi-method research approach. First, we generated a list of critical factors for sustaining LM in the long-term using the systematic literature review approach. Subsequently, interviews with experts were used to refine these factors. Following this, two case studies were performed, and the results passed through another round of interviews with experts to ensure the robustness of the results. The main result of the research is a list of 19 LM sustainability factors. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first research to propose a scientifically validated list of critical factors for sustaining LM. The contribution of this work lies in consolidating the lean sustainability factors widely found in the literature. In practical terms, the proposed list can guide managerial efforts towards sustaining lean in the long-term. [Submitted: 22 April 2021; Accepted: 29 December 2021]

Humanistyczne i posthumanistyczne aspekty zarządzania instytucją kultury w czasie pandemii. Analiza poziomu akceptacji przyjętych rozwiązań przez użytkowników Miejskiej Biblioteki Publicznej w Dąbrowie Tarnowskiej

Humanistic and Post-Humanistic Aspects of Managing Cultural Institution during a Pandemic. Level of Acceptance of Applied Solutions Among the Users of Municipal Public Library in Dąbrowa Tarnowska The two years of the COVID-19 pandemic proved to be a great challenge for the managerial practices of the private and the public institutions alike. In the uncertain world affected by a global health crisis as well as other types of crises; humanistic and post-humanistic management methods appear to provide a kinder, gentler alternative for directors, employees, and users of cultural institutions. Implementation of such practices was attempted and tested in the Dąbrowa Tarnowska (Małopolska region) Municipal Public Library, with a survey conducted among its users. The following paper describes the functioning of the municipal library during the pandemic, in which the government restrictions on the use of public spaces were enforced. It also analyses the users’ acceptance (in numbers and percentages) of the measures applied in this cultural institution to minimise effects of the pandemic on the local community. The paper lists the managerial efforts to ensure safety of employees and patrons in unprecedented time of the pandemic using a humanistic and post-humanistic approach in the management of a public institution.

(Not) Everybody's Working for the Weekend: A Study of Mutual Fund Manager Effort

(Not) Everybody's Working for the Weekend: A Study of Mutual Fund Manager Effort

공급사슬관리 실행과 직무 만족, 권한 위양의 연계에 의한 성과 개선

The first goal of this study to verify the hypothesis that Supply Chain Management practice affects positively the corporate performances of companies in Korea as the samples of the study. The second goal is to confirm further hypotheses which joba satisfaction and delegation of authority show positive moderating effect on the relationship between Supply Chain Management practice capacity and the performance respectively. To accomplish these goals, the authors conducted a series of surveys and empirical analyses utilizing reliability analysis, validity check, regression model analysis and moderate regression model analysis.
 Those analyses brought the result that Supply Chain Management practice has positive effect on the performance in Korean sample companies. Further research analyses showed the results that delegation of authority demonstrates positive moderating effect on relationship between Supply Chain Management practice and the performances, while job satisfaction does not. lt implies an managerial implication that implementing investments on and making efforts on Supply Chain Management practice and delegation of authority concurrently can provide companies with more improvement in the performance because of a synergistic effect between the two. Moreover, one possible reason that job satisfaction does not demonstrates synergetic effect can be explained by the characteristic that job satisfaction have to be sought over long, not short, time span to expect improvements in performance in connection with other types of managerial efforts or investments.

Educating and Leading: Managerial Efforts of Department Towards Superior Accreditation

Accreditation is a form of assessment or evaluation of the quality and feasibility of an institution of a university or department carried out by an independent organization or body outside of higher education. The department is an academic implementing element that carries out professional education and if qualified can carry out academic education for undergraduate programs and/or postgraduate programs, in a section or one branch of science, technology and/or art. In order to maintain its quality, each department must carry out accreditation or reaccreditation continuously. The Pastoral Counseling Department was established in 2007 but until now the accreditation obtained by this department is still in the "Good" category, even to has undergone two form assessments by National Accreditation Agency for Higher Education. The first in 2014 obtained a grade of "C" (rank 3) and the second in 2021 is still in the 3rd rank position, which is "good." This shows that no improvement has been obtained yet. It is hoped that through this research, leaders will be able to design the ideal pastoral department leadership in accordance with standards in increasing the value of National accreditation.

Tax obsessions: Taxpayer registration and the "informal sector" in sub-Saharan Africa.

There are three puzzling features of sub-Saharan African tax systems: tax administrations maintain records on vast numbers of small enterprises that actually provide no revenue; they continually invest resources into registering even more of these "unproductive taxpayers"; and discussions about taxing small enterprises are framed by the ambiguous, misleading concept of the "informal sector." To make sense of these separate puzzling practices and narratives by exploring the synergies between them, and the broader organizational and political interests that they serve. There is little statistical or sociological information on the functioning of national tax administrations in sub-Saharan Africa. The analysis is based on the results of recent research; along with a thorough search for useful data; my own extensive interactions with African tax administrators and relevant international organizations; and a sensitivity to the political dimensions of taxation. The three features of tax systems that are individually puzzling make sense when examined holistically. The continual drive to register more taxpayers provides an unduly favourable impression of the extent of policy and managerial efforts to collect more revenue. The informal sector narrative locates the apparent cause of revenue scarcity in the alleged undertaxation of small enterprises and poorer people, and thus helps divert attention from failures adequately to tax more privileged Africans and larger enterprises. Be very wary of claims that it would be a good idea to invest resources in registering large numbers of new taxpayers in sub-Saharan Africa. Try to avoid using the term "informal sector" when discussing issues of tax policy and administration-it is confusing and diversionary.