Managerial Behavior Research Articles

Research on the Behavior of Start-up Company Managers

Companies established within five years are usually called startups and are usually characterized by small size, limited resources, innovative business models or products, passionate and energetic founding teams, and multiple challenges. Start-up companies are the vitality and source of social and economic development. All unicorn companies and conglomerates evolve from start-up companies. Today, when social classes are relatively rigid, founding a company is one of the ways to quickly achieve economic freedom and social value, and it is also a core part of promoting social and economic development. This article combs through the relevant literature on the influencing factors of entrepreneur behavior, analyzes the internal and external environment faced by entrepreneurs, and explores entrepreneur behavior based on the personal characteristics of entrepreneurs. It has a certain guiding significance for the behavior of start-up company operators and has a certain guiding significance for policies. It has certain reference significance for framers to better formulate relevant policies to encourage entrepreneurship.

The Effect of Corporate Governance on the Degree of Agency Cost in the Korean Market

This study examines the relationship between corporate governance (CG) and agency costs using Korean market data, particularly for chaebol firms. The final sample includes 660 firm-year observations between 2016 and 2020 for Korean non-financial firms listed on the Korean Composite Stock Price Index (KOSPI). This study employs an ordinary least-squares panel data regression model using two proxies for agency costs, namely, asset utilization ratio and operating expense ratio, and six CG individual metrics as independent variables (CG score, protection of shareholder rights, board structure, disclosure, audit organization, and managerial discretion and error management). We find that firms with high CG experience lower agency costs than those with low CG. Moreover, our evidence suggests that firms can decrease agency costs by improving the quality of CG. The results of our regression model also support the idea that CG is effective in reducing agency costs for chaebol firms but not for non-chaebol firms. Finally, our findings suggest that the implementation of effective CG mechanisms in firms might improve managerial behavior through better decision-making to maximize the value of firms.

Stock Liquidity, Corporate Governance and Dividend Payout: Evidence From Tehran Stock Exchange

The main goal of this article is the impact of Corporate Governance and Stock Liquidity on the Dividend payout. In order to test the hypotheses, a sample of companies accepted in the Tehran Stock Exchange was selected between 2016 and 2021, which was analyzed using R software. The research method is multivariate regression using panel data. According to the research findings, there is not a meaningful relationship between Corporate Governance, Stock Liquidity and Dividend payout. Companies finance through debt regardless of the stock liquidity, therefore, stock liquidity does not have a decisive role in financing. Better corporate governance mechanisms apply more supervision, so that these mechanisms prevent the opportunistic behavior of managers and preventing them from hiding and manipulating information. By testing the mutual effect of stock liquidity and the quality of corporate governance, a significant relationship was found with the dividend payout of companies accepted in the Tehran Stock Exchange. The study tries to contribute to the current literature of corporate governance and stock liquidity by providing new evidence on the causal impacts of stock liquidity and corporate governance quality on dividend payout. Also, this study contributes to the literature on stock liquidity, corporate governance quality and dividend payout by exploring the mechanism of corporate governance quality and dividend payout from equity financing and internal financing.

Exploring the Role of Efficacy of Inclusive Instructions, Efficacy Collaboration, Efficacy Managing Behavior on Inclusive Practice among Teachers

Exploring the Role of Efficacy of Inclusive Instructions, Efficacy Collaboration, Efficacy Managing Behavior on Inclusive Practice among Teachers

From Intent to Impact: A Proactive Event Approach for Amplifying Sustainability Across Time

We extend event system theory (EST) to conceptualize proactive events and examine how event duration, timing, criticality, and disruption are related to two phases of change associated with an organizationally initiated event. Specifically, we explore the impact of a new sustainability monitoring system on energy consumption using longitudinal archival data from 87 manufacturing units of a Fortune 200 multinational firm. We use a variant of mixed-effects discontinuous growth modeling (DGM) to test EST propositions related to initial and longer-term changes associated with implementing the monitoring system. Results indicate that while the new sustainability monitoring system is effective in reducing within-unit energy consumption on average, there are significant differences in change magnitude between units. The magnitude of change during the pre-post phase was related to between-unit differences in event duration, timing, criticality, and disruption. Longer-term change patterns were related to between-unit differences in managerial criticality behaviors. The results empirically validate several of EST’s core propositions and provide an illustration of how DGM can be modified to study events that vary in onset and duration across entities.

Ethical leadership behaviors of senior managers perceived by the junior managers working in public hospitals in Hail, Saudi Arabia.

To examine junior managers experiences of ethical leadership behaviors exhibited by their senior managers. In this cross-sectional study, 263 junior health care managers working in public hospitals in Hail, Saudi Arabia were surveyed using a self-administered questionnaire between 20 November, 2022 and 15 February, 2023. Descriptive statistics and regression analysis were employed in the analysis. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) was used to conduct statistical analyses. The sample consisted of 118 men (44.9%) and the majority (66.6%) of the respondents were below the age of 36 years. In case of working environment, nearly 84% of the participants were satisfied with the relationships that they have had with their supervisors. Regression analysis indicate that women were more likely than men to experience healthy ethical leadership behaviors of their seniors (β = -0.163, p < 0.05). Ethical leadership behaviors of senior health care managers would not influence by the age or work experience of their juniors. Ethical leadership behavior of senior health care managers was satisfactory. Longitudinal research is needed to investigate how cultural and environmental factors affect the ethical leadership behavior of healthcare managers in Saudi Arabia.

Performance ranking, regulatory penalty, and improper risk adjustment behavior of fund managers

This study is based on a sample dataset of Chinese open-end funds, empirically examining the relationship between performance ranking, regulatory penalty, and improper risk adjustment behavior of fund managers. The results indicate that class B penalties related to criminal offenses could mitigate the improper risk adjustment behavior resulting from agency issues among fund managers, thereby exerting an indirect deterrent effect. However, if the fund experiences a lower ranking in the mid-term evaluation or the top 20 stocks of a sample fund are subjected to regulatory penalties in the first half of the year, the impact is entirely reversed. Secondly, there is a positive correlation between the intensity of regulatory penalties and the degree of inhibition of fund managers’ improper risk adjustment behavior. The larger the expected gap and historically expected surplus, the more pronounced the trend of increasing improper risk-taking becomes. Finally, this paper conducted a collective study on the characteristics of fund managers and discovered that highly educated fund managers are significantly influenced by class B penalties, resulting in an indirect deterrent effect.

Influence of Investor Behavior on Investment Choices among Equity Fund Managers of Listed Firms at Nairobi Securities Exchange-Kenya

Purpose: This study sought to determine how market factors influence investment decisions in Nairobi Securities Exchange-Kenya. The study would offer valuable contributions from both a theoretical and practical standpoint where it contributes to the general understanding of the drivers of investment in the Nairobi Securities Exchange in Kenya.&#x0D; Methodology: The study adopted positivism philosophy because the study variables were based on facts derived from the empirical literature review and the theoretical premises discussed in chapter two. Its results are quantitative and explain the relationship between the variables quantitatively. This research used a descriptive research design that allows a researcher to get adequate data from a small population cost-effectively and easily by use of a questionnaire as the research instrument. It is the structure, or the blueprint of research that directs the process of research from the formulation of the research questions and hypotheses to reporting on the research findings Krishnan, (2015). Primary data was collected using standard questionnaires with both closed and open-ended questions. Cronbach’s Alpha Test was used to test the internal consistency reliability of measurements. Data was obtained from the unit trusts and pension funds in Nairobi County. The study was conducted during the 2010- 2019 period. This study adopted a census of all fund managers the Nairobi Securities Exchange that have been actively trading for the period starting 2010-2019. The target population for this study was 129 fund managers hence a census of all equity fund managers at the NSE. Quantitative data was coded to facilitate analysis using Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS 23). The study performed tests on statistical assumptions such as test of regression assumptions and statistics used. This included tests of reliability, normality, autocorrelation, panel root test, cointegration, linearity, independence, heteroscedasticity, and multicollinearity. Data was extracted from the financial statements and NSE handbooks, Excel program was used to calculate ratios relevant to the study variables. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the study variables; group behavior, accounting information, firm characteristics, and market factors of fund managers at NSE.&#x0D; Findings: The study concluded that more attention should be focused on firm characteristics to achieve the best investment choices.&#x0D; Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study was guided by finance theories that acted as its base that supported the empirical literature review which included Resource Based Theory (RBT), agency theory, herding theory and prospect theory. More attention should be paid to the predictors in the order of the magnitude of their effect on investment decision-making.

Innovative behaviors of occupational health managers: The mediating role of self-leadership

Occupational health managers independently perform various tasks, such as first aid, health promotion, job management, and work environment management, to protect the health of workers in an organization. Organizations generally have one or two occupational health managers, and their work environment significantly affects their job performance. Therefore, I explored the relationships among task identity, autonomy characteristics, self-leadership, and innovative behavior. I conducted a cross-sectional questionnaire survey among 180 occupational health managers in South Korea, and analyzed the data using structural equation modeling. The results showed that task identity and autonomy had a positive association with innovative work behavior and selfleadership; and self-leadership mediated the relationships between task identity, autonomy, and innovative work behavior. This suggests that it is important to create a work environment that enhances job initiative in consideration of the job characteristics of occupational health managers.

Disentangling Risk Management and Error Management in the Public Sector: A Theoretical Framework

Public organizations have little tolerance when it comes to risks and errors. At the same time, environmental, technological, and demographic changes call for new ways of doing things to improve public sector performance. Achieving this may involve trial and error. Therefore, there is a need to effectively combine risk management and error management practices. However, the concepts tend to be intermingled and confused, which hinders public managers from deliberately exercising one or the other managerial behavior, or productively combining them. The purpose of this article is to theoretically disentangle risk management from error management. We argue that risk management is a prospective leadership behavior, while error management is a retrospective one. In our theoretical framework, we describe both concepts according to their temporal, behavioral, and normative characteristics. Testable propositions are developed regarding the theorized differences between the two concepts and their associated behaviors, and we discuss ways in which the two concepts can be applied in order to advance future research and, ultimately, improve the way public organizations respond to risks and errors.

The Effects of Managerial Behaviors on Flow Experience: A Study on White-Collar Workers

Yönetici davranışları ile akış deneyimi kavramları arasındaki ilişkinin incelendiği araştırma modeli kapsamında gerçekleştirilen bu çalışmanın temel amacı, çalışanların yönetici davranışları algılarının akış deneyimleri üzerindeki etkilerini ortaya koymaktır. Araştırmanın evrenini Ankara, Osmaniye ve İskenderun’da eğitim, sağlık, bankacılık, sigorta, inşaat ve turizm sektörlerinde faaliyet gösteren kurumsal firmaların tüm beyaz yaka çalışanları oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada kolayda örnekleme yöntemi tercih edilmiştir. Veriler, araştırma evreninde yer alan beyaz yakalı çalışanların 387’sinden yüzyüze anket yolu ile toplanmıştır. Çalışmada yapılan hipotez testleri çalışanların algıladıkları yönetici davranışları boyutlarının (müşteri odaklılık ve iletişim, katılım ve adalet, takım ve tutarlılık, yetkilendirme, kariyer koçluğu, esneklik ve iş yaşam dengesi) akış deneyimi boyutları (işe dalma, işten zevk alma/içsel motivasyon) üzerinde anlamlı ve pozitif etkilere sahip olduklarını göstermiştir. Bu çalışma ile hizmet sektöründe farklı kurumsal işletmelerde çalışan beyaz yakalı çalışanların algıladıkları yönetici davranışlarının onların akış deneyimleri üzerinde anlamlı ve pozitif etkilerinin olduğu belirlenmiştir. Daha sonraki araştırmacılar yönetici davranışlarının akış deneyimi üzerindeki etkisinin diğer sektörlerde de anlamlı bir şekilde farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığını inceleyebilirler.

Trust in embedding co-design for innovation and change: considering the role of senior leaders and managers

PurposeIn this viewpoint article, the authors recognize the increased focus in health systems on co-design for innovation and change. This article explores the role of leaders and mangers in developing and enhancing a culture of trust in their organizations to enable co-design, with the potential to drive innovation and change in healthcare.Design/methodology/approachUsing social science analyses, the authors argue that current co-design literature has limited focus on interactions between senior leaders and managers, and healthcare staff and service users in supporting co-designed innovation and change. The authors draw on social and health science studies of trust to highlight how the value-based co-design process needs to be supported and enhanced. We outline what co-design innovation and change involve in a health system, conceptualize trust and reflect on its importance within the health system, and finally note the role of senior leaders and managers in supporting trust and responsiveness for co-designed innovation and change.FindingsHealthcare needs leaders and managers to embrace co-design that drives innovation now and in the future through people – leading to better healthcare for society at large. As authors we argue that it is now the time to shift our focus on the role of senior managers and leaders to embed co-design into health and social care structures, through creating and nurturing a culture of trust.Originality/valueBuilding public trust in the health system and interpersonal trust within the health system is an ongoing process that relies upon personal behavior of managers and senior leaders, organizational practices within the system, as well as political processes that underpin these practices. By implementing managerial, leadership and individual practices on all levels, senior managers and leaders provide a mechanism to increase both trust and responsiveness for co-design that supports innovation and change in the health system.

Pattern-driven behaviour for demand-side management: An analysis of appliance use

Energy communities play a key role in the transition to sustainable energy, helping to inform and engage end-users so that they can become active energy consumers. In practice, trials and pilots often risk failure due to misplaced expectations and unforeseen behaviours when it comes to achieving flexible energy demand resources. In order to tackle these challenges, residential electricity load profile datasets and consumer survey results emerge as powerful tools for identifying controllable loads, energy consumption models, and tailored understanding of communities' energy contexts. This paper first outlines and analyses these datasets' capabilities to leverage data-driven decision-making for more efficient deployments of demand-side management (DSM) systems. A number of appliance behaviour patterns are extracted, based on high and flexible loads for shifting, being validated over three different use cases to support turn-key DSM in the presence and absence of renewable supply and bill saving. A genetic algorithm optimization is applied to underpin flexible demand reallocation and optimal community load profiles by combining time-variable tariff of use. Experiments demonstrate that controllable and shiftable appliances can reduce average peak load by up to 29% by increasing renewable self-consumption, leading to a valuable energy bill saving of 9%. Our findings also point to the current limitations of existing load/consumption datasets, which are hindering more efficient DSM design of flexibility and demand response programmes in energy communities.

Navigating the Digital Transformation Terrain: Insights into the Interplay of Compensation, Incentives, and Managerial Behavior

Navigating the Digital Transformation Terrain: Insights into the Interplay of Compensation, Incentives, and Managerial Behavior

The information-seeking behaviors of project managers in professional virtual communities

Purpose This research explores project manager (PM) behavior in their professional virtual communities (PVCs), using social identity theory as a theoretical foundation. The purpose is to examine the extent to which PMs seek information on key topics in the Project Management Body of Knowledge Guide (PMBoK).Design/methodology/approach A text data analytics methodology that uses quantitative and qualitative analysis techniques is followed. The research method reveals relationships in language-based data gathered from six project management forums and blogs.Findings Information related to all the PMBoK topics is sought in the project management virtual communities. People management topics account for a dominant portion of interactions. The findings enhance social identification theorizing for the PM role. From a practical standpoint, the findings shed light on focal areas for greater emphasis in PM PVCs.Originality/value Our people management finding constructively replicates existing findings via a large, global sample and strengthens calls for increased focus on people management matters in project management. As a result, we call for increased scholarly attention to people management in project management. Finally, we encourage pursuit of several research questions to enhance knowledge of PM information-seeking behavior.

Competences and personality of the ethical manager

In this article, we will present managerial ethics, which aims to develop an individual’s ethical competence. This entails the ability to comprehend an ethical argument by identifying factual and normative arguments, as well as recognizing the ethical implications of a specific situation and proposing practical solutions to ethically relevant issues in accordance with moral principles.This article succinctly reveals the specific competencies of managerial ethics, such as ethical-gnosiological competency, deontological competency, ethical communication competency, cultural competency, and managerial ethical competency. These competencies guide the personality of the manager towards better integration in society, at work, and in the family. However, the behavior of a consistent ethical manager, who promotes freedom, development, and growth for each employee, respects their families, encourages a proper balance between work and adequate rest, protects the life, safety, and health of employees, and creates a work environment free of discrimination. The manager communicates openly with subordinates and cultivates a positive attitude towards others and their achievements. All of these characteristics are considered essential to being a consistent ethical leader.

Community social capital, managerial opportunistic behavior, and information uncertainty in IPO firms

AbstractWe examine whether and how community social capital influences the information uncertainty of a private firm's going‐public process. We find that high social capital of the US counties in which IPO firms are headquartered significantly reduces underpricing and post‐IPO stock volatility. This relation is stronger under lessened disclosure requirements and less reputable underwriting. Further findings suggest that high social capital constrains IPO issuers from practicing opportunistic financial reporting. We document that high social capital is associated with a more readable prospectus, less financial misconduct, more readable annual reports, and better long‐run stock return performance in the years following the IPOs.

Impact of Accounting Conservatism on Income Smoothing: Empirical Evidence from Algeria

Abstract This paper investigates the impact of accounting conservatism on income smoothing as a proxy for accounting manipulation. The study used 993 observations for 133 Algerian companies from 2012 to 2020, where income smoothing was measured by the variations in cash flows relative to earnings. However, conservatism was measured through non-operating accounting accruals, accruals-to-earnings ratio before extraordinary items, and allowances. The results showed that total accruals do not impact income smoothing versus positive impacts from non-operating accruals and allowances to income smoothing. Therefore, the study concluded that accounting conservatism facilitates income smoothing in Algerian companies by extending the discretionary room available for managers to manipulate earnings. These results require accounting regulators to consider the role of conservatism in manipulation when setting or amending accounting standards. They also imply that auditors should give more attention to conservative accounting practices to limit the opportunistic behavior of managers and increase the reliability of financial information.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ОРГАНІЗАТОРСЬКИХ ЗДІБНОСТЕЙ ЖІНКИ-УПРАВЛІНЦЯ

The individual task is devoted to the development of managerial abilities of a female manager in a modern environment. The research study examines an important aspect of modern management aimed at understanding the unique characteristics and success of women in leadership and management roles. The study is aimed at determining the key aspects of the organizational abilities of women managers, which can affect the effectiveness of their activities in the business environment. The program focuses on improving leadership, communication and strategic decision-making skills. The study aims to support women in developing their management skills for successful leadership. It is based on the study of psychological aspects of leadership, communication strategies, conflict management skills and developing emotional intelligence. The program also includes elements of mentoring and practical exercises to improve management skills and create an enabling environment for female leadership in today's business. Within the framework of the study, the individual features of women's leadership style are analyzed, in particular, their ability to communicate, solve problems, motivate the team, and think strategically. The impact of gender stereotypes and prejudices on decision-making processes and opportunities for women managers is considered. The study also looks at practical aspects, such as successful case studies of female managers in various industries and their strategies for overcoming difficulties associated with stereotypes and limitations. The possibilities of ways to support and develop the organizational abilities of women in the conditions of a competitive business environment are highlighted. This study is an important step towards achieving the development of better management strategies in the modern business environment. The main task of the article is to understand the peculiarities of the behavior of women managers and their significant impact on organizational dynamics.

Standardized corporate social responsibility disclosure, assurance, and real earnings management: evidence from developing countries

Research aims: This study aims to present empirical evidence on the effect of social responsibility disclosure on real earnings management and the role of assurance in this relationship. This is based on a paradox, i.e., companies that publish standardized corporate social responsibility disclosures to project ethical business practices are also associated with accounting and financial scandals.Design/Methodology/Approach: This study was conducted on non-financial sector companies in developing countries that are members of ASEAN-4, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines, which issued GRI-based social responsibility disclosures in the period 2013-2019, amounting to 285 companies with a total of 859 observations.Research findings: The results demonstrated that companies with standardized social responsibility disclosures tend to reduce their real earnings management practices. However, the assurance variable mitigates the negative effect of corporate social responsibility on real earnings management, implying that assurance provides false credibility. In an additional analysis, the samples were grouped based on board structure. The findings of this study are consistent with two-tier board structures, suggesting that a one-tier system provides better information quality.Theoretical contribution/Originality: The originality of this study lies in a comprehensive measurement of social responsibility disclosure variables using an index that gauges a combination of accountability and performance aspects. Furthermore, this study takes into account assurance as a variable representing the credibility of information, which surprisingly moderates the negative effect of social responsibility disclosure on real earnings management.Practitioner/Policy implication: The findings of this study underscore the importance of standardized social responsibility disclosure in mitigating managerial opportunistic behavior. The findings also highlight the need to enhance the assurance function to prevent its use as an opportunistic management tactic.