Water Supply Management Research Articles

A comprehensive synergistic study of process parameters on co-hydrothermal carbonization of digested sewage sludge and sugarcane bagasse: Hydrochar yield, lead adsorption capacity, and physicochemical properties

The hydrothermal carbonization approach applies to waste management, clean water supply, and the creation of valuable materials. An appropriate adsorbent using bagasse and sewage sludge was synthesized via co-hydrothermal carbonization for efficient lead removal. The effect of process parameters on adsorption capacity, hydrochar yield, and synergistic properties was thoroughly examined. Results showed that sensitive positive adsorption synergy occurred at higher sludge/bagasse ratios, while moderate positive and negative yield synergy was achieved at lower and higher temperatures, respectively. Due to the co-hydrothermal carbonization process, the maximum experimental adsorption capacity increased from 105 to 140 mg/g compared to the predicted value. In addition, during the first 10 min of adsorption, mean adsorption speeds of 108 mg/g and 75 mg/g were achieved for experimental and predicted values, respectively. Moreover, at an equilibrium concentration of 0.5 mg/g, the experimental equilibrium adsorption capacity increased from 42.2 to 98.3 mg/g compared to the expected value. This foundational research provides basic information on the adsorption ability of hydrochar in the co-hydrothermal carbonization process and presents an environmentally friendly approach to waste management and clean water supply.

Financial Management Factor on the Performance of the Community-Based Water Supply Organisations in Katavi Region, Tanzania

This study assessed the financial management factors that affect the performance of Community-Based Water Supply Organizations (CBWSOs) in managing water supply schemes in Katavi’s rural areas. An inductive approach and exploratory design were employed in this study. The study population comprised 57 respondents, comprising the region's management team and supervisory board members of selected CBWSOs. Data was collected through one-on-one In-depth interviews, field observation and literature reviews. The findings revealed that financial management was a critical aspect, emphasizing the importance of community participation in the collection of funds. Community participation in the collection of funds fosters financial sustainability, a sense of ownership, responsible resource utilization, and transparency. Based on the findings, the study recommends future mechanisms and strategies to support financial sustainability, providing capacity building and implementing a monitoring and evaluation framework, that effectively enhance transparent and participatory governance structures within CBWSOs in the Katavi region.

Socio-Economic Impacts of Internal Migration Dynamics in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania

Internal and external migrations differ significantly in their social, economic, and environmental drivers; as well as their impacts on individuals and regions. This article critically assesses the socio-economic and environmental drivers of internal migration, alongside its effects in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania. A cross-sectional study was conducted utilizing a purposive sample of 201 internal migrants from three wards. Data was collected through a mixed-methods approach that incorporated both quantitative and qualitative techniques. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics, while qualitative data was examined thematically for deeper insights. The findings revealed that 60% of the migrants were rural-urban movers, primarily originating from Dodoma region. Employment opportunities (34%) and business prospects (31%) emerged as the primary drivers of this migration. However, the rapid population growth resulting from these movements has placed significant pressure on local services, particularly in water supply, market facilities, and waste management. Markedly, 82% of respondents identified inefficient collection of household waste as a major challenge, underscoring the strain on the waste management system. This article concludes that while internal migration contributes to economic diversification and demographic changes in Morogoro Municipality, it has also intensified demands on infrastructure and public services. Therefore, it is crucial for local authorities to prioritize investment in infrastructure, especially in water supply and waste management systems. Comprehensive urban planning is essential to balance residential and commercial development, while safeguarding environmental resources. Similarly, policymakers are urged to adopt strategic approaches to effectively manage the impacts of internal migration, and promote sustainable urban development.

Evaluating basic household characteristics influencing domestic water demand in tropical environments: a comprehensive case study

Understanding household water dynamics is crucial for achieving SDG 6 targets. This study explores the impact of 16 socio-demographic variables on household water demand in a tropical Nigerian community from February 2023 to January 2024, surveying eighty diverse households monthly. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied to the survey data. Females constituted 85.8%, with 98.0% aged at least 18 and 73.6% having secondary education. Factorability of the dataset was confirmed (KMO = 63.4, p < 0.005). Analysis identified seven key variables, explaining 72.03% of observed variance: household size, water source reliability, time cost of obtaining water, water storage strategy, consumptive water use, monthly income, and water source management type. Further scrutiny revealed two variable groups, contributing 42.3% (VAR 1 and VAR 2) and 51.4% (VAR 3, 4, 5, and 6) of total absolute variance, respectively. This analysis is vital for effective household water planning and management, especially in resource-limited regions. Extracted variables warrant attention from industry stakeholders, with subsequent investigations revealing robust relationships (55.5–99.1%) among variables. This understanding is pivotal for institutionalizing policies and strategic decision-making in household water supply planning and management. It offers comprehensive insights for aligning practices with SDG 6 goals, ensuring sustainable and equitable access to water resources.

Assessing water demand and supply in the Upper Indus Basin using integrated hydrological modeling under varied socioeconomic scenarios

This study projects future water demand scenarios in the Upper Indus Basin, focusing on reference, high population growth, increased irrigation, and lower population growth scenarios. The baseline scenario indicates a significant rise in water demand from 35.74 billion cubic meters (BCMs) in 2020 to 60.28 BCM by 2035, driven by population growth and increased domestic water consumption. High population growth exacerbates this demand, reaching 62.96 BCM by 2035. This research aims to address domestic water needs under various growth scenarios, considering factors such as population growth rate and per capita consumption. The study employs integrated hydrological modeling to simulate water demand under different socioeconomic conditions. Key methods include analyzing baseline water demand, projecting future scenarios, and evaluating the impact of increased irrigation and population growth on water resources. Results reveal that without intervention, stagnant water supply management will lead to severe water shortages. Increased irrigation, influenced by a 3% growth in irrigated land, pushes agricultural water demand to 56.37 BCM by 2035. Mitigation efforts, such as a 15% reduction in domestic water consumption, could decrease overall demand to 51.23 BCM by 2035. Further reductions are explored through a 50% cut in agricultural water consumption, involving efficient irrigation techniques. The study highlights the critical role of technology and farmer awareness in achieving these reductions, despite current irrigation scheme losses of 20%. A lower population growth scenario shows a contrasting trend, with water demand decreasing to 49.11 BCM by 2035, attributed to a 1.8% population growth rate and decreased per capita consumption to 82 m3 per day. These findings underscore the importance of proactive water management strategies, technological advancements, and demographic considerations in addressing future water demand challenges in the Upper Indus Basin. This research provides proper insight into the impact of varied socioeconomic scenarios on water resources and the necessity for strategic interventions.

Implementation of integrated IoT-based monitoring system to improve clean water services at KP-SPAMS Tirta Jatisari

The Tirta Jatisari Water Supply and Sanitation Management Group (KP-SPAMS) faced challenges ensuring transparency in water usage and efficiency in billing due to the limitations of conventional water meters. These meters lacked real-time monitoring capabilities, hindering leak detection and leading to billing inaccuracies. To address this, an Internet of Things (IoT)-based monitoring system integrated with a web application was implemented to improve transparency and operational efficiency. The methodology involved needs analysis and system design, IoT device development, installation of flow meter sensors, development of a user-friendly web application for both KP-SPAMS managers and consumers, and comprehensive system training and socialization. Results demonstrated improved billing accuracy and speed, along with real-time water usage monitoring for both KP-SPAMS and consumers, facilitating timely leak detection. The implementation successfully increased consumer satisfaction and fostered the development of technologically adept human resources.

The potential of alternative water sources for potable water savings in Ukraine's residential areas

Universal access to safe drinking water is not only a fundamental need but also a basic human right. Water reuse and rainwater harvesting systems provide essential technical alternatives for water supply management. There are several alternative water sources available for reuse after some needed treatment: rainwater, stormwater, greywater, drainage water etc. The integration of on-site non-potable water reuse enhances the environmental goals of a green building by lowering the consumption of potable water and decreasing the volume of storm-water and wastewater that must be sent to the City's Wastewater Treatment Plants for treatment. The purpose of the article is to analyze two approaches for partially replacing tap water (rainwater harvesting and treated greywater reuse), to compare the constructive characteristics of these systems and calculate annual volume the potential water savings in Ukraine's residential areas using each option. Both methods offer sustainable solutions to alleviate water scarcity but differ significantly in construction, application, and operational mechanisms. For a comparative analysis of the two indicated alternative sources, are present the constructive features of water supply in the context of rainwater collection and use, and greywater. The volume of greywater generated in low-rise residential areas and rainwater that can be harvested from roofs was counted using Ukranian normative documents. The result shows at a building density of 0.4, the greywater volume is 1.45 times greater than that of rainwater; at a density of 0.54, it is 1.49 times greater under Ukraine's maximum annual precipitation of 750 mm. With comprehensive water recycling systems, it is possible to reduce freshwater demand by approximately 30% through greywater reuse and by around 10% with rainwater harvesting. These savings offer both economic and environmental benefits, making water recycling especially advantageous for water-scarce regions seeking to mitigate the impacts of climate change.

Basic sanitation evaluation model using Fuzzy Inference System

The debate on water supply and waste management is an economic and environmental issue that has been discussed since the earliest cities. Initially, sewage was dumped into rivers without treatment, but with scientific advances, new solutions have emerged. In Brazil, Law No. 11,445/2007 regulates basic sanitation, which includes water supply, sewage, solid waste management, and urban drainage. Investments in this area are essential for public health and sustainable development, but there are still many people without access to these services, which aggravates health problems and environmental degradation, according to UNICEF (2020). Technologies such as artificial intelligence and fuzzy inference systems have been applied to optimize the management of these services. This study developed a fuzzy inference model to assess the quality of basic sanitation services. The model analyzed indicators such as water supply, sewage, and waste management, using the fuzzy methodology to address uncertainties and generate more accurate diagnoses. The process included fuzzification of inputs, application of inference rules, and defuzzification to transform the results into interpretable data. The results demonstrated that fuzzy logic is effective in identifying critical points in sanitation, offering solutions to reduce costs and increase efficiency. The model is adaptable to different regional contexts, facilitating its application in other locations. With this tool, it was possible to direct corrective actions, contributing to the improvement of services and the universalization of sanitation. This supports the fulfillment of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6, which aims to ensure universal and sustainable access to water and sanitation.

Water, sanitation, and hygiene in selected health facilities in Ethiopia: risks for healthcare acquired antimicrobial-resistant infections.

Inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in health facilities, and the low adherence to infection control protocols can increase the risk of hospital-acquired (nosocomial) infections (HAIs). The risk for HAIs can increase morbidity, and mortality, health care cost, but also contribute to increased microbial resistance. The study aimed to assess WASH facilities and practices, and levels of nosocomial pathogens in selected health facilities in Oromia Region and Southern, Nations and Nationalities and Peoples (SNNPs) Region. An observational cross-sectional study design was employed to assess the WASH facilities in health care in SNNPs (Bulle and Doyogena) and Oromia (Bidre) regions through interviews and direct observations (n = 26 facilities). Water and surface samples were collected from major hospitals and health centers. A total of 90 surface swabs and 14 water samples were collected identified, characterized and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. Epi-info was used for data entry and the data was subsequently exported to Stata version 17 for data cleaning and analysis. Water supply, toilet facilities, and waste management procedures were suboptimal (below the minimum standards of WHO). Only 11/26 of the health facilities had access to water at the time of the survey. The lowest hand-hygiene compliance was for Bidre (4%), followed by Doyogena (14%), and Bulle (36%). Over 70% of the identified bacteria were from four categories: Staphylococcus spp., Bacillus spp., E. coli, and Klebsiella spp. These bacteria also found in high-risk locations including neonatal intensive care units, delivery and surgical rooms. Antimicrobial susceptibility detected in ≥50% of the isolates for penicillin, cefazolin, ampicillin, oxacillin, and cotrimoxazole, and ≥ 50% of the isolates displayed multi-drug resistance. Investing in WASH infrastructures, promotion of handwashing practices, implementing infection prevention and control (IPC) measures and antibiotic stewardship is critical to ensure quality care in these settings. We recommend careful use of higher generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones.

Analisis Pertumbuhan dan Perubahan Struktur Ekonomi di Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah Tahun 2018 - 2022

A country's continuous rise towards improvement over a certain period of time is the process of economic growth. The elements that make up a country's economic structure function to regulate a country's household and are referred to as the economic structure: household, business, government, economic system, input market, and output market. The economics of each of these parts is different. Input markets (for goods and services), output markets (for households, businesses, governments, and economic systems) are components of the economy. This research aims to find out how much economic growth there has been and whether there has been a change in the economic structure of Central Sulawesi Province in the 2018-2022 period. The research uses quantitative research methods, using secondary data, obtained through PDRB Data for Central Sulawesi Province. Analysis methods include Location Quontien (LQ) Analysis and Structural Checks Index (SCI) Analysis. The research findings indicate that from 2018 to 2022, Central Sulawesi Province experienced significant shifts, identifying five key sectors that dominated economic growth. The mining and quarrying sector, along with the processing industry, served as the primary drivers, while the agriculture, forestry, and fishery sectors showed important contributions despite fluctuations. The water supply and waste management sector, although its contribution was low, exhibited stable growth, and the government administration sector also positively contributed with consistent growth. Thus, it can be concluded that there has been a structural change in the economy of Central Sulawesi over this five-year period. The secondary sector has emerged as a driving force behind the economic structural changes in the region, as indicated by an increase in the Sectoral Contribution Index (SCI) year by year, despite declines in the primary and tertiary sectors. This change reflects a shift in resource allocation increasingly directed toward the secondary sector as the main pillar of the regional economy.

Evaluation of water consumption at district scale by analyzing smart water meter data

Abstract In urbanization, understanding of water consumption is necessary for water supply infrastructure development. We have been studying water consumption at Iride-Chibata District in the development of water supply management in Kosai City, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. Here the water consumption has been managed by reading water meter at each household every two months. Meanwhile, with the provision of smart metering for electricity, the district has installed the smart meters, which can hourly monitor water consumption, at all of 1,871 households. This study analysed the smart water meter data of all households to evaluate the water consumption at district scale. The average daily water consumption per household was higher on weekends than on weekdays. The hourly consumption showed two peaks at the hours of 7:00 – 11:00, and 18:00 – 22:00, respectively corresponding to morning and evening activities in a household. Either morning or evening, the peaks of weekdays occurred one hour earlier than those of weekends. The evening peaks were higher than the morning ones, that might come from Japanese evening bathing culture. These findings may help for timeframe water supply planning.

Effects of Operations of Various Water Reservoirs and Dams According to their Safety for the Surroundings Areas

Dams are essential pieces of infrastructure that are required for river navigation, flood risk reduction, agriculture, water security, and the production of clean energy. However, controlling dam operations becomes more complex as a result of these several, frequently incompatible goals. Furthermore, dam infrastructure has been developing into intricate system-ofsystems with several interdependent parts and subsystems that are all vulnerable to a variety of uncertainties. Due to these intricacies and uncertainties, numerous research projects centered on dam systems and reservoir operational safety have been initiated. This work focuses on the latter by doing research-on-research, or meta-research, on previously published studies in order to pinpoint important research gaps and suggest future lines of inquiry. In order to discover and categorize significant and latent issues in the discipline, this research first conducts a quantitative analysis of the relevant literature using text mining and then topic modeling. The highlighted subjects are then critically reviewed using qualitative analysis, which explores the concepts, definitions, modeling methods, and key research trends. The study specifically targeted seven topics: water supply management, flood risk, inflow forecasting, hydropower generation, climate change, optimization models, and risk-based assessment and management. The paper also identifies three primary research needs related to the lack of resilience-guided management of dam operational safety, modeling tool capabilities, and modeling idea constraints. In order to guarantee the resilience of such vital infrastructure, particularly in the era of climate change, this study provides an overview of the existing research on dam and reservoir operational safety, the knowledge gaps related to it, and possible future research avenues.

Source identification of water distribution system contamination based on simulated annealing-particle swarm optimization algorithm.

Ensuring the safety of water supplies is critical for urban areas requires rapid response when water quality anomalies are detected in the pipeline network. Prompt action is essential to prevent widespread contamination, protect public health, and mitigate potential social unrest. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm has faced challenges for contamination source identification (CSI) in water distribution systems (WDS), primarily due to its susceptibility to locally optimal solutions. Addressing this issue is critical to quickly and accurately identify contamination sources. Therefore, this research integrates the Metropolis criterion from the simulated annealing (SA) algorithm into a SA-PSO algorithm, to overcome the limitations of PSO. This study conducts contamination localization experiments using SA-PSO, with the publicly available NET-3 pipeline network as the case to generate sudden contamination events. By collecting pollutant concentration data from predefined monitoring points over time through simulation, a simulation-optimization inverse location model is constructed to fit the pollutant concentrations at each monitoring point. The results of the case study show that SA-PSO outperforms PSO in both speed and accuracy in solving the CSI problem, and the findings provide an efficient and effective contamination localization tool for urban water supply management.

Prevalence of Child Fever, Acute Respiratory Infection, and Diarrhea and Their Risk Factors in Sierra Leone.

Sierra Leone has the fourth-highest child mortality rate in Sub-Saharan Africa. This retrospective study aimed to estimate the nationwide prevalence of fever, acute respiratory infection (ARI), and diarrhea in children under 5 years in Sierra Leone, and to identify the risk factors associated with these diseases. We extracted patient information from the 2019 Sierra Leone Demographic and Health Survey data. Data were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. In total, 8659, 8652, and 8650 children were included in the analyses of fever, ARI, and diarrhea, respectively. The analysis revealed that the nationwide prevalence rates of fever, ARI, and diarrhea were 16.8%, 14.2%, and 7.2%, respectively. Children aged 12-23 months were found to be the most susceptible. Compared to children consuming unimproved water, the highest prevalence rates of fever, ARI, and diarrhea were observed among children residing in households with tube wells or boreholes. The adjusted odds ratio for diarrhea prevalence among children drinking water from household tube wells or boreholes was 1.47 (95% confidence interval: 1.17-1.84, p < 0.001). This study has several limitations, including recall bias due to parental reporting. We suspect that the diseases may be associated with potential water contamination in tube wells or boreholes. We recommend national-level periodic inspections of water quality and community-level education on water supply management.

Sistem Informasi Manajemen Pengelolaan Sistem Penyediaan Air Minum Dan Sanitasi Desa Bintoyo Berbasis Web

KPSPAM Panguripan is a paid water well management that belongs to the assets of Bintoyo Village. The task of this management is to manage and operate clean water wells so that customers, namely the people of Bintoyo Village, can feel the benefits. Currently, the management is still having difficulty managing the well because it uses manual methods in carrying out its operations. For example, when creating invoices for customers, they still use the manual method, using Microsoft Word by recording them one by one and adding them with a calculator to determine the amount of the customer's bill. Management requires an advanced system integrated with information technology to save time and facilitate the management of these paid clean water wells. A web-based water supply and sanitation management information system has been successfully built using the Waterfall application development method. The system is declared to be running well. It is proven by the existence of system testing using the black box testing method. This system can help simplify management in managing the Panguripan KPSPAM in Bintoyo village.

Rainwater harvesting technologies in arid plains of Argentina: small local strategies vs. large centralized projects

Access to water has been and remains one of humanity’s greatest challenges. Especially in arid plains exposed to significant climatic fluctuations and future global change trends. In the past and present, local communities of the arid plains of central-western Argentina (i.e., Guanacache Lagoons, Cuyo region) have developed multiple strategies to manage water supply problems. The aims of this study are: i) to characterize the different water harvesting technologies (pre-Hispanic and modern) used, and ii) to compare the small local strategies of water harvesting (bottom-up solutions) with the large centralized projects (top-down solutions). On the one hand, we show the transformations of these technologies over time, and the challenges faced by inhabitants in the context of climate change trends. On the other hand, we analyze the role of the state through hydraulic policies and projects implemented by the provincial states over the last two centuries and how this impacted the study area. This review is based on a historical and archaeological bibliography, and recent publications about the region, including articles based on our ethnographic fieldwork. Our results demonstrate the valuable experience accumulated by local populations in water harvesting methods, particularly in areas where groundwater is deep and saline, and shows the adaptability of these technologies in contexts of increasing scarcity. We considered that local indigenous knowledge can largely contribute to the sustainable management of water resources. This study might be useful for decision-makers and water managers in drylands around the world to find and equitable approach that combines technical advances with local knowledge.

Research on the Current Situation and Sustainable Development Measures for Urban–Rural Water Supply Integration in Yunnan Province, China

Urban–Rural Water supply integration is one of the effective ways to address rural drinking water safety issues. With the rapid economic development and urbanization, the gap between urban and rural water supply has become increasingly evident, and rural areas face severe challenges such as insufficient water sources and substandard water quality. Yunnan Province, due to its unique topography and natural environment, encounters numerous difficulties in promoting the construction and development of urban–rural water supply integration, and there is a severe lack of research specifically focused on sustainable development measures for urban–rural water supply integration in Yunnan Province. In light of this, this paper first reviews the current research status on urban–rural water supply integration both domestically and internationally, pointing out that existing studies mainly focus on optimizing urban water supply systems, addressing rural drinking water safety issues, and exploring water supply management models. It then analyzes the challenges faced by Yunnan Province in advancing urban–rural water supply integration, including limitations in engineering construction, inadequate operation and maintenance, complex and variable water source conditions, and insufficient public awareness of water conservation. In response to these issues, a series of sustainable development measures are proposed, including revitalizing existing assets, enhancing construction planning and quality, promoting water pricing reforms, upgrading the technical system for drinking water safety assurance, and advancing the information technology construction of urban–rural water supply integration, with the aim of providing references and insights for the sustainable development of urban–rural water supply integration in Yunnan Province and other regions.

Time series-based machine learning for forecasting multivariate water quality in full-scale drinking water treatment with various reagent dosages

Accurately predicting drinking water quality is critical for intelligent water supply management and for maintaining the stability and efficiency of water treatment processes. This study presents an optimized time series machine learning approach for accurately predicting multivariate drinking water quality, explicitly considering the time-dependent effects of reagent dosing. By leveraging data from a full-scale treatment plant, we constructed feature-engineered time series datasets incorporating influent water quality parameters, reagent dosages and effluent water characteristics. Seven predictive models, including both traditional machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) models were developed and rigorously evaluated against a naive mean baseline model. Our results demonstrate that traditional ML models, enhanced with time feature engineering, rivaled the performance of both widely used DL models and the naive mean baseline model. Specifically, an XGBoost model achieved superior prediction accuracy in dynamically forecasting four water quality characteristics at a 12-hour time lag step, outperforming the naive baseline model by 3–4 % in terms of Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). This finding underscores the importance of incorporating a 12-hour interval to effectively capture the delayed impact of reagent dosing on water quality prediction. Furthermore, SHAP model interpretability analysis provided valuable insights into the XGBoost model's decision-making process, revealing its strong data-driven foundation aligned with established water treatment principles. This research highlights the significant potential of optimized machine learning techniques for enhancing water purification processes and enabling more informed, data-driven decision-making in the water supply industry.

Analysis of Variability of Water Quality Indicators in the Municipality Water Supply System—A Case Study

This study investigated the variability of water quality indicators in four municipal water distribution systems near a medium-sized city. Despite the proximity of water intakes, water quality in different distribution systems can vary significantly due to local factors such as infrastructure conditions, treatment technology, and specific environmental conditions affecting water in each water supply network. Water samples were collected from multiple points in each system and analyzed for physicochemical properties. The results showed significant differences in total carbon, dissolved organic carbon, and ammonium nitrogen, indicating variability in water quality between systems. These results emphasize the need for integrated management strategies, innovative technologies, and real-time monitoring to maintain water quality. The study also highlights challenges such as aging infrastructure, pollution, and financial constraints in managing water supplies.

Building trust with stakeholders in water supply management

Building trust with stakeholders in water supply management