Sugarcane Management Research Articles

Nutritional Requirement by Irrigated Brazilian Sugarcane Varieties

Aboveground biomass and nutrient accumulation differ among varieties of sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids) throughout the crop development. This study aimed to identify irrigated sugarcane varieties with similar pattern of aboveground biomass production and nutrient extraction using cluster analysis and to determine the nutritional requirement during the plant cane cycle. Aboveground biomass production and nutrient content (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) of sugarcane varieties (SP79-1011, RB813804, RB863129, RB872552, RB94336, RB72454, RB763710, SP78-4764, SP81-3250, RB867515, and RB92579) were determined at 120, 180, 240, 300, and 360 days after planting (DAP). Sugarcane varieties were clustered using the Ward’s method based on aboveground biomass and nutrient accumulation. Next, the increase in aboveground biomass per month and nutritional requirement were determined for the varieties clusters. The sugarcane varieties were clustered in five groups: G1: RB92579; G2: RB863129 and SP81-3250; G3: SP78-4764 and RB867515; G4: SP79-1011; and G5: RB872552, RB813804; RB763710, RB72454, and RB943365. The RB92579 (G1) produced the highest aboveground biomass accumulation, corresponding to an average of 23 Mg ha−1 higher than the other varieties. The SP79-1011 (G4) exhibited constant aboveground biomass production in the last phase. The highest nutritional demand was observed for most of the varieties at the beginning of the stalk elongation phase (120 DAP), except for SP78-4764 and RB867515 (G3), which showed at beginning of the tillering phase (30 DAP). The nutritional requirements decreased during the final stage of stalks elongation phase. These findings suggest that nutritional management of sugarcane must consider the variety and growth phase.

Agronomic, economic, and environmental assessment of site-specific fertilizer management of Brazilian sugarcane fields

Precision agriculture (PA) is an essential tool for site-specific management of soil fertility in sugarcane fields. However, the complexity of the cropping system, limitations on data handling, availability of adequate equipment and the lack of appropriate decision support systems limit the adoption of PA by the sugarcane industry. The objective of this study was to verify the potential economic, environmental and yield gains provided by the site-specific management of soil fertility in the sugarcane industry. A field experiment was conducted over four years, using conventional soil analysis, yield monitor data and variable rate application of lime, nitrogen (N), potassium (K) and phosphorus (P). After two years of variable rate application of fertilizer, available phosphorus (P) content was better distributed, stable, and sufficient to meet crop needs. Maps of potassium (K) rates changed each year, and K content reduced over the years, demonstrating that plant uptake of K was higher than applied. Results showed that applying fertilizer according to the spatial variability of soil can produce better economic and environmental gains, despite the similar average yield (~80 Mg ha−1 year−1) when compared with a field managed according to mill procedures. Maps of yield and soil fertility are a powerful tool for sugarcane management, providing useful information about nutritional requirements based on spatial variation of soil fertility. The economic-environmental assessment performed in this study showed that the site-specific management provides improved soil fertility and sustainability indicators, contributing to higher profitability and low environmental impacts.

Functional responses of Hyalella meinerti after exposure to environmentally realistic concentrations of 2,4-D, fipronil, and vinasse (individually and in mixture)

Sugarcane crops management in Brazil includes the use of pesticides, as well as alternative organic fertilizers such as vinasse obtained from waste of the ethanol industry. In order to assess the effects of the environmental contamination generated by such sugarcane practices, this study was aimed to investigate the effects of the pesticides 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and fipronil, as well as vinasse, on the survival, behavior, and reproduction of the native epibenthic macroinvertebrate Hyalella meinerti through in situ and laboratory experiments. In situ assays were conducted in mesocosms with six treatments, i.e. untreated control, 2,4-D, fipronil, and vinasse, the mixture of the two pesticides, and both pesticides mixed with vinasse. Survival, swimming behavior, and reproduction were evaluated over time post contamination, from 0−96 h (T1) and 7–14 days (T2) through in situ experiments and 30–44 days (T3) and 75–89 days (T4) post contamination by laboratory bioassays with mesocosm water. In the T1 period, survival of H. meinerti was registered only in controls and mesocosms treated with 2,4-D. In the T2 period, treatments containing fipronil and vinasse (isolated or in both mixture treatments) still caused 100 % of mortality. Survival was recorded only in 2,4-D and control treatments, whereas reproduction only occurred in the control. In the T3 period, no survival occurred to fipronil and both mixture treatments. Vinasse and 2,4-D decreased total reproduction in comparison to control. In the T4 period, amphipods survival was detected when exposed to fipronil and its mixture with 2,4-D. However, these same treatments decreased the amplexus rates and total reproduction, with synergism denoted for the pesticide mixture. The swimming activity of males, females, and couples was decreased in surviving organisms exposed to 2,4-D, fipronil, vinasse, and the mixture of pesticides along all experimental periods. Our study showed that the application of fipronil, 2,4-D, and vinasse isolated or mixed at realistic concentrations of actual sugarcane management practices may negatively impact functional responses of indigenous amphipods in natural aquatic systems.

Assessing the effects of harvesting with and without burning and vinasse application in sugarcane crops: Evaluation of soil fertility and phosphorus pools in different ethanol production systems

Ethanol is recognized worldwide as a clean and renewable energy source. In tropical and subtropical countries, it is produced from sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum). In this study, we investigated the effects of sugarcane management systems: a) burning of sugarcane for harvest for 37 years (SCB37); b) burning of sugarcane for 3 years after 5 years of fallow (SCB3); c) sugarcane field without burning for harvest for 3 years (SCWB), and d) burning for harvest with the application of vinasse for 3 years (SCV), on soil fertility and accumulation of organic and inorganic fractions of phosphorus (P) in sugarcane crops for bioenergy production in south-east Brazil. Soil samples were collected at depths of 0–5, 5–10, 10–20, and 20–40 cm between planting rows in each management system and submitted for evaluation of soil fertility and accumulation of P fractions via sequential fractionation. We observed that application of vinasse reduced the pH (3.7–4.2) and the availability of Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ on the surface, associated with the increase in Al3+ content and potential acidity. However, its use increased the availability of K+ and inorganic P content of higher lability (extracted with NaHCO3) in the subsurface. The maintenance of straw on the surface promoted reductions in pH values and an increase in the potential acidity and was inefficient in the accumulation of organic and inorganic fractions of P, compared to the system with the application of vinasse. Overall, we observed that the moderately labile fraction (organic and inorganic) represented on average 60 % (higher participation) of the total P content of soil in the experimental areas and was more significant in the soil under vinasse application and less evident in the treatments without burning and in the 3-year burning. This fraction can represent an important reserve of P (legacy) for the crops, reducing the use of phosphate mineral fertilizers over the years. Our findings are important for the selection and implementation of efficient and sustainable sugarcane cultivation systems, with implications for the ethanol industry to meet the growing demand for renewable fuel in the world.

Diversifikasi Olahan Nira Tebu Melalui Diseminasi Teknologi Mesin Pemeras Tebu di Desa Karangbener Kecamatan Bae Kabupaten Kudus

Dissemination of technology products to the community aims to improve the welfare of sugar cane farmers in Karangbener Village, Bae District, Kudus Regency. The problem faced by farmers is the low price of sugar cane due to nonstandard yields and the low capacity of the sugar factory to receive sugar cane farmers in the harvest season. The strategy used is processing sugar cane by diversifying the processing of sugar cane through the dissemination of sugar cane presses. The strategy includes sugarcane cultivation socialization activities, diversification of sugar cane processing, training on the use of sugar cane presses, financial management training and training in selling and marketing sugarcane juice products to Sari Rejo and Bangun Harjo farmer groups with a total of 31 members. The results of the activity of making 3 units of sugarcane squeezer machines which have been handed over to farmer groups, the ability of farmer group members to diversify sugarcane juice preparations, the ability to operate and maintain sugarcane squeezer machines, and have an understanding of management and marketing of sugarcane processed diversified products

Sugarcane Harvester for In-field Data Collection: State of the Art, Its Applicability and Future Perspectives

Sugarcane harvesters have a high level of embedded technology and the opportunity to expand applications to become an important high-density data collection machine. The acquired data, such as yield, losses, and quality, would provide valuable information for site-specific management of sugarcane. This review describes the current instrumentation used by sugarcane harvesters to map yield with the current technologies that have the highest potential applications for losses and quality mapping. In sugarcane cultivation, the harvester cuts and processes the product along a single or double row, which makes it easier to evaluate yield, losses, and quality at the row level. However, studies that explore the holistic potential of the sensors and data processing from the harvester for within-row detailed spatial information are scarce. Over the years, several studies focused on sugarcane yield mapping; however, yield monitors are far from being popular among sugarcane producers due to its low accuracy. Yield monitors need to be robust and accurate; the data generated from default factory-installed sensors is a potential alternative to improve data collection. Also, the integration of the current data available on the harvesters and the use of sensors to estimate sugarcane parameters (i.e., yield, losses, and quality) may represent an important advance in the agricultural operations. This article provides some information regarding the automation of the machines and the operational improvements, such as logistics planning and machine performance.

Is soil quality a concern in sugarcane cultivation? A bibliometric review

Environmental sustainability is attracting attention due to global environmental concerns and one of the main focuses is agricultural production. Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) is a crop of global significance and one of the important issues to be addressed towards its sustainable production is how soil quality has been considered in sugarcane cultivation. This bibliometric study aimed to investigate how soil quality has been addressed in sugarcane management research, as well as to identify possible knowledge gaps to be considered in future studies. The bibliographic search was performed by using a combination of terms considering all databases from the Web of Science ® (WOS). A total of 160 scientific publications were found and the following information was analyzed: i) publication years, ii) countries, iii) institutions, iv) authors, and v) research areas. Furthermore, to identify possible gaps in the literature, we classified soil-related papers in the following categories: soil physics, soil chemistry, soil use and management, soil conservation, soil survey and classification, soil micromorphology, soil biology, soil geochemistry, and soil fertility and plant nutrition. We also presented the most cited papers and contribution maps for countries considering a subset of 119 articles from the WOS Core Collection database. Concerns about soil quality in the cultivation of sugarcane have increased in recent years, especially in the last 9 years, when 74 % of the total papers were published. Brazil is the country responsible for 99 out of 160 publications with 12 institutions and 13 authors responsible for the largest number of publications. From a total of 160 published articles, 97 % were related to agriculture research and 71 % to soil science, whereas soil use and management was the most reported category. We found a lack of studies of no-tillage systems in sugarcane cultivation that assess soil quality, and that integrate physical, chemical and biological indicators, including hydrophysical, micromorphological and macrofauna analyses as indicators of soil quality. Therefore, we suggest that these issues should be considered in future studies.

Abundance and diversity of soil macroinvertebrates in sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) plantations under organic and chemical fertilization in Belize

Many studies suggest that sugarcane management practices have negative impact on soil quality, especially on soil organisms, however, information on macroinvertebrate abundance and diversity in conventional sugarcane fields is scarce. This study determined the abundance and diversity of soil macroinvertebrates in sugarcane plantations under 2 types of soils, Cambisol and Fluvisol, with three types of fertilizer management: chemical fertilizer, vinasse and filter mud, and in a secondary forest (on a Cambisol). Sampling was carried out in northern Belize during two crop cycles (from May 2013 to May 2015). Soil macroinvertebrates were collected using monoliths based on Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility (TSBF) Handbook of Methods at the end of the rainy seasons. The parameters evaluated were biomass, density and diversity of soil macroinvertebrates (number of morphospecies, an ecological index for tropical soil quality based on macrofauna, and a converted Shannon index (H_exp)), yield and plant response variables (number of stool, number of stem, number of active leaves, stem length and stem diameter). A total of 7,634 individuals were identified, grouped into 52 morphospecies belonging to 16 orders and three species of annelids. No significant differences existed among management systems (application of chemical fertilizer, vinasse, filter mud and secondary forest) on abundance and diversity of soil macroinvertebrates, yield and plant variables. However, there were significant differences between soils and cycles in some evaluated parameters. Presuming that soil type and seasonal conditions, in a two years trial, had higher weight on determine the studied parameters than the different management systems.

Importance of nitrogen source and Fusarium species in sugarcane

In sugarcane, heavy losses in cane and sugar yields are caused due to the incidence of several diseases viz., red rot, smut, wilt, grassy shoot, ratoon stunting, and pokkah boeng. Nitrogen was associated with an improved incidence of Fusarium species in sugarcane. The most important reason for improving sugarcane quality is to extend the nutritional content, primarily the application of protein. Nitrogen is an essential part of sugarcane management has been reported to be associated with high protein content and excessive yield. N is the most widely reported as an element affecting plant diseases, especially fungal diseases, but in sugarcane unfortunately, very little research has been conducted into the impact of cane nutrition on disease susceptibility.

Urban or rural fragments: which soil use in forest surroundings induces greater litter deposition?

The soil use in surroundings of forest remnants, as well as, variations in seasonality and rainfall totals from each year might influence the composition, structure, and ecophysiological responses of vegetation and, thus, cause differences in litter deposition. For this reason, the present study proposes to verify which soil use in the surroundings of forest fragments induces greater litter deposition. Study areas were defined after mapping and quantification of urban and rural occupations around the remnants (buffer up to 3 km), based on satellite images. In each fragment were installed 36 collectors of 0.25 m2. Litter deposition after 2 years was 434.73 t in the urban fragment and 513.32 t in the rural area. GLM analysis showed that the total litter mass and fractions (leaf, twig, and seed) were significantly higher in the rural fragment and dry season, excepting for the seed fraction in the urban area, which did not present seasonal variation. Simple Linear Regression test showed that leaf deposition in the rural and urban fragments increased with the reduction of water availability, and increasing in seed deposition was also observed with the reduction in precipitation in the urban fragment. Our results suggest that soil use in the rural fragment vicinity may have provided changes in the local abiotic characteristics within the rural fragment which should have induced a greater intensity in litter deposition. Therefore, the sugar cane monoculture surrounding the rural fragment induced the greatest intensity of litter deposition, and possibly reflects the effects of the fire use on sugarcane management.

Soil resilience and management of former sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) lands on the Naparima Peneplain, Trinidad and Tobago

The lands of the Naparima Peneplain, Trinidad and Tobago, are an invaluable resource with multiple land use characteristics including agricultural diversification. Sections are classified as Class V soils, non-resilient with minimum recovery over the medium term, and as Class IV soils, slightly resilient with improvements in medium term resulting in significant land management and land use changes. These lands were under sugarcane cultivation for centuries, from the colonial era until the closure of the sugar factory in 2003. Since then, as in so many other Caribbean territories, the land has been ear-marked for agricultural diversification and made available to small farmers for the production of commodities for the domestic market. Land use changes in the post-sugarcane era have resulted in approximately 14,000 hectares becoming available for possible agricultural diversification. However, the positive impact on domestic food supply that was anticipated has not materialized. A land resource study was conducted in 2012–2014 in the La Gloria and Cedar Hill sections of Caroni (1975) Ltd lands on the Naparima Peneplain, to determine the effect of long-term sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) cultivation on land degradation and soil resilience by comparison with data from historical records and to make recommendations on the way forward. Assessment of land use, chemical and physical soil properties, and extent of soil erosion, comprised the study. The most severe land management factor was identified as chronic and widespread soil erosion, especially in Cedar Hill, with additional problems of subsoil exposure, soil slumping and movement. Soil erosion studies (Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE)) indicate estimates of 35–74 t/ha affecting 75% of the lands. Historical records on soil physical indices such as bulk density, clay percentage in the profile and available water, revealed that these parameters were stable over the period 1977–2014. However, chemical indices, inclusive of organic carbon, nitrogen and pH, reflect significant decline correlated with reduced soil fertility and land abandonment. While identifying stable soil resilience indices is valuable, the immediate problem is the correction of soil erosion, which results in considerable land abandonment. Therefore, it is recommended that the land be restored to an acceptable level of soil fertility, specifically with respect to its organic matter content, and that infrastructural adjustments be made to stop or greatly minimize soil erosion so that these lands could be used to contribute to national food security as envisaged.

The Implementation of Clique Strategy in Regrouping Program to Increase Farmer’s Interest and Loyalty in Sugarcane Farming

The area size of sugarcane planting nationally shows a decrease. This is also marked by a decrease in the interest of farmers planting sugarcane and low loyalty to the sugar factory. In 2014, the government established a sugarcane management regrouping program. The regrouping program provides benefits for the efficiency of sugarcane planting, more effective in cutting and transport processes, forging farmer group and sugar factory, and increasing farmers' loyalty to the sugar factory. The weakness of the regrouping program is that it emphasizes technical aspects only. The criterion of the social aspect is essential because this always saves problems related to communication networks and establishing cooperation. Through the clique strategy, this can conduct a communication network analysis in regrouping. Regrouping programs can build social interaction and communication networks. The form and level of communication network structure in the regrouping program can place actors or farmers build communication networks and cooperate in sugarcane farming. Understanding the role of cooperation networks between farmers or groups determines the success of regrouping sugarcane.JEL Classification: P32, O35, Q18

Assessment of major soil series grown to sugarcane under different land utilization types in Negros Occidental, Philippines

Five major soil series that were planted to sugarcane namely Guimbalaon (Andic Haplustept), Isabela (Aquic Hapludalf), Luisiana (Ustic Palehumult), San Manuel (Fluventic Eutropept), and Silay (Aquic Tropudalf) were studied to identify the sugarcane-based land utilization types (LUTs) in Negros Occidental; determine the suitability of major soil series for sugarcane production; evaluate the possible soil constraints in sugarcane management; and draw soil management recommendations for sugarcane production based on soil constraints of major soil series. All of the soil series evaluated were classified as marginally suitable for sugarcane production, although soil constraints for production varied across series. Topography and wetness were the severe constraints common to all series. Soil management recommendations for constraints on topography in Guimbalaon (LUTs 4 and 1) and Luisiana(LUTs 1 and 2) series, were the implementation of a good soil conservation cropping and tillage practices such as contour terracing or farming. Moreover, problem on wetness in Isabela (LUTs 2, 5, and 6), San Manuel (LUTs 1 and 3), and Silay (LUTs 1, 2, 3, and 4) series could be managed by raising the height of the soil surface and elevate the site by adding 25-30cm of well-drained topsoil, compost or other organic matter to raise the planting zone and build drainage canals to direct water away from plants or other spots that collect water.

Vinasse application and cessation of burning in sugarcane management can have positive impact on soil carbon stocks.

Bioenergy crops, such as sugarcane, have the potential to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions through fossil fuel substitution. However, increased sugarcane propagation and recent management changes have raised concerns that these practices may deplete soil carbon (C) stocks, thereby limiting the net greenhouse gas benefit. In this study, we use both a measured and modelled approach to evaluate the impacts of two common sugarcane management practices on soil C sequestration potential in Brazil. We explore how transitions from conventional (mineral fertiliser/burning) to improved (vinasse application/unburned) practices influence soil C stocks in total and in physically fractionated soil down to one metre. Results suggest that vinasse application leads to an accumulation of soil C of 0.55 Mg ha−1yr−1 at 0–30 cm depth and applying unburned management led to gains of ∼0.7 Mg ha−1yr−1 at 30–60 cm depth. Soil C concentration in the Silt+Clay fraction of topsoil (0–20 cm) showed higher C content in unburned management but it did not differ under vinasse application. The CENTURY model was used to simulate the consequences of management changes beyond the temporal extent of the measurements. Simulations indicated that vinasse was not the key factor driving increases in soil C stocks but its application may be the most readily available practice to prevent the soil C losses under burned management. Furthermore, cessation of burning may increase topsoil C by 40% after ∼50 years. These are the first data comparing different sugarcane management transitions within a single area. Our findings indicate that both vinasse application and the cessation of burning can play an important role in reducing the time required for sugarcane ethanol production to reach a net C benefit (payback time).

Soil aggregation and carbon stabilization in burn and no-burn sugarcane management systems

Retaining sugarcane straw over the soil after harvesting can improve soil structure and increase soil carbon stabilization, mainly in macroaggregates. We evaluated the carbon content in the aggregate classes in areas under burn and no-burn (adopted for five years) sugarcane management systems, focusing on the superficial layer (0.00-0.20 m). The experiment was carried in an Oxisol and the treatments consisted in burnt sugarcane, manual harvest; burnt sugarcane, mechanized harvest; and no-burn, mechanized harvest. The retention of sugarcane straw on the soil surface is justified by the increase in carbon content and carbon stock in the surface layer (0.00-0.20 m) by restructuring of the soil, even though it cannot match the structure of the soil under native forest. Our results suggest that in no-burn management the carbon not occluded inside aggregates was important to increase carbon stabilization in soil and that more attention should be given to macroaggregates 2.00-8.00 mm present in this management system, that showed higher carbon content and was responsible for increase of the geometric and weight diameter, increasing the erosion resistance in the long term in relation to burn systems.

Prediction of soil CO2 flux in sugarcane management systems using the Random Forest approach

ABSTRACT: The Random Forest algorithm is a data mining technique used for classifying attributes in order of importance to explain the variation in an attribute-target, as soil CO2 flux. This study aimed to identify prediction of soil CO2 flux variables in management systems of sugarcane through the machine-learning algorithm called Random Forest. Two different management areas of sugarcane in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, were selected: burned and green. In each area, we assembled a sampling grid with 81 georeferenced points to assess soil CO2 flux through automated portable soil gas chamber with measuring spectroscopy in the infrared during the dry season of 2011 and the rainy season of 2012. In addition, we sampled the soil to evaluate physical, chemical, and microbiological attributes. For data interpretation, we used the Random Forest algorithm, based on the combination of predicted decision trees (machine learning algorithms) in which every tree depends on the values of a random vector sampled independently with the same distribution to all the trees of the forest. The results indicated that clay content in the soil was the most important attribute to explain the CO2 flux in the areas studied during the evaluated period. The use of the Random Forest algorithm originated a model with a good fit (R2 = 0.80) for predicted and observed values.

Temporal and Spatial Uncertainty of Erosion Soil Loss from an Argisol Under Sugarcane Management Scenarios

ABSTRACT The identification of erosion-susceptible areas is fundamental for the adoption of soil conservation practices. Thus, the best way to estimate the spatial pattern of soil erosion must be identified, in which the process uncertainties are also taken into consideration. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the spatial and temporal uncertainty of soil loss under two scenarios of sugarcane harvest management: green cane (GC) and burnt cane (BC). The study was carried out on a 200-ha area, in [...]

FINANCING BEHAVIOR OF THE PLANT OF SUGARCANE TO FARMERS IN BLITAR DISTRICT (Ethno methodology Study on Sugarcane Farmers in Rejoso Village, Binangun District, Blitar District)

This research was conducted in Rejoso village, Binangun sub-district, Blitar district, with research object of sugar cane farmers there. This study aims to find out how the behavior of farmers in Rejoso Village about financing in the management of sugar cane, especially in financing behavior of the plant of sugarcane. In Rejoso village, plant of sugarcane is only done once in the period of 5 to 10 years because once planting sugarcane can be harvested many times even up to 10 times the harvest. The type of research used is qualitative research using Ethnomethodology method. Ethnomethodology is a study of how people create and understand their everyday life and the way they complete daily life. The subject for ethno methodology is not primitive tribal people but people of various situations in our own society. In this study, the subject of research is the sugar cane farmers in the Rejoso Village, Binangun District, Blitar. Data obtained by interview technique then result of the interview then analyzed to know how financing behavior of the plant of sugarcane. Based on the research results obtained from analyzing the results of interviews with sugar cane farmers in Rejoso Village that the financing behavior of the plant of sugarcane is vary depending on each individual. The difference in behavior lies in how to obtain sugar cane seeds, how to prepare the land and how to plant seeds of sugar cane.

FINANCING BEHAVIOR OF THE PLANT OF SUGARCANE TO FARMERS IN BLITAR DISTRICT (Ethno methodology Study on Sugarcane Farmers in Rejoso Village, Binangun District, Blitar District)

This research was conducted in Rejoso village, Binangun sub-district, Blitar district, with research object of sugar cane farmers there. This study aims to find out how the behavior of farmers in Rejoso Village about financing in the management of sugar cane, especially in financing behavior of the plant of sugarcane. In Rejoso village, plant of sugarcane is only done once in the period of 5 to 10 years because once planting sugarcane can be harvested many times even up to 10 times the harvest. The type of research used is qualitative research using Ethnomethodology method. Ethnomethodology is a study of how people create and understand their everyday life and the way they complete daily life. The subject for ethno methodology is not primitive tribal people but people of various situations in our own society. In this study, the subject of research is the sugar cane farmers in the Rejoso Village, Binangun District, Blitar. Data obtained by interview technique then result of the interview then analyzed to know how financing behavior of the plant of sugarcane. Based on the research results obtained from analyzing the results of interviews with sugar cane farmers in Rejoso Village that the financing behavior of the plant of sugarcane is vary depending on each individual. The difference in behavior lies in how to obtain sugar cane seeds, how to prepare the land and how to plant seeds of sugar cane.

Sugarcane residue management impact soil greenhouse gas

ABSTRACT Mechanized sugarcane harvest is replacing the historic practice of field burning, due to environmental concerns of the particulate and emissions during burning. However, the impact of these practices on soil greenhouse gas (GHG) production potential is not fully known. Thus, the present work quantified the potential production, in 1 g of soil, of greenhouse gases (GHG) in three systems of sugarcane management. The systems were: area with a history of burning sugarcane before harvest (B) and another with two systems of management of “green sugarcane” in two periods of implantation - 5 (G-5) and 10 years (G-10). A laboratory incubation experiment was used to assess the production potentials of carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) in 1g of soil samples by the different sugarcane management systems. The results of this study demonstrate that the sugarcane management systems had an impact on the potential production of CO2 in the soil. In addition, when the results of gases were divided from convex and concave areas, differences in CO2 patterns between areas B and G-10 were observed, with greater emission in the G-10 area, probably due the residue on the soil surface.