Protected Forest Management Research Articles

Spectral Colour Characteristic’s (Red, Green, Blue) of Sick Acacia Mangium Stand

Forest protection management are important activities and integrated from the forest resource management system. One of the activities in forest protection is evaluating stand health in a particular forest region. These activities are important because it helps decision making to perform sustainable forest management. Evaluating stand health on a bigger scale needs more cost, time, and manpower. To overcome this obstacle, there is a need for supporting technology. The technology also needs to suffice within the development of remote sensing. flying drones is a suitable technology that could evaluate stand health. This research has the goal to determine the spectral characteristics of A.mangium leaf in order to identify the area and position of sick trees. This research is executed in A.mangium stand at KPH Bogor. The method that is being used is hyperspectral imaging analysis to determine the characteristic of RGB (Red,Green,Blue). Spectral analysis is sampled from 85 trees on 7 plot at site 23B RPH Maribaya BKPH Parung Panjang KPH Bogor using simple random sampling. The result of this research shows that trees in healthy condition, sick condition, and the dead condition has different spectral RGB value. RGB value for healthy trees is 121-149(B1),167-189(B2), 120-142(B3). For sick trees the RGB value is 151-165(B1), 183-205(B2), 145-165(B3). For dead trees the RGB values are 192-202(B1), 202-212(B2), 167-199(B3). As trees condition worsen, the RGB value increases. The pattern of RGB band composition is similar but has different values. This indicates the changing process of leaf color from healthy to sick. On the other hand the interval of RGB band is small enough to notice there is a difference in the color of the tree’s status. This research shows that spectral analysis from drone image could be used to analyze forest’s stand health

Ina

Community Forest (CF) development is the Ministry of Environment and Forestry’s policy to reduce deforestation, strengthen communities’ management rights, and reduce conflicts. This research aims to identify the determinant of CF success factors, including perceptions, community attitudes, potential benefits from CF, institutions, and ability of the community to overcome the problems in managing CF. This study was conducted in Bakti Makmur and Sumber Rejeki CFs, located in Kota Agung Utara Protection Forest Management Unit, Tanggamus District, Lampung Province. Perception analysis using Likert Scale method is to measure perceptions,attitudes, or opinions of a person or group regarding social phenomena. The community income was analyzed using quantitative methods with simple tabulations. The study shows that the community's perception of the CF development is high, both from their understanding, and readiness in implementing the CF program. The gross income of the CF farmer group is estimated at Rp24,760,000/ha/year. This study indicates that CF land can be used as a source of community income. Continuous guidance from the government to CF farmers is necessary in facing challenges that continue to grow, while maintaining forest sustainability, improving forest cover.

The Community Empowerment Strategy in Protected Forest Management through Community-Based Ecotourism Development in Kalibiru Village, Kulon Progo Regency

The forest management strategies in Indonesia are starting to change from state-based forest management to community-based forest management. The changing of forest management strategies can be seen in the implementation of the Social Forestry Program at Kulon Progo Regency. This study aimed to know the strategies and benefits of community empowerment in managing protected forests by ecotourism. This research conducted on July – October 2019 in the forest farmer group of Mandiri at Kalibiru Village, Kulon Progo Regency. Data collection was done by several methods including (1) In-depth interview to the head of forest farmer group; (2) Focus group discussion with the committee of forest farmer group; (3) Field observation; and (4) Secondary data review. The data analyzed by descriptive method. The results of the study indicated that the forms of community empowerment strategies in protected forest management carried out by KTHKm Mandiri included: (1) Institutional management strategies through strong institutional governance of farmer groups; (2) Forest area management strategies through the application of the concepts of resources-based management, ecosystem-based management, and landscape-based management; (3) Forest business management strategy through the application of the concept of community-based ecotourism. The existence of Kalibiru Ecotourism has been proven to provide economic benefits to members of the group, as well as residents of the Kalibiru and surrounding communities, in the form of (1) profit sharing; (2) employment; (3) new business opportunities; and (4) social funding assistance. The existence of Kalibiru Ecotourism has also led to social changes in the residents of the Kalibiru and surrounding communities. These social changes included two dimensions, namely: (1) changes in orientation at the individual farmer level; (2) orientation changes at the farmer group level.

Rocky pine forests in the High Coast Region in Sweden: structure, dynamics and history

Almost all forests in Sweden are managed and only a small fraction are considered natural. One exception is low productive forests where, due to their limited economical value, natural dynamics still dominate. One example is the Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forests occurring on rocky and nutrient-poor hilltops. Although these forests represent a regionally common forest type with a high degree of naturalness, their dynamics, structure and history are poorly known. We investigated the structure, human impact and fire history in eight rocky pine forests in the High Coast Area in eastern Sweden, initially identified as good representatives of this forest type. This was done by sampling and measuring tree sizes, -ages, fire-scarred trees, as well as dead wood volumes and quality along three transects at each site. The structure was diverse with a sparse layer of trees (basal area 9 m2 and 640 trees larger than 10 cm ha-1) in various sizes and ages; 13 trees ha-1 were more than 300 years old. Dead wood (DW), snags and logs in all stages of decay, was present and although the actual DW (pine) volume (4.4 m3 ha-1) and number of units (53 ha-1) was low, the DW share of total wood volume was 18% on average. Dead wood can be present for several centuries after death; we found examples of both snags and logs that had been dead more than 300 years. Frequent fires have occurred, with an average cycle of 40 years between fires. Most fires occurred between 1500-1900 and many of them (13) during the 1600s. However, fires were probably small since most fire years were only represented at one site and often only in one or a few samples. The rocky pine forests in the High Coast Area are representative of undisturbed forests with low human impact, exhibiting old-growth characteristics and are valuable habitats for organisms connected to sun-exposed DW. Management of protected rocky pine forests may well include small-scale restoration fires and the limited DW volumes should be protected.

The influence of abiotic and biotic disturbances on the protective effect of alpine forests against avalanches and rockfalls

Abiotic and biotic disturbances in alpine forests can reduce forest cover or change the structure of the forest and consequently reduce the protective effect of forest against natural hazards such as avalanches and rockfalls. In this review article, the effect of the main abiotic (forest fire, windthrow, ice break, snow break, avalanche and rockfall) and biotic (insects and pathogens) disturbances in protection forests are presented along with their potential influence on the protective effect of forest against avalanches and rockfalls. In general, natural disturbances negatively affect the protective effect of forest, especially in the case of large-scale and severe events, which in alpine areas are mostly caused by storms, bark beetle outbreaks, avalanches and forest fires. Climate change induced interactions between disturbances are expected to present challenges in the management of protection forests in the future.

The Application of Designated Manager System on Protection Forest Management at Saga Prefecture, Japan — From the Public-Private Partnership and Policy Implementation Approaches

The Application of Designated Manager System on Protection Forest Management at Saga Prefecture, Japan — From the Public-Private Partnership and Policy Implementation Approaches

History of Forest Management in Nepal: An Analysis of Political and Economic Perspective

Forest management, a kind of practical application, is technical, scientific and economic principle of forestry to maintain and management. The history of forest management in Nepal is closely associated with the political and economic history of the country. Any change in economic and political and economic situation also directly or indirectly changes the forest management practices of Nepal. The main objective of the study is to analyze the historical development of forest management of Nepal from political and economic perspective. It is a historical and descriptive nature of the study i.e. fully based on the secondary sources of data and information in order to have better understanding about the political and economic effects on forest management practices. The key political changes in the country have been divided into five different periods and thereby notably changes in forest management practices which is starting from the state control and exploitation of forests to people's participation, protection, and conservation, sustainable, and scientific forest management. People's participation in forest management has been widely accepted in legal as well as policy level.

The Resistance of Farmer Groups in Protected Forest Management

The use and utilization of forests by most people who live on the edge of the forest is something that has been done for generations. One of the forests managed by the community is Gunung Leco Forest in Nagari Desa Baru, Pasaman Regency. However, this utilization cannot be carried out continuously because of the changing status of the forest from community forest to protected forest. This study aims to describe the form of social movements of farmer groups on the determination of forests into protected forests. This study uses qualitative research, data collection is done by in-depth interviews, observation and study of documents. The results showed that the farmer groups are still processing forests into oil palm plantations. They made a defensive effort by uprooting protected forest crossings sign which is installed inthe forest, organizing the gardening period, cutting down the oil palm they had planted. To date no agreement has yet been reached to resolve this conflict.

The Resistance of Farmer Groups in Protected Forest Management

The Resistance of Farmer Groups in Protected Forest Management

Wurzelverstärkung und Hangstabilitätsberechnungen: ein Überblick

Root reinforcement and slope stability modeling: a review Rooted soils are comparable to composite materials that have very heterogeneous mechanical properties. The analysis and quantification of these properties and their change over time is very time-consuming and complex, but central to many practice-relevant aspects of soil bioengineering and protection forest management. The article summarizes recent knowledge and approaches for the quantification of so-called root reinforcement – the reinforcement of soil by roots – and its implementation in slope stability models. Root reinforcement involves four mechanisms: basal root reinforcement, lateral root reinforcement under tension, lateral root reinforcement under pressure, and stiffening of the landslide body. Recently, the SlideforNET/SlideforMAP and SOSlope models have been developed for practical use. SlideforNET is an online tool that allows to assess the likelihood of shallow landslides and the protective effect of forest cover within a few minutes. SlideforMAP is based on the same approach as SlideforNET, but is spatially distributed and takes into account the forest structure in a catchment area or a region in detail. In particular, SOSlope supports the quantification of the protective effectiveness of forest stands as well as the planning of protection forest management and of soil bioengineering measures. Initial pilot projects show that the models enable the transition from a “qualitative” to a “quantitative” soil bioengineering.

Community Dependence on Forest Area of Rinjani Barat Protected FMU, NTB

Communities around the Rinjani Barat Protected Forest Management Unit (PFMU) have used the forest to fulfil economic needs before the area was designated as a n FMU in 2009. This study aims to obtain information about community dependence of Rinjani Barat P FMU forest area. The study was conducted from August to November 2015 by interviewing 130 respondents and FGD with 80 persons from villages around the P FMU area, namely Pusuk Lestari , Kekait , and Buwun Sejati in Lombok Barat Regency and Tegal Maja Village i n Lombok Utara Regency, Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB) Province. Community dependence on forests is measured by the parameters of land-based work, the frequency of community activities in the forest, the arable land area in the forest, the distance of residence to the forest, and the utilization of forest products. The data collected on each parameter were given 1-4 score and added up. The results showed that Kekait Village community has moderate dependence (score 8), Pusuk Lestari, Tegal Maja and Buwun Sejati Villages community have high dependence on Rinjani Barat PFMU forest area with scores of 11, 11, and 15, respectively. Some of majority people work land-based as farmers, do activities in the forest, have arable land in the forest of 0.4-0.9 ha, live around the forest area with a distance of 2-7 km, and use forest products to fulfil the needs of firewood, food, medicine, and animal feed. Community dependence on forests needs to be directed at protective measures so that forest resources remain sustainable and beneficial for many parties.

Analysis of Actor Networks in Forest Management as a Buffer for Water Resources in Archipelago Areas (Study on Sei Pulai Protected Forest Area, Riau Islands)

This study aims to analyze actor networks in the management of Protection Forest as the Pulai River. Pulai River Protected Forest is one of the protected forests on the bintan island of Riau Islands Province in addition to the protected forest of the cat hill, the mountain of galangal and the mountain of the deer. The protected forest of Pulai River is a buffer or provider of water reserves and also as a water catchment area for the Pulai River reservoir. The current level of damage to the protected forest of the river Pulai is very worrying. The damage is caused by illegal logging, conversion of forest areas to residential and community plantations and also the existence of oil palm plantations that enter protected forest areas. In this study qualitative descriptive approach with explanatory level will be used, to see patterns, meaning of actor objects, function, structure, institutionalization, rules of conduct, power relations and actor strategies, placing in-depth interviews as data collection cores. The author concludes that the network of actors in management in Forest Management as a Buffer for Water Resources in the Islands Region has not been formed. This is due to the lack of understanding and agreement that the forest issue is not only a matter of forest rehabilitation. Another thing is about the certainty of ownership rights over land which then has an impact on the fulfillment of the rights regarding the basic needs of the citizens who have been fulfilled. With the issuance of regulations relating to the settlement of land in forest areas, it is at least a new hope to address the core of the problem.

The performance of forest partnership scheme management in the Walanae protection forest management unit

Walanae Protection Forest Management Unit (KPHL) is one of the early Forest Management Unit (KPH) that implementing a forest partnership scheme. There is a community empowerment program through the agroforestry partnership group in the Minangatellue village, Maniangpajo district, Wajo regency with an area of 25 ha. KPH has not often experienced problems in the development of institutional partnership of farmer groups. Many things cover the birth of these obstacles. One of them is how to focus on the agreed principles in the management of the forest partnership scheme. The objective of this study is to analyze the performance of the forest partnership scheme management in the KPHL area. The data obtained were identified and reviewed through a table of criteria and indicators developed by researchers based on four partnership criteria formulated by Piltan and Sowlati and reviewing the text of the cooperation agreement between partners. The results of the performance evaluation show that the value of the average index of the process, the product and the result is 1.9. The value of the index is in the middle category, which means that the implementation of the agroforestry forest partnership scheme management is not good enough. We identified some root problems such as the absence of direct communication with the district government, the absence of decision-making related to the operational activities of the partnership, the absence of an agreement to share unexpected risks and lack of improvement in human resources capacity.

Model of multi-stakeholder forest management: a system study of Protected Forest Management Unit in Solok, Indonesia

Multi-stakeholders forest management can be influenced by many factors and will be difficult because of different process expectations. This paper discusses the integration of soft systems methodology (SSM) within a multi-stakeholder approach in research to support sustainable and equitable forest management of the Protected Forest Management Unit (PFMU) in Solok, Indonesia. The management of PFMU in Solok is complicated by the legitimacy of forest right, institutional culture, political interest, uncertainty the nature of relationships among stakeholders, illegal logging, and the topography is varied, existing watersheds and limitations of forest inventory data. The situation is not only characterized by its complex ecosystem but, more importantly, by the complexity of the social and political system around it. In this work, SSM contributed to expressing the problem situations of PFMU. A model was developed by formulating the root definitions and building the conceptual model of the relevant component of forest management. The model was used to stimulate debate about desirable and feasible change, as well as to explore the future scenarios. Finally, multi-stakeholders approach by implementing the SSM principle helps to harmonize the stakeholder interest and to formulate the scenario of forest management. This approach was also found to be a positive way to explore a collaborative action plans for sustainable and equitable forest management.

Woody diversity plant and non-timber forest products potential in protected forest area of protected forest management unit model in Sorong City, West Papua

Abstract. Lekitoo K, Khayati L. 2019. Woody diversity plant and non-timber forest products potential in protected forest area of protected forest management unit model in Sorong City, West Papua. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 5: 294-298. Protected forest management unit (PFMU) model of Sorong Selatan is one of the models from three types of forest management units existed in Papua Barat Province. Floral biodiversity study in the PFMU model was an inherent aspect towards underpinning a primary responsibility and function of forest management unit in managing the whole forest activities. The output of this study will subsequently be a fundamental part in determining policy and effectuating perpetual forest management. Descriptive method through survey and design continuous strip sampling technique for data collection were applied during this study The result revealed that protected forest area of PFMU consisted of 392 vegetation species from 76 families with the detail of 275 species (68 families) in seedlings phase, 274 species (63 families) in saplings phase, 247 species (61 families) in poles phase (10-19 in diameter), and 225 species (52 families) in trees phase (? 20 cm in diameter). Dominant family in all growth phases is Moraceae with 32 species. Species diversity index based on growth rate was 4.844 in seedlings, 4.842 in saplings, 4.760 in poles and 4.518 in trees. Non timber forest product (NTFP) found can be grouped into resin-based product (7 species), essential oil (6 species), fat oil (4 species), food material (60 species), tannin-based product (5 species), colored-based product (12 species), medicinal plants (76 species), decorative plants (50 species), rattan-based product (5 species), bamboo (5 species), edible shots (15 species), bioethanol-based product (4 species), and biodiesel-based source (14 species).

Effects of bark beetle attacks on forest snowpack and avalanche formation – Implications for protection forest management

Healthy, dense forests growing in avalanche terrain reduce the likelihood of slab avalanche release by inhibiting the formation of continuous snow layers and weaknesses in the snowpack. Driven by climate change, trends towards more frequent and severe bark beetle disturbances have already resulted in the death of millions of hectares of forest in North America and central Europe, affecting snowpack in mountain forests and potentially reducing their protective capacity against avalanches. We examined the spatial variability in snow stratigraphy, i.e., the characteristic layering of the snowpack, by repeatedly measuring vertical profiles of snow penetration resistance with a digital snow micro penetrometer (SMP) along 10- and 20-m transects in a spruce beetle-infested Engelmann spruce forest in Utah, USA. Three study plots were selected characterizing different stages within a spruce beetle outbreak cycle: non-infested/green, infested > 3 years ago/gray stage, and salvage-logged. A fourth plot was installed in a non-forested meadow as the control. Based on our SMP measurements and a layer matching algorithm, we quantified the spatial variability in snow stratigraphy, and tested which forest, snow and/or meteorological conditions influenced differences between our plots using linear mixed effects models. Our results showed that spatial variability in snow stratigraphy was best explained by the percentage of canopy covering a transect (R2 = 0.71, p < 0.001), and that only 14% of the variance was explained by the stage within the outbreak cycle. That is, differences between green and gray stage stands did not depend much on the reduction in needle mass, but spatial variability in snow stratigraphy increased significantly with increasing forest canopy cover. At both study plots, a more heterogeneous snow stratigraphy developed, which translates to disrupted and discontinuous snow layers and, therefore, reduced avalanche formation. We attribute this to the effect that small fine branches and twigs still present in the canopy of gray stage trees have on snow interception and unloading, and especially on canopy drip. In contrast, salvage logging that reduced the canopy cover to ∼25%, led to a spatially less variable and similar snow stratigraphy as observed in the meadow. At these two study plots, a homogeneous snow stratigraphy consisting of distinct vertical and continuous slope-parallel soft and hard snow layers including weak layers had formed, a condition which is generally more prone to avalanche release. Our findings therefore emphasize advantages of leaving dead trees in place, especially in protection forests where bark beetle populations have reached epidemic levels.

A Framework for the Integration of Nature-Based Solutions into Environmental Risk Management Strategies

Mountainous areas are expected to face increasing societal pressure due to mass tourism and the rising intensity and frequency of natural hazards triggered by climate change. Therefore, the development of proper strategies for the management of environmental risks will be crucial to ensure their liveability. Against this backdrop, concepts such as territorial resilience and Social–Ecological Systems (SES) can support the prioritisation of protective efforts. This paper presents a conceptual framework to be applied to areas subject to natural hazards. Its aim is to support the integration of different measures, with a special focus on protection forests and other Nature-based Solutions, into current risk management strategies. The framework considers (i) the definition of SES boundaries; (ii) the identification of the main goals to be achieved; (iii) the quantification of the supply and demand of the ecosystem protection service; and (iv) the development of risk management strategies able to include the management of protection forests among the adopted solutions. This framework is intended as a tool to be adopted by local and regional decision-makers as a tool to identify the areas at risk, to recognise the potential role of protection forests, and to operationalise the concept of resilience through the deployment of “grey-green” strategies.

Inventory and characteristics habitats of wild orchids in West Bali forest

Abstract. Dodo, Hartini S. 2019. Inventory and characteristics habitats of wild orchids in West Bali forest. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 5: 1-6. Wild orchids or species orchids become endangered along with the deforestation of the current forest ecosystem. Dewasana Forest is one of the secondary forests in Jembrana which is under the management of the Tegal Cangkring Forest Management Resort, West Bali Protection Forest Management Unit. Inventory of species and their habitats of orchids is conducted to determine the diversity of species orchids and their habitats as a basis for ex-situ conservation in botanic gardens. The exploration method was used to find orchids and samples were selected by purposive sampling at seven locations in the Dewasana forest area. The results of the study recorded approximately 19 species of orchids, consisting of eight species of epiphyte orchids and eleven species of terrestrial orchids. Epiphyte orchids consist of seven genera, i.e., Acriopsis, Bulbophyllum, Cymbidium, Dendrobium, Flickingeria, Liparis, and Taeniophyllum. Terrestrial orchids consist of eight genera, i.e., Calanthe, Corymborkis, Eulophia, Nervilia, Phaius, Spathoglottis, Tropidia, and Vanilla. Most of the orchids were found on slopes 24.29+12.72° (rather steep to very steep), direction of slopes 173+91.36° (facing East, South, West), altitude of 352+107.33 m asl, with temperature air 29.29+0.76°C, air humidity 76.71+3.09%, pH 6.39+0.15, soil moisture 85.71+6.07%, and canopy cover 50.48+14.83% (medium-tightly). The level of diversity of orchids in Dewasana forest is relatively low because the number of species and individuals per species is relatively small. The correlation between the presence of orchids with environmental variables is generally positive except for moisture and pH which shows a negative correlation.

Invasive alien plants of Sorong City Protected Forest Management Unit (PFMU), West Papua

Abstrak. Yuliana S, Lekitoo K. 2018. Invasive alien plants of Sorong City Protected Forest Management Unit (PFMU), West Papua. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 4: 92-96. The spread of invasive alien species become serious threat to forest area, due to its effects on degradation to biodiversity, natural processes and forest function. Forest management in the form of Forest Management Unit (FMU), specifically in Protected FMU (PFMU) should also consider the invasion of alien species. This research aim was to identify invasive alien plants encountered on the area of Sorong City PFMU, West Papua. Field surveys with exploration method were taken, followed by observation and identification in order to list and identify invasive alien plants in this research. The results showed 23 species of invasive alien plants from 12 families which already spread in the boundaries and roads within the area of Sorong City PFMU. Invasive alien plant species encountered from various form of habitus, which were shrubs, grasses, sedges, bushes, lianas, and trees. Among these species, there were 5 species need more attention, which were Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv, Merremia peltata (L.) Merrill, Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob., Lantana cammara L., and Mikania micrantha H.B.K. These species have been listed nationally and globally as Invasive Alien Species (IAS) which potentially bring detrimental impacts on natural species and biodiversity, ecosystem degradation and habitat loss in many places.

Institutional Analysis of “Gapoktan” In the Protected Forest Management Unit Area of North Kota Agung in Tanggamus Regency of Lampung Province

The Forest Management Unit (FMU) is the area unit of forest management which its area has been set up with clear boundaries, it has been the predominant covered by forests, it has been managed for long term including their was an explicit objective which declared in the forest management plan. FMU IX is a part of FMU area which is located in North Kota Agung. It has obtained processing area permit through CF program (CFM). CFM managed by Gapoktan (Association of Farmers Groups) who has obtained management area license. Good or bad of the CFM depends on the farmers who are incorporated in “Gapoktan” therefore research on the role of this institution is needed. This study aimed: 1) to analyze the institutional system in two Gapoktan, namely Beringin Jaya and Sinar Mulya in the boundary of CFM land in FMU IX areas of North Kota Agung, and 2) to evaluate the level of effectiveness of “Gapoktan” organization. Appeal data have been developed by the method of SSBP (situation-structure-behavior-performance). The results showed the different performance of both Gapoktan . Beringin Jaya has had good institutional situation, its organizational structure was running well, its member behavior was active in every activities, and performance was very good. Meanwhile in Sinar Mulya, its organizational structure was not going well, the activities were lack hence its performance was not satisfied. The result of the effectiveness level at Beringin Jaya was effective, on the other hand the effectiveness level at Sinar Mulya was quite effective.