International Migration Management Research Articles

International Migration Management and Sustainable Development: Challenges Against the Background of Increasing Globalization, Changes in Commerce, COVID-19, and War

International Migration Management and Sustainable Development: Challenges Against the Background of Increasing Globalization, Changes in Commerce, COVID-19, and War

REGULATION OF LABOR MIGRATION IN ENSURING THE WELFARE OF SOCIETY

In research on migration processes in the world, including migration humanization and regulation of processes, migration three-way approach to organization of management and development of migration policy cooperation in exit, development of multilateral bases of labor migration exit, improving human rights-based management of international migration, various negative effects of social factors on labor migration prevention of consequences and their elimination, migrants by the state promotes the need to improve the protection system.

POSSIBILITIES OF USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE PROCESS OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION MANAGEMENT

Giuli Giguashvili 
 E-mail: giuligiguashvili@gu.edu.ge 
 Doctor of Economics, Professor Gori State University 
 Gori, Georgia
 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5657-7544
 
 Abstract: Artificial intelligence can be considered the main achievement of the modern world and the driving factor for developing new opportunities. It can be used in almost all sectors of the economy. Despite the mistrust of a certain part of society towards artificial intelligence and the caution shown during its use, due to the limitless possibilities of artificial intelligence, it is inevitable that its role will increase in the economic development of countries and progress in general.
 The article explores and evaluates the possibilities of using artificial intelligence in the process of managing international migration and ensuring border security. Currently, there is no unified model of international migration management. However, the sharing of migration management's best practices by developing countries, the use of innovative technologies and artificial intelligence significantly improve the legal framework of migration processes and the safe movement of migrants.

Migration Atlas of the Russian Federation: A View from Argentina

The review of the Migration Atlas of the Russian Federation, prepared by a group of authors of the Institute for Demographic Research and the North Caucasus Federal University, analyzes the joint work of demographers, sociologists, geographers and cartographers of two scientific organizations. The authors analyze the historical and modern statistics of migration processes in the Russian Federation, its main directions, countries connected with the Russian Federation in migration channels, communities of Russian-speaking migrants formed abroad and their economic interaction. The authors pay considerable attention to several aspects that often dropped out of sight of researchers. Among them are the ethnic composition of migration processes, features of spatial settlement, processes of pendulum migration, the impact of migration infrastructure on the processes under study, features of international migration management.

How migration information campaigns shape local perceptions and discourses of migration in Harar city, Ethiopia

AbstractMigration‐information campaigns informing potential migrants about the risks of the journey and the harsh life conditions in the destination countries have emerged as prominent tools of migration management in the last decades. Despite their growing importance, little is known about their local implementation in countries of transit and origin as well as their influence on potential migrants' perceptions and experiences. The central objective of this paper is to understand how migration‐information campaigns are implemented on a local scale and how they shape the perception and discourses of migration in the region. We pursue a multi‐scalar analysis of international migration management policies and their outcomes in a specific place and link them with local migration aspirations. The paper is based on qualitative empirical research carried out in Harar, a medium‐sized city in the Harari regional state of Ethiopia. Drawing on interviews with government officials, NGOs, city dwellers, and return migrants, as well as the analysis of policy documents and scientific literature, we show how the local implementation of migration‐information campaigns shapes the local perceptions and discourses on migration within which migration aspirations are embedded. We found that information campaigns did not take into account the complexity and multifaceted nature of local socioeconomic and political conditions which reflects the discrepancy between policy discourses at large and people's perceptions.

Fifty Years of Technocracy. International Migration Management as an Evolving Discourse Coalition

Fifty Years of Technocracy. International Migration Management as an Evolving Discourse Coalition

Colonial continuities and colonial unknowing in international migration management: the International Organization for Migration reconsidered

ABSTRACT The International Organization for Migration (IOM) exerts increasing power in global migration governance, yet research on IOM’s early history is scarce. Explanations of IOM’s founding and early migration management efforts are often reduced to bipolar, Cold War politics, with the US creating the organisation outside the UN to sidestep Soviet interference. Such simplistic accounts fail to grapple with the ways in which its creation and early activities also reflected and entrenched legacies of colonialism and related racialized inequalities. Drawing on extensive archival research, this article analyses how colonial interests and biases also shaped IOM’s establishment, founding documents, and vacillating positions in decolonisation movements. It examines the organisation’s role in moving colonists out of newly independent states; facilitating settler colonial states’ preference for white migrants; and advancing western interests in having an international migration forum in which opposition to exclusionary policies was virtually non-existent. In particular, it questions the agency’s involvement in supporting white migration to Southern Africa in the apartheid era, and the sanitisation of such work from IOM’s institutional history. Theoretically, the article analyses these dynamics through the lens of ‘colonial unknowing’, thereby laying the foundation for deeper, historicised understandings of IOM’s continued, contested roles in migration management.

INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION LAW AND TURKIYE’S MIGRATION MANAGEMENT

The two world wars in the 20th century and the events that followed those wars, caused the phenomenon of international migration to become one of the most important issues of the international relations system. In this direction, immediately after the Second World War, steps that would be effective at the global level began to be taken by international community. The Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (1951) and the Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees (1967) are among the most fundamental documents of international migration law and despite the long period of time that has passed their importance maintain even today. UNHCR and UN-IOM, as the two main organizations of international migration management, continue their work on the implementation of international migration law. Collaboration of the legal and institutional dimensions of international migration with states is essential for successful migration management. Turkiye has a national immigration law in line with the basic documents of international immigration law. The Law on Foreigners and International Protection, which came into force in 2013, is Turkiye’s main national immigration law. In addition, cooperation processes with international migration institutions are also increasing. Established in 2013, the Ministry of Interior Presidency of Migration Management has become the most fundamental institution in Turkiye’s migration management processes. In this study, Turkiye’s relationship with international migration law and international migration organizations has been examined.

Mobilné modulárne centrum pre riadenie hraníc v krízových situáciách

The presented research aims to solve the problematics of the international migration management in the way of a Mobile modular center research and development. The general aim of the proposed Mobile modular center for the crisis management of the international migration is to design an optimal set-up and system arrangement containing a precisely specified series of ecessary workplaces providing a high degree of variability and configurability into the required functional cluster. Concept of the mobile, modular system is based on the sophistically modified standardized units (shipping container type of unit). Depending on the nature of the crise situation (a natural disaster, a major industrial accident, a pandemic, a migration wave, a state of threat, a state of war, etc.), it is possible to build an ideal complex of the workplace modules for management, control and diagnostics of people in the most optimal geographical location in relation to the currently solved crisis.

Origin and transit migration of Afghans and Syrians to Germany: The influential actors and factors behind the destination choice

AbstractWe use Process Net‐Maps to visualize the irregular migration patterns of refugees and identify influential actors/factors shaping their decisions. A qualitative case study was used that included 87 Afghan and Syrian refugees (52 individual in‐depth interviews and 35 participants in five focus group discussions) residing in Stuttgart, Germany. Results show a typical pattern for respondents to first migrate to a neighboring country, and then a mixture of decisive factors induce them to migrate onward. The perspective of refugees in the destination country covers the migration processes between transit and destination countries which is vital information for the stakeholders in international migration management, and policy developments on asylum migration, integration and repatriation.

Political management of emigration from Bangladesh in the framework of a social network theory

The subject of the study is the social network theory for the management of international migration. The theory suggests that migration from the society of origin to the hosting society can occur if links exist between these two societies, and that the flow of migrants follows the established links. The theoretical prediction which one can make is that, if the political administration wishes to establish a flow of migrants between any two societies, a link between these two societies must be established first. The author tested the theory on the case of managing the emigration of workers by the government of Bangladesh. The paper found that, firstly, the links between the origin society and the host society were created artificially, however, in contrast to the theoretical forecast, the author observed that such links usually do not correspond to the geographical distribution of maximum proximity to origin or destination society. Instead, the study revealed, that the closeness of communication between two societies is generated by the proximity between political administrations of the same societies, which contradicts the theoretical expectations. In this regard, the author proposed to expand the theory of international migration in the social network, suggesting that the proximity between two political administrations, and not between two societies as a whole, is a condition necessary for international migration. This, in turn, allows us to fill a theoretical gap that is associated with the relationship between social network theory and the management of international migration. The paper concludes that it is possible to generate arbitrary migration flows, creating appropriate links between any two societies.

Public administration risks in the migration sphere in the context of digital transformation

The article considers the processes of digitalization of migration as a state policy aimed at improving the regulation of migration flows. The purpose of the study is to show the possibilities of digitalization of migration in Russia and at the international level, the positive aspects of this process and the main risks and threats arising during the implementation of digital technologies for making managerial decisions. The relevance of the study is associated with the necessity of introduction of digital technologies in the state management of migration processes. The paper reveals the concepts of digital transformation and the digital state. The authors note the difficulties that arise when trying to define digital technologies due to the unique and changeable social environment in which they are created. The study used systematic and comparative methods, content analysis of print and electronic media, analysis of scientific sources, which made it possible to study digital technologies as an object of state management of migration processes. According to the results of the analysis the paper concludes that digital transformation technology can influence the management of international migration in three different dimensions: 1) increase the gap between developed and developing countries; 2) contribute to the modernization of traditional methods used in the practices of international organizations; 3) influence the adoption of new, more informed management decisions in the field of migration to ensure border security. The authors reveal the main problems that developers of digital technologies and representatives of government bodies may face when mass implementing these technologies in migration practice. The conclusions of the article can be useful for interested government authorities involved in the regulation of migration processes.

International migration management in the age of artificial intelligence

Abstract Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to revolutionise the way states and international organisations seek to manage international migration. AI is gradually going to be used to perform tasks, including identity checks, border security and control, and analysis of data about visa and asylum applicants. To an extent, this is already a reality in some countries such as Canada, which uses algorithmic decision-making in immigration and asylum determination, and Germany, which has piloted projects using technologies such as face and dialect recognition for decision-making in asylum determination processes. The article’s central hypothesis is that AI technology can affect international migration management in three different dimensions: (1) by deepening the existing asymmetries between states on the international plane; (2) by modernising states’ and international organisations’ traditional practices; and (3) by reinforcing the contemporary calls for more evidence-based migration management and border security. The article examines each of these three hypotheses and reflects on the main challenges of using AI solutions for international migration management. It draws on legal, political and technology-facing academic literature, examining the current trends in technological developments and investigating the consequences that these can have for international migration. Most particularly, the article contributes to the current debate about the future of international migration management, informing policymakers in this area of growing importance and fast development.

The Role of the Labour Department in International Labour Migrant Management in Ghana

International migration is the major integral part of international economic relations and significant component of the globalized world. Its issues cannot be comprehended without considering levels of policy at national, regional and global forums have attracted high levels of policy consideration at national, regional and global forums. It linkages the development in countries and migrant workers in terms of an emerging international consensus on the positive aspects of labour migration cannot be overemphasized. Therefore, the study sought to examines how the labour department manages international labour migration in Ghana. The snowball, stratified sampling techniques and in-depth interviews were used for data collection. The study showed that in spite of the absence of national migration policy, the labour department has been mandated with registration, licensing and monitoring of private employment agencies in the country. The study showed major challenge of labour department raising security deposits of GH₵ 25,000 as the registration requirement. The study also discusses the institutional collaboration that exists between the labour department and other state and international organizations as well as private entities in respect of labour migration in the country. The study concluded that the level of collaboration between the labour department and other institutions including state and international organization in respect of international labour migration management can be explained within the context of the migration systems theory.

Externalizing Migration Management through Soft Law: The Case of the Memorandum of Understanding between Libya and Italy

Abstract The externalization of migration management to third countries is becoming a recurrent phenomenon in international migration management. Soft law instruments emerged as an important strategy to externalize migration management to third countries through international migration agreements. In particular, in the last years the European Union and some member states have adopted bilateral and multilateral migration agreements in order to diminish the arrival of migrants in Europe. These agreements in the form of soft law instruments are problematic because do not follow the ordinary process of law making and thus it is difficult to assess their legal effectivity. The memorandum of understanding signed in February 2017 between Libya and Italy represents an illustrative case of the process of externalizing migration management through soft law. From a critical discussion of the memorandum, many problems in relation to its legal and material validity follow. In particular, the protection of migrants’ human rights in Libya is not guaranteed as the many international organization and NGOs reports indicate.

Россия в системе глобального регулирования миграционных потоков: возможности развития международного сотрудничества (Russia in the System of Global Regulation of Migration Flows: Opportunities for the Development of International Cooperation)

Russian Abstract: В настоящее время Россия уже вовлечена в режим международного правового регулирования трудовой мобильности, реализуя проект строительства Евразийского экономического союза. Однако в среднесрочной перспективе все большую актуальность приобретает вопрос об участии нашей страны в выработке надгосударственной, глобальной стратегии миграционного управления. В работе анализируются а) основные международные и региональные режимы регулирования миграции (как трудовой, так и вынужденной) и роль ключевых для каждого из этих режимов институтов; б) характер и динамика основных мировых миграционных потоков, и место России как страны иммиграции, эмиграции и транзита; в) предпринимаемые Россией управленческие усилия в контексте национального, регионального и международного регулирования миграционных потоков и средства управления, находящихся в распоряжении российского государства; д) административные формы регуляции трудовой мобильности в России в связи с процессами экономической интеграции в рамках ЕАЭС. English Abstract: At present, Russia is already involved in the regime of international legal regulation of labor mobility, implementing the construction project of the Eurasian Economic Union. However, in the medium term, the issue of our country's participation in the development of a supranational, global migration management strategy is becoming increasingly topical. The paper analyzes a) the main international and regional migration management regimes (both labor and forced) and the role of key institutions for each of these regimes; b) the nature and dynamics of the main world migration flows, and the place of Russia as a country of immigration, emigration and transit; c) management efforts undertaken by Russia in the context of national, regional and international regulation of migration flows and management tools at the disposal of the Russian state; d) administrative forms of regulation of labor mobility in Russia in connection with the processes of economic integration within the EAEU.

Migration and theories of justice : a critical reappraisal.

For decades, the theoretical discussion on justice has been unsuccessfully looking for convincing solutions to the moral problems connected to the persistence of (porous) borders in international politics. These problems are especially striking when one looks at the mismatch between the claims of international migrants and the arguments deployed by several contemporary liberal states in order to justify the rejection of those claims. Critically analysing how the most influential accounts of domestic and global justice deal with the issue of migration, the essay reveals the main weaknesses of the two approaches. It is argued that while theories of justice focusing on domestic justice seem unable to transcend the dichotomous logic of inclusion and exclusion because of their partial and biased interpretation of the phenomenon of migration, theories of global justice offer a multidimensional and well-balanced reading of international migration, but the solutions they propose do not rely on an accurate reading of the impact of global political dynamics on the management of international migration. In order to overcome the weaknesses of both approaches, a new research agenda is needed.

ГЛОБАЛЬНОЕ УПРАВЛЕНИЕ В СФЕРЕ МИГРАЦИИ: ТЕОРИЯ, ИНСТИТУТЫ, ПОЛИТИКА

The paper examines the phenomenon of global migration governance in its theoretical, institutional and political aspects. The author claims that the formula ‘global governance’ with regard to migration has sense only if it is applied to a set of administrative practices in various regimes of international mobility. This is the so-called “multi-level governance”, in which the managerial institutions of the subnational, national, macroregional and supranational levels coexist. As for the global migration governance in terms of the institutionalized process of supranational management of international migration, it is rather wishful thinking, represented by international bureaucracy, on the one hand, and civil society activists, on the other. As long as nation states remain the main actors in world politics, the appeal to supranational migration management will remain in the sphere of rhetoric. The contradictions between the interests of the states are too serious for them to pass on the transfer of competences in managing the sphere of migration to a supranational level.

Is Makassar a 'sanctuary city'?: migration governance in Indonesia after the 'local turn'

Taking into consideration three levels of government (regional, national, and sub-national) that potentially offer protection to refugees, this paper is concerned with changes initiated by the 2016 Presidential Regulation on Handling Foreign Refugees. This regulation has delegated more responsibility for managing refugees to the sub-national levels of administration in Indonesia, which, like other nations in the Southeast Asia, has been reluctant to provide protection for refugees or any options for their integration into society. The reason for this is that, despite many vociferous demands in favor of a ‘regional solution’ in the aftermath of the 2015 Andaman Sea Crisis, most attempts ended up in abeyance. Following suit with the so-called ‘local turn’ in migration studies, which increased attention to the local dimensions of refugee protection due to the receding capacities in the major actors involved both in global refugee protection and international migration management, we direct attention to the sub-national level of refugee management in Indonesia using as a case study the city of Makassar, which has hitherto enjoyed a fairly positive reputation for welcoming refugees. By examining the current living conditions of asylum seekers and refugees in Makassar and comparing them to other places in Indonesia, we ask whether the concept of ‘sanctuary city’ is applicable to a non-Western context and, in doing so, hope to enhance current discussions of creating alternative models for refugee protection beyond the national and regional level.

Критерии эффективности миграционной политики Республики Бурятия

Summary: The paper analyzes the legislative instruments in the field of migration in the Republic of Buryatia, provides the evaluation techniques for the effective international labor migration management in the region. The State Migration Policy Concept until 2025 is the main source for the migration policy promotion in the Russian Federation, including the Republic of Buryatia. The key point of the study is to develop the efficiency criteria for the current migration policy. Based on the highlighted criteria, the research identifies the barriers that impede the development of social and legal adaptation of migrants (subjective, bureaucratic and psychological factors). The author provides recommendations for improving the migration policy in the Republic of Buryatia. For example, it is necessary to develop bilateral agreements on arranged attraction of migrants between the Russian regions and the CIS countries having surplus labor resources. One should create a unified Russian Language Testing Center in remote locations. Moreover, stronger laws on illegal seizure of migratory documents by law enforcement officials are needed. The author believes that the above-mentioned recommendations will increase tolerance in society, enhance social adaptation of migrants, and stabilize the relationship between migrants and representatives of the host country.