Expenditure Management Research Articles

Analysis on the three methods of economic analysis with specific examples

Cost-benefit, cost-effectiveness, and cost-utility analyses are part of a group of methods that measure the efficiency of interventions and achieving desired outcomes. These types analyses can help organizations analyze the value of an intervention or program relative to its cost. Cost-effectiveness analysis can also be used to evaluate the expenditure of management. Developing countries often worry, with good reason, that regulation of the environment and public health could drag down economic development or exacerbate poverty. Cost-benefit analysis can show that well-designed regulations produce net economic benefits, allinging concerns that environmental and health protections are a drag on economic development. The effective consumption of a given product. Under certain production conditions is certain, is relatively fixed; For the acquisition of a certain product of ineffective consumption, is relative change, is universal. The latter is the object of control, to control this consumption through a series of measures to reduce it to the lowest point.

Komparativna analiza troškova sistema odbrane Republike Srbije i zemalja članica NATO-a

By analysing the current state of the budget funds that are allocated for financing the defence system of the Republic of Serbia, on the one hand, the paper presents theoretical knowledge about budget process, and, on the other hand, the comparative analysis of the costs of the defence system of our country and the defence costs of neighbouring countries and some NATO member states has been conducted. Due to the specificity of the defence financing through budget allocations, and thus strict financial discipline and control, the objective of the paper is to consider the possibility of more efficient use of public expenditure funds, both through the perspective of planning and executing budget in the defence system. Furthermore, the problems in budget execution, the necessity of good planning and adequate distribution of budget funds, as well as the importance of having a favourable structure of the defence expenditure has been emphasized, in order to improve the current situation in the Ministry of Defence and the Serbian Armed Forces. The conclusions of the conducted research indicate that a long-term success in the accomplishment of goals in terms of expenditure management and effective resolution of open items can only be achieved by defining and implementing an appropriate financial strategy

Հանրային գնումների ընթացակարգերը աշխարհում և ՀՀ-ում / Public Procurement Procedures Worldwide and in RA

Emphasizing the existence of an effective public expenditure management system and the need to reduce corruption risks in the budget process, in parallel with certain reforms carried out in the field of public finance, since 2000 the authorities of the Republic of Armenia have initiated the introduction of a unified public sector procurement system that meets international standards. For a more purposeful implementation of the public procurement process in the RA, in accordance with the RA Law “On Procurement”, special procurement procedures have been established for the purchase of various types of goods, works and services.

What Drives the Tax Compliance Levels of Sole Traders in South Africa?

The study examined the drivers of levels of tax compliance of sole traders in South Africa. The study adopted a quantitative research approach where a sample of 500 sole traders was selected from a database of 146 075 active sole traders for the fiscal year 2020/21. A survey questionnaire was used to collect primary data from the participants. Only 194 sole traders responded to the questionnaire, resulting in a response rate of 39 per cent. Descriptive and inferential statistics, as well as multiple linear regression, were used to conduct the analysis. The study revealed that the tax compliance level of sole traders is inf luenced by whether their friends and relatives pay all their taxes and whether they have too much debt, which discourages tax compliance. The study recommended targeted taxpayer education and awareness, tax alleviation measures for sole traders, and government transparency in expenditure management policy, amongst other things. The study makes an important contribution to the body of knowledge in this research area and provides much-needed insights on how to improve the tax compliance levels of sole traders.

A Practical R&D Expenditure Statistic and Management Method Based on Spatial-Temporal Representation of Multi-factors and Data Twin Technology

Nowadays, R&D Expenditure plays an important role in more and more creative activities of enterprises and other entities, especially in research activities and programs of society. However there still have a big problem that is how to collect and classify R&D Expenditure accurately. In this paper, after analyzing the restrictive collection factors on R&D Expenditure statistically, a practical scheme was provided that including R&D Expenditure Feature Vector and “Object Wood” concept were defined firstly, intelligent receipt recognizing model (IRPM), intelligent receipt persona model (IRRM) based on spatial-temporal representation of multi-factors and R&D expenditure data Twin(REDT) based on data multi relationship were developed creatively. Besides, intelligence carrier-class R&D expenditure management system (REMS) was developed based on above novel technologies and deployed on cloud with SaaS mode. For calling advantageously and updating conveniently, API standard interface and Full Stack Security Mechanism were also improved and used in REMS. Meanwhile, it was proved that REMS had better performance on assisting enterprise in collecting and using their R&D Expenditure after REMS employed by 50 industrial enterprises at first batch in practical over a period of time. There also have better economic benefits and social benefits after REMS was used by 211 enterprises in practically. Next, REMS would be utilized and tested in more scope of important entities so that the correlation technologies could be tested, iterated and optimized forward in the future. Actually, REMS is becoming R&D Expenditure industrial promoted by investor and market. Eventually, REMS would become one of the best R&D Expenditure collecting and using tools, it would not only promote R&D Expenditure increase but also become a industrial correlating with R&D Expenditure.

Analysis of the General Administration Management Expenditure of the Bangalore Municipal Corporation

Analysis of the General Administration Management Expenditure of the Bangalore Municipal Corporation

FINANCIAL AND COST MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR HOTEL OPERATIONS WITH PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTING (CASE STUDY OF EHNAII HOTEL BANDUNG)

A hotel is a building or part of a building dedicated to providing accommodation and food for everyone, as well as access to other services and facilities. The system in national financial management is based on the process and model of public sector accounting which as a scientific field that is receiving special attention from the current government, is evidenced by the many changes and improvements to the management system including management accounting. Public sector accounting plays an important role in the smooth functioning of the organization which has been managed by government agencies, especially in terms of the effectiveness of revenue and expenditure management in order to achieve the expected goals. The implementation of public sector accounting is going well, so the management of EnHaii Hotel must have a good plan and strategy in accordance with applicable regulations and established procedures. Operational costs submitted to budget users must be well planned according to established rules and on time. Keywords: Reveneu Management, Management, Public Sector Accounting

Financial Literacy and Adoption of Personal Retirement Plan among Public Employees in Addis Ababa City Administration

Individual financial status is underscored despite the fact that only a few households feel confident about adequate saving for retirement because of a lack of awareness about planning for retirement. Households having the same type of socio-economic background exhibit different saving habits and they may have different wealth. For one to save wisely and properly, acquiring financial knowledge is important. And the critical question must be whether there is a relationship between financial literacy and the adoption of a personal retirement plan. This paper examined the effects of financial literacy on the adoption of personal retirement plans among public employees in the Addis Ababa City Administration, using a descriptive design. Multistage sampling was used to select a representative sample of 386 respondents from three public bureaus named health, education, and revenue bureaus. The data were collected using a questionnaire & key informant interview and the quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive & inferential statistics of mean, standard deviation & regression analysis respectively to examine the relationship between dependent & independent variables. The study revealed that financial literacy is positively related to the adoption of a personal retirement plan. In addition, most of the elements of knowledge of financial instruments and computational capability of retirement benefits are significantly related to the adoption of a personal retirement plan. The study also found that (age, sex, education level & income level) are significantly related to the adoption of a personal retirement plan. Lastly, the financial factors (adequate monthly income & expenditure management) as moderating variables are also positively related to the adoption of a personal retirement plan.

GAME THEORY AND FINANCIAL COMPONENTS FOR DETERMINING THE BUDGET PLACES OPTIMAL DISTRIBUTION IN THE HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM OF UKRAINE

The complexity and interdependence of management and decision-making problems in the system of higher education require new ideas and approaches, which necessitates the search for new management solutions using modern approaches and methods of economic and mathematical modeling. The article is devoted to the problem of optimal allocation of budget places for higher education institutions by specialty. The conducted research shows that the priorities of the state, labor market and consumers do not coincide. In this situation, the university, as a provider of educational services, must balance the demand of the consumer (applicants, students and their parents) with the offers of the customer (the state, entrepreneurs, the labor market), taking into account the forecast of demand in the labor market. The purpose of the study is to determine the optimal allocation of budget places for higher education institutions considering financial constituents, system analysis and the game theory method. A solution to the problem is offered by building an economic-mathematical model using game theory techniques and methods of analyzing hierarchies, which have a powerful apparatus for considering many different models, approaches and concepts for solving the same problem. The presented mathematical model allows to obtain a balanced optimal distribution of budget places by university specialties, which harmonizes the demands of applicants and employers. The budgetary expenditures for higher education are an effective regulator of direct action on the training of specialists with higher education and an instrument of state regulation of the number of state-ordered students. Based on the results of the study, the model of distribution of the institution's budget expenditures for decision-making management is proposed, which allows redistributing funds to expenditure items that are included in the development expenditures of higher education institutions. Further development of the described model in the direction of researching the impact on existing restrictions on the market of educational services will allow offering powerful mechanisms and technologies for managing the process of forming optimal strategies for the development of higher education institutions.

Ahmed Galal and Nadeem Ul Haque (eds). Fiscal Sustainability in Emerging Markets: International Experience and Implications for Egypt. Cairo/ New York: The Egyptian Center for Economic Studies. 2006. ix+289 pages. Paperback. Price not given.

Fiscal sustainability is required to attain and maintain the long-run steady-state growth in emerging markets, to create fiscal space for rural and urban poverty, to safeguard financial stability, and to achieve the overall Millennium Development Goals. This can be done by providing financial support and by encouraging further research in this area. This book analyses the issues in the context of international experience and its implications for Egypt. It touches on issues of fiscal deficit and public debt sustainability, debt management, efficiency and equity of social expenditure, and public investment, the will and power to achieve civil service reform, and transparency and equitability of the budgetary process. It fills a gap in research.

Upaya Pemulihan Pendapatan Nasional Sektor Pariwisata Melalui Kebijakan Fiskal di Indonesia Pasca Pandemi

The tourism sector is a contributor to state revenue in the form of foreign exchange and plays a role in increasing productivity and reducing unemployment. The existence of COVID-19 has greatly affected the balance of national income, which has decreased. The sectors most affected are transportation, travel, warehouses and the accommodation and food provision sector. Then the other sector is the tourism sector in Indonesia, about 11.83% of Indonesian workers are in the tourism industry sector. The purpose of this study is to review the impact of Covid -19 which has resulted in the decline of the tourism industry sector in Indonesia and also to respond to Government policies to handle the impact The existence of health quarantine policies, social distancing and Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB) greatly affects the activities of the tourism and manufacturing sectors which causes economic growth to slow down so that national income declines. Tourism is one of the sectors most affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. The tourism sector is the mainstay sector of the national economy that has the potential to encourage economic growth in Indonesia. This is indicated by the increase in the development of foreign tourist arrivals, foreign exchange receipts from the tourism sector, and the contribution of the tourism sector to national GDP. Reduced labor force, unemployment and poverty will increase will cause state revenues in the form of income tax (PPh) to decrease, therefore there needs to be a strategy for economic recovery in the tourism sector, namely fiscal policy. Fiscal policy is one of the economic policies launched by a country to manage and direct the economy to a more conducive condition. The way that this economic policy is highlighted is by changing or updating the management of state revenues and expenditures. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method and the data for this research is based on library research in the form of books, literature, journals, articles about the tourism industry, and how to recover in the post-pandemic, namely fiscal policy. Data obtained through the Central Statistics Agency regarding the development of tourism before and after the pandemic.

Upaya Pemulihan Pendapatan Nasional Sektor Pariwisata Melalui Kebijakan Fiskal di Indonesia Pasca Pandemi

The tourism sector is a contributor to state revenue in the form of foreign exchange and plays a role in increasing productivity and reducing unemployment. The existence of COVID-19 has greatly affected the balance of national income, which has decreased. The sectors most affected are transportation, travel, warehouses and the accommodation and food provision sector. Then the other sector is the tourism sector in Indonesia, about 11.83% of Indonesian workers are in the tourism industry sector. The purpose of this study is to review the impact of Covid -19 which has resulted in the decline of the tourism industry sector in Indonesia and also to respond to Government policies to handle the impact The existence of health quarantine policies, social distancing and Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB) greatly affects the activities of the tourism and manufacturing sectors which causes economic growth to slow down so that national income declines. Tourism is one of the sectors most affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. The tourism sector is the mainstay sector of the national economy that has the potential to encourage economic growth in Indonesia. This is indicated by the increase in the development of foreign tourist arrivals, foreign exchange receipts from the tourism sector, and the contribution of the tourism sector to national GDP. Reduced labor force, unemployment and poverty will increase will cause state revenues in the form of income tax (PPh) to decrease, therefore there needs to be a strategy for economic recovery in the tourism sector, namely fiscal policy. Fiscal policy is one of the economic policies launched by a country to manage and direct the economy to a more conducive condition. The way that this economic policy is highlighted is by changing or updating the management of state revenues and expenditures. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method and the data for this research is based on library research in the form of books, literature, journals, articles about the tourism industry, and how to recover in the post-pandemic, namely fiscal policy. Data obtained through the Central Statistics Agency regarding the development of tourism before and after the pandemic.

A Self-Supervised Learning-Based Intelligent Greenhouse Orchid Growth Inspection System for Precision Agriculture

Precision agriculture is a high-level agricultural production process that achieves high quality and high efficiency by combining traditional agricultural technology with the Internet of Things (IoT) technology and artificial intelligence (AI) technology. This method achieves high-quality, high-tech, and high-level agricultural production. Value-added agricultural products are the target. Intelligent greenhouse planting technology facilitates the control and management of the greenhouse environment through intelligent analysis and decision-making while preserving the traditional agricultural cultivation experience and management and expanding the operating area, reducing the burden and expenditure of farm management. In this article, an orchid growth inspection system is proposed for detecting the growth status of orchids in greenhouses. This system can be used to manage environmental factors, flower names, and the growth status of orchids in the greenhouse. In addition, an emerging self-supervised learning method is proposed for training and identifying orchid models to recognize the growth status of orchids. Many orchid species have the same appearance, color, and shape. The difficulty of identifying orchids can hinder their proper management. Therefore, if the name and growth status of the orchid can be established, the managers of the orchid greenhouse can more effectively manage orchid growth. The experimental results show that the orchid recognition accuracy reached 98.6%.

The Impact of Automatic Stabilizers on the Economic Growth of Albania During the Period 1999-2021

Fiscal policy remains a crucial and powerful strategy to improve the welfare of citizens. During the last three decades, Albania has faced enormous social-economic challenges, raising the necessity for an adequate fiscal policy under the current economic situation. The correlation between fiscal policy and economic growth is a highly debated topic in literature reviews, as some of the fiscal tools do not influence in the same direction on economic growth. The purpose of the article is to see the influence of Automatic Stabilizers (AS) on the Economic Growth of Albania during the period 1999-2022. Most of the topics have been focused on the influence of active fiscal policy on economic growth despite this an unclear gap exists about the influence of the automatic fiscal policy, especially in Albania reality. The secondary data of the Ministry of Finance and INSTAT institutions about the variables and the factors that influence them like the tax system, tax revenues, and public expenditures are analyzed for this purpose. The conclusions reveal the necessity to improve especially the formula of the tax system according to the challenges of the economy. For almost three decades, the data of Automatic Stabilizers (AS) have been included in the multiple linear regression equation using the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) technique. The empirical result shows a narrow positive impact range of Automatic Stabilizers on Economic Growth. The change in the tax system and events such as the earthquake on November 9th, 2019, and the Covid-19 pandemic seem to have had a huge impact on this relationship. As Automatic Stabilizers have to do with vulnerable groups (social assistance is part of AS), some actions should be undertaken focusing on the improvement of the tax system, according to optimal management of expenditures. Applying the best practices to increase the revenues of vulnerable groups is necessary to cope better with the increasing actual rate of inflation.

Cost-Effectiveness of Tepotinib Versus Capmatinib for the Treatment of Adult Patients With Metastatic Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer Harboring Mesenchymal–Epithelial Transition Exon 14 Skipping

ObjectivesFrom the US Medicare perspective, this study compared the cost-effectiveness of tepotinib and capmatinib for treating metastatic non–small cell lung cancer with tumors harboring mesenchymal–epithelial transition factor gene exon 14 skipping. MethodsA 3-state partitioned survival model assessed outcomes over a lifetime horizon. Parametric survival analysis of the phase 2 VISION trial informed clinical inputs for tepotinib. Capmatinib inputs were captured using hazard ratios derived from an unanchored matching-adjusted indirect comparison study and published literature. National cost databases, trial data, and literature furnished drug, treatment monitoring, and disease/adverse event management expenditures (2021 US dollars) and utility inputs. Outcomes were discounted at 3% annually. ResultsIn the base case, tepotinib dominated capmatinib in frontline settings (incremental discounted quality-adjusted life-years [QALYs] and costs of 0.2127 and −$47 756, respectively) while realizing an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $274 514/QALY in subsequent lines (incremental QALYs and costs of 0.3330 and $91 401, respectively). In a line agnostic context, tepotinib produced an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $105 383/QALY (incremental QALYs and costs of 0.2794 and $29 447, respectively). Sensitivity and scenarios analyses for individual lines typically supported the base case, whereas those for the line agnostic setting suggested sensitivity to drug acquisition costs and efficacy inputs. ConclusionsTepotinib could be cost-effective versus capmatinib in frontline and line agnostic contexts, considering the range of willingness-to-pay thresholds recommended by the Institute for Clinical and Economic Review ($100 000-$150 000/QALY). Tepotinib could be cost-effective in subsequent lines at higher willingness-to-pay levels. These results are to be interpreted cautiously, considering uncertainty in key model inputs.

IMPLEMENTASI PENGELOLAAN KEUANGAN PUSKESMAS SETELAH BERSTATUS MENJADI BLUD (STUDI KASUS DI PUSKESMAS MAGELANG SELATAN)

Puskesmas as a Regional Public Service Agency, has the opportunity to improve services to the community by implementing the flexibility of BLUD financial management. The South Magelang Health Center is one of the main health centers in Magelang City, which has changed to become a BLUD since 2013. The purpose of this study was to assess and identify the obstacles faced in the implementation of the financial management of the South Magelang Health Center based on the flexibility of the BLUD. The method used is a qualitative descriptive approach that emphasizes case studies. Collecting data through in-depth interviews, documentation and observation. The results showed that the Puskemas had implemented 5 out of 10 BLUD flexibility, namely income flexibility, expenditure management, procurement of goods and services, cooperation, and SiLPA/deficit management. The Puskesmas also already has a financial management SOP to make financial management more organized. The obstacle that is still faced by the Puskemas is that there is no Magelang Mayor's Regulation that regulates some BLUD flexibility, so that the Puskemas are not been able to apply the flexibility optimally.

UK public sector fiscal reporting: clear and contradictory

ABSTRACT This paper explores the United Kingdom’s (UK) attempt to reconcile fiscal reporting logics through its Clear Line of Sight Alignment Project (CLOS). Drawing on archival data, together with semi-structured interviews with representatives involved in the implementation of CLOS, the findings indicate that what started as a means of resolving the tensions between logics, CLOS has exacerbated some existing ones and exposed others. This is largely due to the influence of the professional logic, primarily the UK’s adherence to International Financial Reporting Standards which prevents fiscal reporting being fully aligned. Furthermore, our research illustrates how the UK government has resisted elements of both the professional and national logics to create a system designed to rationalise the fiscal reporting maze. The findings also show that operationally CLOS has (to an extent) aligned the timing, coverage and classification of the fiscal reporting process to present the flow of expenditure from budgeted to approved, to outturn, thereby contributing to the wider agenda of improving the planning, management and control of public expenditure. Given continued calls to align global fiscal reporting practices, this paper informs public policy makers of the (potential) linkages between systems, the obstacles that can be encountered and the incentives for adopting it.

ДЕРЖАВНІ ФІНАНСИ В ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННІ СТАБІЛЬНОСТІ ФІНАНСОВОЇ СИСТЕМИ КРАЇНИ

Розкрито структуру державних фінансів у сучасних умовах. Досліджено динаміку доходів і видатків як зведеного, так і Державного бюджету України у 2011–2021 рр., а також за п’ять місяців 2022 р. Встановлено, що протягом останніх десятиліть бюджети виконувались із суттєвим дефіцитом. З початком повномасштабного вторгнення РФ на територію України проблеми виконання бюджету загострились. Оскільки значна кількість підприємств припинила свою діяльність, це призвело до серйозних проблем з наповненням бюджету та його виконанням за видатками. Зниження доходів спричинило зростання дефіциту бюджету і необхідність пошуку додаткових джерел фінансування покриття бюджетних видатків. Запропоновано власне визначення терміна «стабільність фінансової системи». Обґрунтовано, що неефективні управління й використання бюджетних видатків є чинником дестабілізації фінансової системи країни. Наголошено, що Національний банк України при оцінюванні стабільності фінансової системи повинен ураховувати цей чинник і аналізувати взаємозв’язки між основними гравцями фінансового сектору, у тому числі й сектору державних фінансів. Підкреслено, що в умовах воєнного стану потрібно не скорочення бюджетних видатків, а натомість нарощування доходів бюджету. Запропоновано напрями збільшення надходжень за рахунок упровадження справедливої фіскальної системи. Акцентовано на тому, що в системі управління державними фінансами кожна інституція повинна виконувати свою унікальну роль і всі разом забезпечувати гармонію відносин, надійність, дієвість системи. Бюджетні видатки слід завжди раціонально і ефективно використовувати, а в умовах воєнного стану – передусім концентруватися на потребах армії, допомозі постраждалим, утриманні й відновленні об’єктів критичної інфраструктури, фінансуванні захищених статей і пріоритетних напрямів розвитку країни.

The costs and benefits of fire management for carbon mitigation in Alaska through 2100

Climate change is intensifying fire regimes across boreal regions, and thus both burned area and carbon emissions from combustion are expected to increase significantly over the next several decades. Fire management through initial suppression of fires is effective at reducing burned area, but limited work has addressed the role that fire management can play in reducing wildfire carbon emissions and their impacts on climate change. In this work, we draw on historical data covering fire and fire management in Alaska to project burned area and management outcomes to 2100. We allow management to both respond to and impact variations in annual burned area and carbon emissions, while keeping decadal-average burned area at or above historical levels. The total cost of a fire is calculated as the combination of management expenditures and the social cost of carbon (SCC) emissions during combustion, using the SCC framework. Incorporating the tradeoff between management expenditures and burned area, we project that by 2100, increasing management effort by 5–10 times relative to current expenditures would minimize combined management and emissions costs. This is driven by the finding that the social costs of carbon emissions greatly exceed management costs unless burned area is constrained to near the average historical level. Our analysis does not include the many health, economic, and non-CO2 climate impacts from fires, so we likely underestimate the benefits of increased fire suppression and thus the optimal management level. As fire regimes continue to intensify, our work suggests increased management expenditures will be necessary to counteract increasing carbon combustion and lower overall climate impact.

Modelling budget management for public service in South African Municipalities: A structural equation modelling approach

Background: For more than two decades, many municipalities have failed to render services effectively because of lack of competency and budget management skills to manage budgets. This has resulted in either over or under expenditure, which ultimately leads to poor service delivery.Aim: This study aimed to develop a budget management model to improve public service in South African municipalities.Setting: Three municipalities in the Western Cape, Eastern Cape and Free State are the areas where data were collected by researchers.Methods: A quantitative research approach was employed and an online questionnaire was used for data collection from 261 participants in three municipalities. A structural equation modelling approach was used to develop the budget management model.Results: The results revealed that risk management (RM), cash flow management (CFM) from employee perceptions have a positive impact on budget management; whereas CFM from general compliance with legislative consideration (LC) have a negative impact, budget planning (BP) and revenue and expenditure management (REM) have low impact on budget management for public service.Conclusion: The study highlights the key factors (i.e. RM, BP, CFM, LC and REM) as a result of which managers at various levels fail to manage budgets effectively. The proposed model adds new insights to respond to budget management challenges. It is recommended that municipalities must improve their budget management skills for an effective public service. Findings from this study contribute to the existing body of knowledge by proposing a budget management model for public service in South Africa.