Management Of Energy Storage System Research Articles

Effects of mechanical vibration on melting behaviour of phase change material during charging process

Mechanical vibration exists in many thermal energy storage systems and thermal management systems. It is well-known that mechanical vibration can enhance heat transfer of thermal systems. However, the open studies on the effects of mechanical vibration on the performance of thermal energy storage and/or thermal management systems are quite sparse. To bridge the knowledge gap, the effects of vibration frequency and orientation of vibration axis on melting processes are investigated numerically. Three findings are reported for the first time: (1) for low frequency mechanical vibration ( ω ≤ 10 ), the enhanced mixing of molten phase change materials (PCMs) will accelerate the melting processes critically; (2) a higher vibration frequency ( ω ≥ 100 ) can cause an obviously faster charging speed, but the acceleration effect will become weak against the increasing of vibration frequency; (3) when the vibration axis is parallel to the gravity, the thermal response rate is the fastest. Especially, the present study answers a very interesting question: how does low frequency vibration ( ω ≤ 10 ) accelerate the charging processes? It is observed that the time averaged heat transfer rate under the low frequency vibration condition is lower than its counterpart without mechanical vibration. The knowledge learnt from this work can provide guides for many practical applications. • Effect of vibration frequency on melting process is revealed for the first time. • Effect of orientation of vibration axis on melting process is revealed for the first time. • The contributions of low frequency vibration to melting process are analysed from a new viewpoint.

Research on energy management and control method of microgrid considering health status of batteries in echelon utilization

With the large-scale application of electric vehicles, the use of retired power batteries in power system and other fields has become a trend in the future. How to quickly and accurately estimate the health status of power batteries and reasonably carry out energy management has become one of the main problems to be solved. This paper takes the application of retired power batteries in microgrid (MG) as an example. Firstly, considering the influence of the depth and times of batteries charge and discharge on the operation life, the life loss model of retired power batteries is established, and the coupling relationship between the power batteries life decay model and SOC, SOH is established. Secondly, according to the characteristics of SOC and SOH, K-means clustering method is used to cluster the batteries to construct the energy storage system (ESS). Finally, considering the characteristics of supply and demand balance, operation reliability and economy, the energy management and control of ESS in MG is carried out. Simulation results show that the proposed energy management and control method can effectively improve the economy, reliability and security of the ESS in the process of echelon utilization.

Electric Vehicle Modeling in MATLAB and Simulink with SoC &SoE Estimation of a Lithium-ion Battery

To improve the energy storage management system of an electric vehicle, we monitored exact battery states. Here we created different models for BMS management, for thermal modelling, thermal characteristics and EV modelling. We used different drive cycles sources to get our results here, we simulated models for different set of time and got simulation results. The variation in graphs and display lead us to different conclusions that how different parameters affect the performance and efficiency of an electric vehicle. We have presented a simple integrated State of charge (SOC) and State of energy (SOE) estimation technique. By utilizing this technique, the battery SOC and SOE both can be assessed easily rather than processor computational difficulty in BMS.

Power management of energy storage system with modified interlinking converters topology in hybrid AC/DC microgrid

This paper develops a power management strategy (PMS) that improves the power quality in a hybrid AC/DC microgrid with an energy storage system (ESS) applying a modified interlinking converters topology. To create the DC microgrid, an interlinking converter (ILC) operates as a grid-forming unit. Moreover, other interfacing device is employed, consisting of a bidirectional DC-DC half-bridge converter coupled with a voltage source converter (VSC). The energy storage device (ESD) is connected to the DC bus between the two converter stages. Such modified topology is called Two Stages Interlinking Converter with Energy Storage Device (TSILC-ESD). The PMS applied in the hybrid AC/DC microgrid is based on the ILC control responsible for the DC microgrid formation, and the TSILC-ESD control, which provides ancillary services to the utility grid. Therefore, the electric current’s harmonic specter injected into the utility grid is mitigated at the point of common coupling (PCC). Besides, a droop-based power-sharing between the ESD and the power grid is implemented, aiming to achieve voltage regulation in the DC link. Different source and load profiles are considered to analyze both sub-grids’ proposed strategy to explore the modified interlinking converters in different operation conditions. Simulations are carried out in the MatLab/Simulink software. The results show that the interlink converter improves the flexibility of the hybrid microgrid and, in addition, the power quality of the energy supplied in the utility grid is improved.

Onboard Energy Storage and Power Management Systems for All-Electric Cargo Vessel Concept

This paper presents an innovative approach to the design of a forthcoming, fully electric-powered cargo vessel. This work begins by defining problems that need to be solved when designing vessels of this kind. Using available literature and market research, a solution for the design of a power management system and a battery management system for a cargo vessel of up to 1504 TEU capacity was developed. The proposed solution contains an innovative approach with three parallel energy sources. The solution takes into consideration the possible necessity for zero-emission work with the optional function of operation as an autonomous vessel. Energy storage system based on lithium-ion battery banks with a possibility of expanding the capacity is also described in this work as it is the core part of the proposed solution. It is estimated that the operation range for zero-emission work mode of up to 136 nautical miles can be achieved through the application of all fore-mentioned parts.

Design and benefit analysis of intelligent distributed photovoltaic microgrid system in plateau Alpine Region

Intelligent distributed photovoltaic microgrid technology is conducive to the rational and large-scale development and utilization of solar energy resources, which is one of the important components of the future power system in Plateau and alpine regions. However, the efficiency of solar energy collection and utilization is greatly affected by the natural environment, and it is unstable, random and uncontrollable. Therefore, the reliability of power supply and the quality of power supply have become the breakthrough problems of intelligent distributed photovoltaic microgrid technology. In view of the stable operation of the intelligent distributed photovoltaic microgrid system in the plateau alpine region, this paper designs the photovoltaic module, energy storage management system and real-time monitoring system of the micro grid system, and analyzes its benefits.

Cloud Energy Storage System Operation with Capacity P2P Transaction

Research on energy storage systems (ESS) is actively aiming to mitigate against the unreliability of renewable energy sources (RES), and ESS operation and management has become one of the most important research topics. Since installing ESS for each user requires high investment cost, a study on cloud ESS gains attention recently. Cloud ESS refers to an ESS that is logically shared by multiple users as if they have their own ESS in their premises. In this paper, we propose a new cloud ESS sharing technique that allows capacity P2P transactions among users. Since cloud ESS is a virtual facility that is linked to an actual ESS, it is easy for users to sell the unused storage capacity to other users or to buy additional capacity from other users during operation. We also propose a system that encourages users to completely entrust the cloud ESS operator and share the extra benefit with the operator and other users. To verify the proposed method, we demonstrate the benefit of capacity P2P transaction based on real year-round data of users.

Effect of Different Production Processes on Metallic Composite Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage

Phase Change Materials (PCMs) can be applied in Thermal Energy Storage and Thermal Management systems, exploiting the storage and release of latent heat associated to a phase transition. Among them, metallic PCMs can be used at medium and high temperatures (i.e. above 150°C), storing higher heat per unit volume at higher temperatures with respect to the most widely investigated polymeric and salt-based PCMs. Miscibility Gap Alloys (MGAs) can be used to obtain multiple-phase mixtures in which the active phase (the actual PCM) is mixed to a second, high-melting temperature phase, with negligible interaction between them. These can actually be considered as fully metallic composite materials specifically developed for thermal management. Suitable microstructures can prevent leakage of active phase when the solid-liquid transition occurs, resulting in a form-stable PCM (FS-PCM). However, obtaining these microstructures it is not trivial. The present study focuses on a solid-liquid FS-PCM consisting of a ‘classical’ fully metallic FS-PCM, an Al-Sn based MGAs produced by powder metallurgy. The goal was to evaluate the effect of different production processes on thermal and mechanical behaviour of the PCM. Particularly, powder metallurgy routes including both simple mixing and ball milling were compared and further combined. Moreover, several compression and sintering conditions were considered, also substituting Al powders with Al-alloy powders, in order to optimize the material microstructures in view of suitable thermal and mechanical properties. Finally, the casting route with a rapid solidification approach was investigated for the same alloy.

An Optimal Power Usage Scheduling in Smart Grid Integrated With Renewable Energy Sources for Energy Management

Existing power grids (PGs) and in-home energy management controllers do not offer its users the choice to maintain comfort and provide a bearable solution in terms of low cost and reduced carbon emission. This work is based on energy usage scheduling and management under electric utility and renewable energy sources i.e., solar energy (SE), controllable heat and power (CHP) and wind energy (WE) together. Efficient integration of renewable energy sources (RES) and battery storage system (BSS) have been suggested to solve the energy management problem, reduce the bill cost, peak-to-average ratio (PAR) and carbon emission. User's electricity bill reduction have been achieved by proposed power usage scheduling method and integrating low cost RESs. PAR minimization have been achieved through shifting the demand in response to real time price from high-peak hours to low-peak hours. In this context, load scheduling and energy storage system management controller (LSEMC) is proposed which is based on heuristic algorithms i.e., genetic algorithm (GA), wind driven optimization (WDO), binary particle swarm optimization (BPSO), bacterial foraging optimization (BFO) and our suggested hybrid of GA, WDO and PSO (HGPDO) algorithm. The performance of the heuristic algorithms and proposed scheme is evaluated numerically. Results demonstrate that our proposed algorithm and the LSEMC reduces the electricity bill, PAR and CO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> in Case 1, by 58.69%, 52.78% and 72.40%, in Case 2, by 47.55%, 45.02% and 92.90% and in Case 3, by 33.6%, 54.35% and 91.64%, respectively as compared with unscheduled. Moreover, the user comfort by our proposed HGPDO algorithm in terms of delay, thermal, air quality and visual improves by 35.55%, 16.66%, 91.64% and 45%, respectively.

Proactive home energy storage management system to severe weather scenarios

In dynamic energy markets with real-time tariffs, residential power management systems must identify optimal solutions for the energy stored and transacted with the power grid. On the other hand, in the event of severe weather events that lead to a power outage, this stored energy can also be used to supply this customer during the event. However, the arbitrage can lead to a situation of low state of charge at this moment, in which the priority for the customer is the uninterrupted power supply, instead of the profit. Thus, this paper proposes a novel mathematical model incorporating this characteristic into a Home Energy Storage Management System (HESMS) decision-making process, thereby enhancing the home’s resilience in the face of severe weather events. The model automatically decides in advance when to start the energy storage system (ESS) recharging, formulating the operational condition of the local distribution network and estimating the probability of a power outage associated with the incidence of strong winds, monitoring the meteorological parameters and state of charge of the local ESS. Case studies with real weather and power outages data demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Results show that the HESMS contributes to increasing the home’s electric resilience, with little interference in the standard operation of the ESS.

Multielement Synergetic Effect of Boron Nitride and Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes for the Fabrication of Novel Shape-Stabilized Phase-Change Composites with Enhanced Thermal Conductivity.

Shape-stabilized phase-change composites (SSPCCs) have been widely applied for thermal energy storage and thermal management because of their excellent properties. To further improve their thermal conductivity and thermal cycling stability, we successfully designed and synthesized a series of SSPCCs with three-dimensional (3D) thermally conductive networks by exploiting the synergistic effect between one-dimensional (1D) carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and two-dimensional (2D) hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN). The interconnected thermally conductive network composed of h-BN and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) enhanced the SSPCC performance. The micromorphologies of the prepared SSPCCs revealed that well-dispersed MWCNTs, hydroxylated h-BN, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecular chains effectively bonded into a 3D cross-linking structure of the SSPCCs. Moreover, the chemical and crystalline structural and thermal properties and thermal cycling stability of the novel SSPCCs were systematically investigated by various characterization techniques. The presence of a 3D thermally conductive network in the as-synthesized SSPCCs evidently improved the shape stability, phase-change behavior, and thermal stability. Benefiting from the 3D nanostructural uniqueness of SSPCCs, the thermal conductivity of SSPCC-2 was up to 1.15 W m-1 K-1, which represented a significant enhancement of 239.7% compared with that of pure PEG. Meanwhile, the efficient synergistic effect of h-BN and MWCNTs remarkably enhanced the heat-transfer rate of the SSPCCs. These results demonstrate that the prepared SSPCCs have potential for applications in thermal energy storage and thermal management systems. This study opens a new avenue toward the development of SSPCCs with good comprehensive properties.

An Integrated Energy Storage System With Voltage Balancing Based on Switched-Capacitor Reutilization Techniques

On account of complementary control, reduced size, and energy saving, the switched-capacitor (SC) based equalizer becomes promising for the energy management of energy storage system. Traditionally, the number of the bypass capacitor in the SC based equalizer equals to the number of the battery module in series or parallel connections. The amount of bypass capacitors is enormous, thus costly and bulky for electric vehicles (EVs). In this paper, the integrated energy storage is proposed to reduce cost and save space, meanwhile, the equalizations between the batteries and the ultracapacitors (UCs) are achieved by the reutilization of SC network. UCs not only perform as energy storage units, but also work as energy exchange units. Thus, the number of balanced elements can be reduced significantly. The operational principles of the storage system and the analyses of the balancing process are examined in detail. The system simulation is performed for functionality evaluations. Meanwhile, an experimental prototype is also implemented for six cells to demonstrate the balancing process. The accordance of experiment and simulation can further testify the feasibility and effectiveness.

Leveraging Demand Flexibility by Exploiting Prosumer Response to Price Signals in Microgrids

The diffusion of distributed energy resources in distribution networks requires new approaches to exploit the users’ capabilities of providing ancillary services. Of particular interest will be the coordination of microgrids operating as an aggregate of demand and supply units. This work reports a model predictive control (MPC) application in microgrids for the efficient energy management of energy storage systems and photovoltaic units. The MPC minimizes the economic cost of aggregate prosumers into a prediction horizon by forecasting generation and absorption profiles. The MPC is compared in realistic conditions with a heuristic strategy that acts in a instant manner, without taking into account signals prediction. The work aims at investigating the effect that different types of energy tariffs have in enhancing the end-users’ flexibility, based on three examples of currently applied tariffs, comparing the two storage control modes. The MPC always achieves a better solution than the heuristic approach in all considered scenarios from the cost minimization point of view, with an improvement that is amplified by increasing the energy price variations between peak and off-peak periods. Furthermore, the MPC approach provides a cost saving when compared to the case considering a microgrid endowed with only photovoltaic units, in which no storage is installed. Findings in this work confirm that storage units better perform when some knowledge of future demand and supply trends is provided, ensuring an economic cost saving and an important service for the overall community.

Power Flow Approach for Modeling Shipboard Power System in Presence of Energy Storage and Energy Management Systems

Recent improvements in shipboard systems focus on the use of new technological systems and the adoption of innovative operating strategies for both increasing energy efficiency and reduce gas emissions. In such a context, this article studies a ship power system, where an energy storage system and a tailored energy management system are applied. It focuses on a detailed model of the on-board power system and points out a scenario of analysis larger than those usually adopted in the literature. The model is carried out with reference to DC, AC and hybrid AC/DC power grid architectures, by means of a power flow approach. The strategy of the energy management system optimally controls the on-board power system integrated with a battery storage device. The strategy aims to minimizes fuel consumption of the prime movers, while satisfying time-varying load demand under different operating scenarios. The procedure, tested on actual operative conditions of a supply vessel, shows feasibility and effectiveness of the power flow approach, giving evidence to the reduction of fuel consumption, while the correct operation of the power system is guaranteed.

Electromechanical drive management energy

The development of an intelligent energy storage management system is an up-to-date scientific and technical challenge. This system should ensure maximum efficiency of energy storage in power networks for various purposes. The article discusses the use of energy storage in distribution networks of an industrial enterprise and substantiation of the vector control method of the inverted synchronous motor of the energy storage SPENE-1, shows a block diagram of the vector system for controlling the energy accumulator motor and the results of its simulation in MatLab.

Synthesis and thermal properties of nanoencapsulation of paraffin as phase change material for latent heat thermal energy storage

Abstract In this work, a series of nanoencapsulated phase change materials (NanoPCMs) with paraffin wax (PW) as core and melamine-formaldehyde (MF) as shell were synthesized by the in-situ polymerization method. The morphology, chemical structure and thermal properties of prepared NanoPCMs were characterized by scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared, differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimertic analyzer. The results show that the PW is successfully encapsulated in the MF without chemical interaction, and the NanoPCMs present regular spherical shape with the average diameter of 260–450 nm. The encapsulation efficiency of the NanoPCMs increases with the augment of the supplied amount of core material. The maximum encapsulation efficiency of the NanoPCMs can reach up to approximately 75%. The NanoPCMs can maintain excellent thermal reliability and stability after 2000 thermal cycling. The prepared NanoPCMs can be well applied in the latent heat thermal energy storage and thermal management systems due to their remarkable encapsulation efficiency and thermal properties enable them to.

Form-stable phase change materials based on polyolefin elastomer and octadecylamine-functionalized graphene for thermal energy storage

Latent heat storage using organic phase change materials (PCMs) have the potential to alleviate the contradiction between supply and demand in energy. However, the usage of PCMs is compromised by deficiencies including liquid leakage during liquidation and solidification, poor thermal conductivity and inferior thermal stability. Herein, we successfully fabricated a series of novel form-stable phase change materials (FSPCMs), using the polyolefin elastomer (POE) along with the octadecylamine-functionalized graphene (C18-rGO) acted as the supporting networks and paraffin as the thermal energy storage material. The octadecyl chain incorporated on the surface of graphene not only prevented from the graphene aggregation, but also endowed excellent structural stability to the composite FSPCMs. Meanwhile, the toughness of the composites was further improved with the addition of POE. Paraffin was tightly imprisoned in the frameworks formed by POE and the C18-rGO, resulting in no leakage even above their phase change temperature. As expected, the composite FSPCMs demonstrated reliable thermal stability and high thermal energy storage capacity. In particular, the composite FSPCMs was capable of absorbing or releasing stored thermal energy at a high rate, illustrating a great potential to be used as the effective thermal energy storage and thermal management systems.

Power Management Strategy for an Electric Vehicle Driven by Hybrid Energy Storage System

The selection, sizing, and management of energy storage system for an electric vehicle (EV) are critical while considering later's large-scale deployment. The complementary nature of battery and ultracapacitor (UC) makes the combination a suitable hybrid energy storage system (HESS) for EV since the peak to average power demand ratio is very high especially for an urban drive commonly characterized by frequent acceleration and deceleration. A suitably sized UC combined with the battery pack provides necessary high power density as well as high energy density. The HESS makes the EV more effective with improved dynamic response, higher kilometers per charge, and longer battery life. This paper presents a fuzzy logic control based power management strategy to employ UC to relieve the battery of peak discharge currents as well as rapid charging currents. The power conditioning unit limits the battery current as well as its rate of change by maintaining the UC state of charge in the desired limits. The paper presents some of the key simulation and experimental results for a prototype EV system tested for various modes of operations.

Investigation on Capacitance Regeneration Characteristics of Supercapacitors during the Aging Tests

The lifetime prediction of supercapacitors is of great significance to the management of energy storage systems, but the phenomenon of capacitance regeneration may occur in the aging cycle experiment of supercapacitors, which will bring about interference to its lifetime prediction. In this paper, the critical factors affecting the capacitance regeneration of supercapacitors are investigated, so as to analyze the influence of the regeneration phenomenon on the lifetime prediction of supercapacitors. The results show that the regeneration performance of supercapacitors is closely related to the working voltage, temperature, aging depth and recovery time. When the charging voltage is increased, the amplitude of the capacitance regeneration decreases, and with the deepening of aging degree, the amplitude of the capacitance regeneration decreases gradually. The temperature has little effect on the amplitude of the capacitance regeneration, but the higher the temperature, the longer the recovery time of capacitance regeneration. In addition, the regeneration capacitance of supercapacitors decays faster than its inherent capacitance under the same aging test conditions. Considering the capacitance regeneration characteristics, the aging trend of supercapacitors is predicted by using support vectors machines method. The prediction results are basically identical with the experimental results.

MANFIS based SMART home energy management system to support SMART grid

With the emergence of the smart grid, the customers get the chance to involve in demand-side management and to combine renewable energy sources. Renewable energy sources integration in smart grid is difficult due to intermittent and fluctuating nature of Renewable energy. The variation in renewable energy generation is smooth out by utilizing the Energy Storage System in a smart house. This paper introduces the Smart Home Energy Management System using Multi-output Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system for efficient management of Energy Storage System, scheduled appliances and to integrate Renewable energy. The controller can interrupt or postpone scheduled appliances and trading surplus energy between consumers thereby reducing reverse power flow and electricity cost. The proposed system is tested with daily data of wind speed, temperature, insolation, uncontrollable and controllable appliances power and electrical energy price as inputs to validate the results. The output of the control system decides how to handle energy production, consumption, and scheduling of the appliance. The result shows that the electricity cost reduced by 57.62%, peak power consumption is reduced by 44.4% and peak-to-average ratio is reduced by 73.6% after adopting the proposed strategy.