Management Of Dry Root Rot Research Articles

Ecofriendly Management of Dry Root Rot in Black Gram Caused by Macrophomina phaseolina

In the present study Trichoderma asperellum (ECK), Trichoderma asperellum (TNAU), Streptomyces sp (native) and Pseudomonas fluorescens (TNAU) were tested in vitro by dual culture technique. Among the six treatments Trichoderma asperellum (ECK) and Streptomyces sp (native) was found to be more effective as compared to other bio-control agents and inhibited maximum fungal growth (100 %) of Macrophomina phaseolina followed by Trichoderma asperellum (TNAU) (81.6 %). The disease incidence controlled by all other isolates was ranged from 67.72 to 81.66%. The growth promoting activity of various bio-control agents and chemical was assessed based on seedling vigour index by standard Roll Towel Method (ISTA,1993). The treated seeds and controls are placed on the pre-soaked germination paper. After one-week various growth parameters like root length, shoot length, vigour index are determined by using the formulae. The seeds treated with Trichoderma asperellum (ECK) and Streptomyces sp (native) exhibited increased yield parameters like increased germination percentage, root length, shoot length, and Seedling vigour index 2562.0. Under field conditions the seeds are treated with different biocontrol agents and carbendazim. The various growth parameters like root length, shoot length and seedling vigour index observed under field conditions. Streptomyces sp (native) was found to be most effective in reducing pre and post emergence mortality and also it enhances the yield than other treatments. In field trail among the six treatments, treatment containing seed treatment of Streptomyces sp (native) was found to be most effective in reducing pre and post emergence mortality with germination of 87.0 %. Streptomyces sp (native) was found to be more effective as compared to other bio-control agents in increasing the yield parameters like root length, shoot length, and seedling vigour and also it enhances the yield (322.8 Kg/ha) compared to other treatments. Streptomyces sp (native) needs further species level characterization and other biotrophic and tritrophic interaction studies for developing commercial formulation.

Bacillus valezensis: A New Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacterium for Plant Growth Promotion and Inhibition of Rhizoctonia bataticola for the Management of Dry Root Rot of Chickpea

Background: Chickpea production is threatened by dry root rot disease in recent years. The disease is caused by soil borne fungus Rhizoctonia bataticola (Taub) Butler with its pycnidial stage Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. Bacillus spp. is a rod shaped and gram negative rhizobacterium which is predominant in the soil. Hence, considering the economic importance of disease, the present investigation was carried out to repress the pathogen by using indigenous Bacillus spp. strains related to antagonistic potential and plant growth promoting traits Methods: Thirty indigenous bacterial PGPR strains were isolated from healthy rhizospheric soil samples of chickpea and their antagonistic potential was studied. Later, the potential ones were examined for plant growth promoting traits. The promising strains were identified at molecular level 16S rDNA. Results: All thirty PGPR strains of rhizospharic Bacillus were potentiality antagonistic against R. bataticola and nine strains showed more than 50 per cent inhibition of the pathogen. Out of nine strains, four strains recorded more growth promoting traits and they were identified at molecular level as Bacillus cereus, Bacillus velezensis, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus subtilis sub sp. Subtilis. Bacillus valezensis is a new report on rhizosphaeric PGPR against R. bataticola in chickpea.

Indigenous bacterial endophytic PGPMs of chickpea: Characterization and hidden antagonistic potential against <i>Rhizoctonia bataticola</i> causing dry root rot of chickpea

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is grown in more than 50 countries. India is the largest chickpea-producing country accounting for 64% of the global chickpea production. However, the production is contrained by the dry root rot disease caused by Rhizoctonia bataticola. Considering this problem, the investigation was carried out to isolate, characterize and the antagonistic potential of indigenous endophytic PGPMs for one of the components in the integrated management of dry root rot of chickpeas in eco-friendly manner. Hence, the isolation of thirty endophytic PGPMs was carried from chickpea by using the spread plate technique. The cultural characters and Gram’s staining reaction confirmed that the endophytic PGPMs isolated from chickpea plant tissues were bacteria. Among thirty bacterial strains, eight showed more than 50% of mycelial inhibition of the pathogen. Out of eight strains, five highly superior strains were selected and subjected for 16S rDNA gene sequencing using the universal primers (16Sr DNA F and 16Sr DNA R), which produced amplified products of size 1500 bp. nBLAST results of 16S rDNA gene sequence revealed that all the endophytic bacterial PGPMs showed homology with genus Bacillus but with different species. The five potential strains namely, BEPGPM-5, BEPGPM-9, BEPGPM-27, BEPGPM-28, and BEPGPM-30 were identified and confirmed as B. tropicus, B. pacificus, B. cereus, B. subtilis, respectively, based on molecular technique.

Identification of Resistant Genotypes and Integrated Management of Dry Root Rot of Chickpea

Background: Dry root rot is an economically important soil borne disease of chickpea in India. The pathogen, Rhizoctonia bataticola, is a soil borne fungus resulting in significant losses in yield. Therefore, the present investigation was aimed to identify the management strategy of disease through identification new sources of resistance and integrated management of disease. Methods: R. bataticola was isolated and purified by using hyphal tip technique and molecular detection was done by using ITS primers. One hundred chickpea germplasm entries were screened under in both field and advanced phenotyping in glass house. The field trials on integrated management of the disease were conducted with different treatments using randomized block design. Result: Fourteen resistant and five moderately resistant genotypes were identified under artificial epiphytotic conditions. Advanced screening of these 19 genotypes under phenotyping technique yielded four resistant and five moderately resistant genotypes. Among nine treatments, seed treatment with mancozeb 50% + carbendazim 25% WP @ 3.5 g/kg followed by soil drenching of mancozeb 50% + carbendazim 25% WP @ 3 g/l water to infected and surrounding plants was found highly effective by recording least disease incidence with highest seed yield, test weight and benefit cost ratio.

Screening of Different Bioagents and Fungicides against Dry Root Rot of Chickpea Incited by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid

Background: Dry root rot of chickpea caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid is a serious biotic constraint for chickpea production in Rajasthan. For the management of soil borne disease like dry root rot of chickpea, by using fungicides alone is not feasible due to environmental and health hazards. Hence integrated management of the disease by using bio-agents and fungicides is the best alternative. Therefore, in the present investigation, our main emphasis was to identify best fungicide and bio-agent for management of dry root rot in chickpea. Methods: Eight fungicides and four bio-agents were evaluated against dry root rot pathogen (M. phaseolina) in lab as well as in field condition. The experiment was conducted at instructional farm, COA, SKRAU, Bikaner during Rabi-2019 on most popular cv. GNG-1581 in RBD design with the application of seed treatment and soil application of different bio-agents and fungicides at different concentrations against dry root rot disease and compared with an untreated control. Result: Among all the fungicides used in the present investigation, tebuconazole 50% + trifloxystrobin 25% was found most effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth of the pathogen. Among all the bio-agents, T. harzianum was found most effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth of the pathogen. Under field condition, tebuconazole 50%+ trifloxystrobin 25% WG as seed treatment @ 1.5 g/kg along with T. harzianum @ 10 kg/ha as soil application gave maximum (83.76 %) disease control with highest pod yield (19.5 q/ha) and net return (Rs 39,826/ha). These treatments can provide an effective and economical management of dry root rot disease for chickpea cultivators.

Management of Dry Root Rot of Mungbean Caused by Macrophomina phaseolina Through Organic Amendments, Plant Extracts and Bio-agents

Background: Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek], commonly recognized as green gram, is the most significant and advanced pulse crop grown in Rajasthan. Dry root rot is one of the important diseases of mungbean caused by M. phaseolina, which is responsible for 30 to 40 per cent disease incidence with huge yield loss during seedling to mature stages. Methods: The experiments were conducted for two consecutive years during kharif 2020 and 2021 for managing the disease through organic amendments, plant extracts and bio-agents viz., Trichoderma harzianum (10 g/kg seeds), garlic extract (15%), neem cake (0.5 t/ha) and mustard cake (0.5 t/ha) alone and in combinations through seed as well as soil applications. Result: Our investigations cleared that the maximum disease reduction and highest seed yield were reported by treating the seeds with T. harzianum @10 g/kg seed + soil application of mustard cake @ 0.5 t/ha followed by seed treatment with T. harzianum @ 10 g/kg seed + soil application of neem cake @ 0.5 t/ha. In view of consumer health, present findings may be helpful for growers to get extra benefits by producing organic mungbean.

Resistance screening and in-vitro efficacy of fungicides for the management of dry root rot of chickpea caused by Rhizoctonia bataticola

Dry root rot caused by Rhizoctonia bataticola (Taub.) Butler is an emerging threat for chickpea production. It is among one of the chief and common soil borne diseases of chickpea. The present investigation was conducted firstly to identify the resistant source for dry root rot in chickpea and secondly to evaluate the efficacy of different fungicides in inhibiting the growth of R. bataticola under in vitro conditions. Screening of a set of 50 chickpea entries resulted in identification of three entries namely ICCV 191317, ICCV 191306, and Ujjain 21 as moderately resistant to dry root rot of chickpea. No entry could be identified as completely resistant for dry root rot in chickpea. Further, among the different fungicides tested, pyraclostrobin alone and in combination of Thiophanate methyl completely checked the growth of R. bataticola at 100 ppm concentration under in vitro conditions. However, another combination product of fungicides namely carboxin + thiram and carbendazim + mancozeb also showed complete inhibition in growth of test pathogen at higher concentration of fungicides i.e. at 300 ppm concentration.The identified moderately resistant genotypes could be a useful resource for development of resistant varieties in chickpea for dry root rot using molecular breeding approaches.

Integrated management of dry root rot of Arachis hypogaea caused by Rhizoctonia bataticola

Groundnut a principal vegetable oilseed crop in India with about 85 percent area under rainfed conditions is prone to dry root rot causing considerable loss in the yield when left unmanaged. In order to find out an effective method of managing the disease, an experiment was conducted at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Tirupati during kharif 2019–20 as an integrated approach by combining the use of bio agents, organic amendments and fungicides. Native bacterial and fungal bio agents along with commercial formulations of Pseudomonas flourescens and T. harzianum, oil cakes and different fungicides were screened and tested for their efficacy against the pathogen under in vitro and field conditions. Experiment was laid out with the best performing bio agent, organic amendment and fungicide using single and combination treatments. Results revealed that, seed treatment with mancozeb @ 3g/kg and with commercial formulation of T. harzianum @ 5g/kg seed along with soil application of karanj cake @ 1.3 t/ha maintained its superiority over other treatments by recording the least PDI, maximum germination percentage (92.10%), root length (35.61 cm), shoot length (14.24 cm), number of pods per plant (26.97) and pod yield (3797.77 kg/ha) which proves the synergist effect of all the treatments viz., chemical, biological and organic amendment. Hence, integrated management of dry root rot combining chemical, biological and cultural practices effectively controls the disease besides enhancing the crop yields.

Evaluation of fungicides, plant extracts and bio-agents against dry root rot of chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Dry root rot (DRR) of chickpea caused by Macrophomina phaseolina is an important disease affecting chickpea production especially in tropical and sub-tropical ecologies of world. The present investigation was planned to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of various fungicides, plant extracts and bio-control agents against Macrophomina phaseolina. Results suggested that among fungicides, significantly maximum mean mycelium growth inhibition was recorded with Carbendazim (100%) followed by Carbendazim+Mancozeb (84.65%). Likewise, among phyto extracts, garlic extract was excellent with maximum mycelia growth inhibition (70.15 and 100 %) followed by neem extract (68.35 and 82.35%) at 5 and 10% concentration, respectively. Among bio-agents, Trichoderma viride showed significantly maximum mycelia growth inhibition (80.20%) followed by Trichoderma harzianum (65.10%). Therefore, from the findings of present study, it can be concluded that apart from use of fungicides (Carbendazim and Carbendazim+Mancozeb) phyto extracts such as extract of garlic and neem leaves and bio-control agent Trichoderma viride can also be used as an effective alternative for management of DRR in chickpea. Findings of our study may help in development of sustainable management strategies against DRR thus minimizing its yield consequences in chickpea. However, there is a need to further strengthen the investigations on this aspect based on thorough understanding of the biology of the pathogen and host×plant×environment interaction especially under field conditions.

Management of Dry Root Rot in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Caused By Macrophomina phaseolina by Utilizing Host Plant Resistance, Fungicides and Bioagents

Background: For the management of soil borne disease like dry root rot of chickpea caused by Macrophomina phaseolina, by using fungicides alone is not feasible due to environmental and health hazards. Hence integrated management of the disease by using resistant varieties, fungicides and bio-control agents is the best alternative. So the present study was aimed to identify resistant varieties, best fungicide and bioagent for management of dry root rot in chickpea. Methods: Two hundred and twelve genotypes were screened using blotter paper technique for identifying resistant genotypes for dry root rot. The experiment on management of dry root rot was conducted during Kharif and Rabi of 2013-14 using a susceptible chickpea variety JG-11 with 14 treatments including control with 3 replications. Result: Of two hundred and twelve chickpea genotypes screened for host plant resistance against Macrophomina phaseolina by blotter paper technique only one genotype ie. PBG-5 showed moderately resistant reaction. Among fourteen treatments including fungicides and bioagents imposed for the management of dry root rot, seed treatment with tebuconazole @ 2 g/kg recorded lowest per cent disease incidence of 9.43, with a highest yield of 722.81 kg/ha compared to untreated control which recorded the highest per cent disease incidence (40.10) with a lowest mean yield of 362.02 kg/ha.

Management of dry root rot of chickpea through botanical, plant bi-product and bio-control agent

Gram or Chickpea (Cicerarietinum Linnaeus), a member of family Fabaceae. It is ranked 3rd after common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and pea (Pisumsativum L.). Chickpea is attacked by 172 pathogens (67 fungi, 22 viruses, 3 bacteria, 80 nematodes and mycoplasma) from all over the world (Nene et al. 1996). The experiment on confirmation of pathogenicity of Rhizoctoniabataticola on chickpea was conducted under pot conditions after growing the test fungus on gram straw, soaked in 0.5 per cent dextrose solution and then mixing it with the sterilized pot soil. The pathogenicity of Rhizoctoniabataticola on chickpea was confirmed by growing the fungus on gram straw soaked in 0.5 dextrose and then mixing at with pot soil. The symptoms appeared within 13 days and the plants were killed within 16 days after sowing the test fungus was recovered from the roots of diseased plants. The results obtained during the course of investigations that in vitro evaluation of plant leaves extracts neem was recorded to be superior in inhibiting the mycelial growth of R. bataticola. At all the concentrations under test Eucalyptus and Jatropha were also found superior in inhibiting the fungus under laboratory conditions but their efficacies declined as the time lapsed. The wilt symptoms on chickpea appeared within 13 days and the plants were killed 16 days after sowing. The roots of the plants showed typical browning at the color region which advanced further and disintegrate the roots.

Management of Dry Root Rot [Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi.) Goid] of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) through Bioagents and Bio-fertilizer In vivo

Bio-control agents and bio-fertilizer minimized the root rot incidence, increased percent inhibition, increased grain yield and nodulation in mungbean significantly as compared to control. The minimum 13.50% disease incidence, maximum 79.23% inhibition of dry root rot, maximum grain yield of 14.8q/ha and maximum 24 nodules/plant were observed in the treatment T13. Where T. harzianum in combination with Rhizobium was used as seed treatment and soil application followed by the treatment(T14) where P. fluorescens was used in combination with Rhizobium (18.50% disease incidence, 71.54% disease inhibition,13.4q/ha grain yield and 21 nodules/plant. used as seed treatment and soil application.

Evaluation of non-rhizospheric endophytic bacteria for the management of dry root rot of chickpea

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important pulse crop in India and chief source of dietary protein in the vegetarian diet. The important Destructive disease in chickpea is dry root rot caused by necrotrophic fungus Rhizoctonia bataticola (Taub.) Butler emerging as a serious threat to the production worldwide. The screening of endophytes of leaf and stem isolates under dual culture used as two media PDA and TSA. The 12 isolates are significant on but three isolates are EBS-2, EBS-3, EBS-4 higher suppression towards on Rhizoctonia bataticola. These three isolates used as further methods that roll towel method (vitro) and net house (Pot Cultivation). The roll towel observations to be recorded as Germination percentage, Root, shoot lengths and vigour index. The EBL-3 and EBL-4 with highest germination percentage, Root length were EBL-2, 3 and shoot length, vigour index of EBL-3 highest percentage. The effect of EB on Rhizoctonia bataticola under pot culture observations were recorded that phenological parameters are Germination percentage, Pre-Post, Total mortality, Shoot, Root lengths and Fresh dry weights with different cohabitation on disease incidence. The cohabitation of T8EBL (2+3+4) T7EBL (4+2) are significant on four genotypes JG14, JG16, JG62 and JG315 with inoculation of pathogen. The EBL-3 isolate is that significant correlates in field and lab conditions.

Utilizing the combined antifungal potential of Trichoderma spp. and organic amendments against dry root rot of mungbean

The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of bioagents and organic amendments in suppressing the dry root rot of mungbean incited by Rhizoctonia bataticola. The locally isolated pathogen and fungal biocontrol agents were identified based on morphological and molecular characterization. These identified bioagents were tested in vitro, and the highest mycelial inhibition was recorded in dual culture assay by Trichoderma harzianum (74.44%), and among organic amendments, maximum mycelial inhibition was found in neem cake (61.11%). In a greenhouse study, T. harzianum + neem cake effectively enhanced the percent germination (93.33%) and decreased the percent disease mortality (11.67%) than the other treatments. The morphological parameter like plant height (57.50 cm), dry weight (22.83 g) root nodules (51), pods/plant (58), and 100-seed weight (5.78 g) were found to be at the maximum in this combined application. Physiological pigments viz. chlorophyll (2.41 mg/g) and carotenoids (0.19 mg/g), protein content (5.85 mg/g), and leghemoglobin (11.75 mg/g) were also found to be maximum in T. harzianum + neem cake and minimum phenol content (1.41 mg/g). The study concludes that T. harzianum + neem cake can be recommended as an effective approach for the management of dry root rot of mungbean.

In-vivo evaluation of different fungicides, plant extracts, bio-control agents and organics amendments for management of dry root rot of chickpea caused by Macrophomina phaseolina

The present study was planned to evaluate the efficacy of various fungicides, plant extracts, biocontrol agents and oil cakes against Macrophomina phaseolina causing dry root rot of chickpea. Among the tested biocontrol agents against Macrophomina phaseolina, T. viride was found the most effective against the fungus followed by T. harzianum, Bacillus subtalis and P. fluorescens was the least effective in reducing root rot incidence. Among the fungicides carbendazim was found most effective and recorded minimum root rot incidence. Among plant extracts, garlic extract was found most effective in reducing root rot incidence followed by neem leaf extract. In the case of organic amendments, Neem cake was the most effective in reducing the root rot incidence while wool waste and goat manure was found least effective in controlling root rot incidence.

Evaluation of bio-control agents for management of dry root rot of chickpea caused by Macrophomina phaseolina

Dry root rot of chickpea caused by Macrophomina phaseolina is an important disease affecting chickpea production areas in India, the largest producer of this crop in the world. The disease is primarily controlled through the use of fungicidal seed treatments. In this study, several isolates of two bio-control agents, Trichoderma viride and Pseudomonas fluorescens, were assessed for their ability to reduce the growth of M. phaseolina under laboratory conditions and subsequently used for field studies. The most effective isolate of each bio-control agent and the commonly used chemical seed-treatments, carbendazim and hexaconazole were evaluated. In addition to the use of the fungicides and bio-control agents individually as seed treatments, the study also included a trial combining soil application through bio-agent enriched farm-yard manure, along with seed treated with the bio-control agent. It was found that this combination showed maximum germination, least root rot incidence and highest yields as compared to the other biological or chemical seed treatments included in this study. This paper reports the identification of native isolates of T. viride and P. fluorescens that can be used under field conditions to control dry root rot of chickpea in tropical regions and demonstrates the use of a method of application that could significantly improve the efficacy of disease control while using bio-control agents.

Evaluation of seed dressing and soil application formulations of Trichoderma species for integrated management of dry root rot of chickpea

The efficacy of the newly developed seed dressing and soil application formulations of Trichoderma viride, T. virens and T. harzianum were evaluated individually and in combinations under pot and field experiments for the management of dry root rot (Rhizoctonia bataticola) of chickpea (Cicer arientinum). In pot experiments, T. harzianum based seed dressing formulation, Pusa 5SD, and soil application formulations, Pusa Biogranule 5 (PBG 5) and Pusa Biopellet 10G (PBP 10G), were found to be effective in reducing dry root rot incidence in chickpea and increasing the seed germination, shoot and root lengths of the crop. Under field experiments, a combination of soil application of T. harzianum based PBP 10G and seed treatment with Pusa 5SD+carboxin was found to be the best by providing the highest seed germination, shoot and root lengths and grain yield and the lowest dry root rot incidence in chickpea.

Development of Pusa 5SD for seed dressing and Pusa Biopellet 10G for soil application formulations of Trichoderma harzianum and their evaluation for integrated management of dry root rot of mungbean ( Vigna radiata)

Various seed dressing and soil application formulations were developed from Trichoderma viride, T. virens and T. harzianum to increase the shelf life of bio-formulations used to manage dry root rot ( Rhizoctonia bataticola) of mungbean ( Vigna radiata), a major yield limiting factor in mungbean production. The shelf life of the formulations developed in the present study was monitored by counting colony forming units (cfu) up to 25 months of storage at room temperature (26 ± 8 °C). A newly developed seed dressing formulation, Pusa 5SD based on peat powder (47.5%), Sabudana powder ( Manihot esculenta) (47.5%) and carboxymethyl cellulose (5%) and a newly developed soil application formulation, Pusa Biopellet (PBP) based on sodium alginate, aluminium silicate, Sabudana powder and tap water (1:5:5:100 w/w/w/v) exhibited longer shelf life. Another formulation Pusa Biogranule (PBG) based on wheat and pulse brans varied in cfu counts during different periods of storage. Pusa 5SD could be used up to 25 months of storage while PBP 10G and PBG 5 could be used up to 15 months of storage (>10 5 cfu). The efficacy of the formulations was evaluated in pot experiments against the disease. In these experiments, T. harzianum based PBP 10G and PBG 5 for soil application, and Pusa 5SD for seed treatment were found to be superior to others in reducing the dry root rot incidence, and increasing the seed germination and shoot and root lengths. However, a combination of soil application of PBP 10G ( T. harzianum) and seed treatment with T. harzianum based Pusa 5SD + carboxin was found superior to the use of any of these formulations alone in reducing the dry root rot incidence (87.2%) and increasing the seed germination (43.0%), shoot length (40.3%), root length (37.0%) and grain yield (54.6%) of mungbean crop over those of untreated control under sick field conditions.