Common Resource Management Research Articles

The formation of houzing classes, institutions of shared property and general meeting as a result of houzing privatization in Russia

Housing privatization, which began in Russia in the early 1990s. after the collapse of the USSR, was the result of the transformation of the socio-economic system of housing and communal services during which housing classes were formed (owners of premises in apartment buildings, tenants of social housing and apartment tenants), as well as socio-economic and socio-legal institutions of shared property and the general meeting. The article proposes an approach to the analysis of new institutional structures of society, based on the concept of housing classes by J. Rex and R. Moore, the theory of social multitude by M. Hardt, A. Negri and P. Virno, models of common resource management by E. Ostrom and M. Olson, as well as the classification of the participation process by I. Skalaban. In the course of the study individual hypotheses and conclusions of the representative of the Novosibirsk economic-sociological school O.E. Bessonova, who studied the problems and prospects of privatization, were analyzed.

Determination of financial factors in the latest theories of economic growth of territorial communities

In today's modern circumstances ensuring the economic growth of territorial communities requires theoretical redefining and additional research, since new challenges have negatively affected the well-being of the population and ensuing progress.
 The purpose of the article is to determine financial factors in the latest theories of economic growth of territorial communities.
 Scientific approaches to the definition of “territorial community” are generalized, own approach is offered and the main features of territorial community (territorial, natural, social-psychological, historical-cultural, organizational-functional, political, economic) are substantiated. Emphasis is placed on the need for a new theoretical approach to the development of territorial communities based on the synthesis and combination of basic guidelines and principles of modern scientific concepts and models, their interpretation in the context of local development. The latest theories of economic growth are studied, including: the theory of endogenous growth, inclusive development and the theory of sustainable development (E. Ostrom's concept of community resource management is highlighted). It is substantiated that the model of endogenous growth is focused on reducing inequality of economic development through the use of internal factors, mechanisms of management and management of the territory. There are two vectors of achieving inclusive development of territorial communities: internal - maximum involvement of community members in the process of its development; external - ensuring access of members of the territorial community to the opportunities provided by more developed communities. It is emphasized that the key idea in E. Ostrom's research is to achieve efficiency and substantiation of ways of community management of common resources. Within the framework of the theory of inclusive development, a review of the concept of financial inclusion, which raises the issue of community development – “banking deserts”. The existence of interdependence of perception of members of territorial communities – “banking deserts” of opportunities and prospects of obtaining banking services is indicated, which requires the involvement of theoretical foundations of behavioral economics in the study of this issue. The factors of economic growth of territorial communities are systematized, which are united into five groups: natural, factors of human development; social, production and financial. The financial factors of economic growth of territorial communities include: budget; investment, inflation, monetary. The expediency of applying the ideas of the latest theories of economic growth in the process of analyzing financial factors is substantiated.

Improving Cooperation among Farmers for Communal Land Conservation in Ethiopia: A Public Goods Experiment

Farmers in developing countries depend on communal natural resources, yet countries in Sub-Saharan Africa are facing the severe degradation of communal lands due to the so-called “tragedy of the commons”. For the sustainable management of common resources, policy interventions, such as farmer seminars, are necessary to ensure high-level cooperation among farmers for land conservation. However, the effects of this type of information provision are not well known. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of the dissemination of conservation information on collaborative communal forest management using an economic field experiment with 936 farmers selected by random sampling from 11 villages in the northern Ethiopian Highlands. We conducted a public goods game experiment using a framework of voluntary contribution to communal land conservation with an intervention to remind participants about the consequence of their behaviors. The results show that the volunteer contribution increased after the intervention, and thereafter the decay of the contribution was slow. The results indicate that providing information about the consequences leads to a higher contribution. The effects of information provision are heterogeneous in terms of social condition, such as access to an urban area and social capital, and individual characteristics, such as wealth. These findings imply that information provision effectively improves farmer collaboration toward natural resource conservation in developing countries.

Politiche di gestione della risorsa idrica sotterranea a fini irrigui. Analisi delle preferenze degli agricoltori

The overexploitation of groundwater for irrigation purposes is a general problem affecting the management of common resources. The objective of this study was to analyze some of the policy options when facing this issue. A choice experiment was performed in order to elicit farmers' stated preferencesfor four policy instruments, namely i) implementation of a compulsory measurement system of groundwater extraction; ii) improved monitoring of rural areas in order to limit illegal access to groundwater; iii) reforming the groundwater tax system; iv) increasing the supply of reclaimed wastewater for irrigation. A survey was conducted in the Puglia region on a representative sample of 187 farmers, selected in the main hot-spot irrigated areas. A Random Parameter Logit Model was estimated using two covariates (i.e. size of irrigable farmland and farmers' awareness of groundwater shortage). Findings highlighted the farmers' preference for increasing the supply of water for irrigation (i.e. wastewater supply). Among the measures aiming to handle groundwater demand for irrigation, the respondents positively valued the enhancement of rural area monitoring to prevent illegal access, but they rejected a compulsory groundwater metering system. Finally, the methodological approach proved to be an effective tool to improve policy design, making the decisionmaking process more participatory.

643. Diferencias territoriales, sostenibilidad y comunes inmateriales en las costas australes chilenas

Analizamos cómo la gestión de los recursos inmateriales comunes afecta el desarrollo sostenible de las zonas costeras. A partir de una investigación etnográfica, nos concentramos en el estudio de dos producciones marinas, el erizo y el chorito, en cuatro localidades representativas del espacio pesquero-artesanal del sur de Chile. Observamos dos pautas a través de las cuales las élites globales y/o locales cooptan el valor simbólico generado por las comunidades locales con un resultado común: la sobreexplotación de los recursos naturales, la degradación ambiental, el deterioro de las condiciones socioeconómicas de la población y un desempoderamiento de las comunidades en beneficio de las élites. Cuestionamos la retórica neoliberal sobre las ventajas competitivas de las diferencias territoriales en el marco de la globalización y concluimos que estos territorios sufren la depredación de sus recursos comunes (materiales e inmateriales) como resultado de las estrategias rentistas de las élites (burguesías locales y empresas transnacionales).

Common Property Forest Resources and Participatory Management: Issues in Heterogeneity and Sustainability

Common property forests are a major source of income and livelihood for the local population and more so for those at the lower socio-economic echelons. However, unequal benefit sharing, inappropriate governance institutions and undesirable resource extraction practices have made both the institutions of management and the resource system highly unsustainable so much so that the sustainability issue has become a cause of concern in policymaking and academic circles. This paper analyses sustainability of common pool forest management institutions and the forest resources on the basis of both quantitative data and qualitative information collected from a sample survey of 210 households in six villages of three districts under the two major agro-climatic zones of Odisha state. The results indicate strong interactions between socio-economic heterogeneity and sustainability and point to the need for designing institutional mechanisms based on socio-economic equity for promoting robust governance and management and enhancing the longevity of forest resource systems. Provision of offforest employment-income opportunities, creating awareness among the people and members of management institutions and effective coordination of initiatives at the national, sub-national and local levels by involving indigenous people, NGOs and civil society can help achieve the goal.

A glass half empty: Limited voices, limited groundwater security for California

Groundwater is a common pool resource that supports agriculture, human communities, and the environment. Public participation in common pool natural resources management can be affected by media representation of stakeholders and perceptions of identity as a stakeholder. Newspaper media has an outsized influence on framing subject matter, expertise, organizations, and who should participate. Media shapes individual, local, and regional perspectives around resource management and defines potential solutions to natural resources management. This study analyzes media coverage about California's new Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA) to understand impacts on public participation in common pool natural resources management and to identify represented stakeholders and solutions involved in groundwater sustainability. A total of 365 newspaper articles were collected from California newspapers in three readership locations. We also searched for representation of SGMA in Spanish-language publications. Article characteristics were analyzed through qualitative content analysis and quantitative nonparametric analysis. Results indicate bias for featuring agricultural industry, politician, and water managers' voices. Solutions for managing water resources were focused on new supply, demand reduction and infrastructure investment, though novel solutions were also presented. Most newspaper articles included few stakeholders and solutions, illustrating isolated, short narratives about a common pool resource. The trends and gaps in representation in California media coverage may contribute to the public's low levels of engagement in groundwater planning.

A polycentric control analysis of emergency responses: An application to a wildfire case

This article has attempted to streamline many of theoretical tenets of accident theory and integrate them within a polycentric control context for the particular domain of emergency response. The proposed framework has built on existing techniques of sociotechnical analysis and other cybernetic and control-theoretic approaches. In particular, a command and control approach has been developed to cover many aspects of organizational and inter-agency decision making. In this framework, the emphasis has been on aspects of polycentric control such as, organizational structures, span of control, transfer of control, management of common resources, and adaptation to changes. To apply the polycentric control approach in practice, a case study was selected regarding a wildfire in Attica. The article provides a unique framework of sociotechnical analysis with a taxonomy and a template of analysis for performance tradeoffs in coping with emergency response events. The case study also provides an opportunity to discuss limitations of the proposed framework of analysis.

An agent-based conflict resolution model for urban water resources management

The limited availability of water resources and the increasing rate of water demands in many urbanizing areas have caused more conflicts among competing water users in shared water systems and consequently, created some environmental, socio-economic and political challenges. Therefore, for sustainable management of common pool water resources, the behaviors of the main stakeholders and their interactions should be taken into account. In this paper, a new conflict resolution model based on the agent-based modeling approach is introduced for the evaluation of different water management policies through the simulation of all stakeholders’ behaviors. Moreover, the leader-follower interactions among stakeholders are modeled using the Stackelberg game theory-based model. The methodology is applied to the western part of Tehran, Iran, as a developing urban case study, where there are different stakeholders and water users with conflicting objectives. The results illustrate the applicability and efficiency of the methodology in modeling and managing complex shared water resources systems that are suffering from socio-economic and environmental issues.

Social capital: An investment towards community resilience in the collaborative natural resources management of community-based tourism schemes

Community-based tourism projects appear to be the most favoured option for enhancing community livelihoods through the collaborative management of communal natural resources in land reformed areas in South Africa. A case study approach was adopted to establish the role of social capital in building community resilience through the management of common pool natural resources. Using the assemblages and systemic-resilience theories, this paper establishes which relationships between social capital and community resilience are best for pursuing successful community-based tourism schemes. Lessons were drawn from Somkhanda Community Game Reserve in the Gumbi community, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. The paper identifies three main community resilience shocks: governance, financial and skills. It notes that strong social capital can promote the realisation of community resilience in communal natural resources management. It further points to the need for avoiding environmental romanticisation, as there is a need to focus on the complexities involved in managing communal natural resources in land reformed communities.

To the theory of collective actions. Part I. Articulation of the problem

The subject of this research is the barriers that must be overcome by a collective of individual for the effective use of their self-governance and self-organization resources. Until the moment when Elinor Ostrom was awarded with the Nobel Prize, the majority of economists and politicians were assured that a collective is incapable of managing the common resource effectively. Most popular opinion was reflected in a metaphor: the tragedy of communities. This opinion was traced by an  entire number of theoretical models and concepts. Due to high incidence of pessimistic view, the corresponding issues were considered resolved, and thus, were displaced to the periphery of economic science. The falseness of such views was established in the course of field and experimental research of E. Ostrom. This article analyzes the factors that served as the foundation for formation of pessimistic views upon ability of the collective to efficient management of common resource. On the reasons consists in inappropriate identification of the regime of open accesses with communal property. Another one – in the axiom on the inability of a collective, which members pursue egoistic intentions, to efficient usage of common resource in the regime of self-governance and self-organization. These prerequisites led to a conclusion on the need for privatization or nationalization of such resource. The goal of this work consists in theoretical analysis of such opportunities that allow a collective to successfully resolve the faced social dilemmas, when each of them tries to achieve a maximal individual profit.  

The function of open-field farming – managing time, work and space

ABSTRACT Open fields were a dominant agricultural feature in Central, Western and Northern Europe for nearly a millennium. The spatial organisation of villages and the degree of communal management of common resources varied, but the basic characteristics and common features of the open-field system were that individual holdings were fragmented into several small unfenced plots and intermingled in one or more fields. Research on the subject is extensive, and several explanations for its cause(s) have been presented; however, the answer regarding the question of its rationale and persistence over time is still up for debate. The overarching aim of this article is to present new findings concerning open-field farming from a functional and practical perspective. What were the farming practices and how was the spatial organisation in open fields integrated in those practices? This article shows that the common practice in Skaraborg County, Sweden, was diversification by using different crops. In the village of Kleva, the preparation of plots and the planting of different crops was carried out in a sequence. Sources indicate that the scattered plots in open fields were integrated into that sequence and that certain plots were designated for certain crops to be sown at a certain moment in time. In the village of Kleva, open fields were used to cater to precision farming as a way to manage time, work and space.

The application management system of railway-river combined transportation under cloud environment

In the context of the serious information isomerized of China’s hot metal water transport system, it is impossible to solve all problems of the same level in a complex cloud environment, resulting in rigid resource management problems and larger energy sources under the traditional “chimney” framework. Combining the technical framework of the iron and steel intermodal cloud platform, researching the key technologies of automated construction, deployment and cluster management of intermodal applications in the cloud environment, and building an intermodal application management system based on virtualization and elastic computing, not only can significantly reduce the heterogeneous heterogeneity of the cloud platform. The management cost of the intermodal service application can also provide a common virtual resource management service for the construction of intermodal information sharing and big data applications.

English

English

Modeling the internal processes of farmers’ water conflicts in arid and semi-arid regions: Extending the theory of planned behavior

Understanding the nature of water conflicts is a prerequisite to developing sustainable management of common water resources. Therefore, the main idea of this research was to understand the internal process of farmers’ water conflicts. An extended theory of planned behavior (TPB) was used as the theoretical research framework by incorporating multiple intentions (an expectation of conflict with industry, organization, and farmer) and four conflict types: within group in similar settlement, within group out of the same settlement, between farmers and industry, and between farmers and water state organization. The data were collected by survey method with a structured questionnaire from 215 farmers using random sampling and analyzed with the help of structural equation modeling (SEM). The findings indicated that all significant conflict types are influenced by their intentions. Some conflict behaviors, such as industry and water state organization conflicts were influenced not only by their own intentions, but also by their counterpart behaviors’ intentions. Furthermore, inclusion of additional constructs improved the predictive utility of the proposed model. At the end, implications of the study are discussed.

The Conceptualisation of Peace in the Zimbabwean Rural Water Sector

Peace as a concept has been relatively under-researched in view of its conception within the rural knowledge system and especially in connection to water access. This study used a sequential exploratory design to gather and analyse qualitative data in the form of semi-structured interviews from 20 village residents. In addition, quantitative data, drawn from a questionnaire, was used to validate the findings from the semi-structured interviews. This research showed that cooperation in the management of common water resources harmonises relations and brings unity and peace. The results also revealed that in as much as the rural Zimbabweans desire peace, corruption in water management increases the likelihood of grievance-based conflicts. Collaborative activities improve community relations and create a space for collective resolution of conflicts. The researchers recommend using local peace institutions to absorb macro-conflicts.

Pescadores migrantes: análisis de su dinámica e integración Social

La globalización de la economía incentiva desplazamientos masivos de población y genera, inevitablemente, una cosmopolitización de las sociedades. Ello provoca inquietudes, incomprensiones y rechazos. Los grupos sociales más vulnerables en la sociedad pueden percibir a la población que se mueve como intrusos y enemigos en la competición social.Sin duda alguna, entre los múltiples factores de la dinámica migratoria se sitúa la extrema inestabilidad espacial de los recursos pesqueros. Alrededor de este concepto gravitan diversas razones que impulsan la movilidad de los pescadores. Entre ellas, se sitúan los aspectos relacionados con las tradiciones, con la capitalización de la actividad, con las innovaciones tecnológicas, y con los intercambios de información relativos a la localización de los bancos de pecesEste artículo reflexiona sobre los desplazamientos espaciales de los pescadores. Los análisis se insertan dentro del paradigma de la gestión sostenible de los recursos renovables comunes, en concreto de los recursos pesqueros. Presenta tres rúbricas: a) las razones de la movilidad; b) la elección de los destinos; y c) la integración en las unidades de acogida.

Strategies for Managing Common Pool Natural Resources in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review of Past Experience and Future Challenges

AbstractThis article reviews the literature on the conservation and livelihood impacts of recent policy and institutional reforms concerning the management of common pool natural resources in sub-S...

Applying Ostrom’s common resource management principles to analyze institutional factors for the failure of the volunteer tourism program for green sea turtles conservation in Lanyu (Orchid Island), Taiwan

ABSTRACT Chelonia mydas (green sea turtles, GST) in Lanyu (Orchid Island), Taiwan, affect the behavioral evolution of land-based organisms in Lanyu, and they are also important for the study of evolutionary biology. However, threats to their survival are increasing. To protect GST, conservation organizations have recruited volunteer tourists to assist in the implementation of a GST conservation program. However, the volunteer tourism program for GST conservation did not achieve the expected results, and it even caused serious social conflicts and threatened the survival of GST. In this study, the volunteers and the local Tao people were interviewed to understand the views of both parties, and the interview data were analyzed using Ostrom’s common resources management principles. The results showed that wo mechanisms led to the neglect: the appropriate authorities in the Taiwan government did not provide sufficient funds, and the government was unable to integrate and coordinate the conservation activities. The research results suggest that government authorities should provide sufficient funds and communication resources to assist conservation organizations in making use of local ecological conservation mechanisms and that conservation organizations should report the results of volunteer tourism programs to the Tao people and assist in cleaning the beach.

An Expectations Based Privacy Framework for Management of Personal Data as a Common Resource

Personal data shared with third parties functions as joint property and has many inherent expectations. Some of these expectations are based on why and where the data was collected. Recently, however, the uses for collected data often exceed the expectations of the parties that provided the data. This exploitation is similar to exploitation of the commons and can have similar solutions. This paper outlines how common resource management regimes can be used in the privacy law sphere. It then summarizes some of the sources of personal data providers' expectations as informed by fourth amendment law. Finally the paper looks at sources of law and best practices for implementing a common resource management approach to personal data management.