Management Of Borer Research Articles

Pathogenicity of Bacillus subtilis Against Symbiotic Fungus of Euwallacea fornicates (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) From South India.

In India, the shot-hole borer, Euwallacea fornicates, commonly known as the tea borer, infests the galleries of tea plant twigs under natural conditions and is a major pest of tea. The current investigation focuses on the antagonistic ability of Bacillus subtilis to directly inhibit the growth of plant pathogens in two different climatic regions of tea-growing area. The evaluation reveals that (a) B. subtilis can directly suppress the growth of plant pathogens (b) in the in vitro evaluation; the B. subtilis suppressed the growth of the Fusarium ambrossium, which is the nourishment for the ambrosia beetle, (c) it also revealed that the antagonistic microbes and the entomopathogens are able to control the pest population of the shot hole borer of tea. The impact of B. subtilis on mycelial growth, sporulation, and spore germination of F. ambrosium in agar medium was observed. In the field condition on the post-treatment assessments shows an average decline of 40% in both foliar and soil drenching. Hence, we recommend the antagonistic bacterium B. subtilis for including as an IPM for the management of shot hole borer in tea.

Biology and Management of Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) Shoot and Fruit Borer: A Review

Eggplant (Solanum melongena Linnaeus) is a vital crop in South Asia, valued for its use in both raw and cooked dishes. However, its cultivation is severely threatened by the eggplant shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis (Guen.), which damages the plant from the seedling stage to harvest. The larval phase of this pest bores into shoots and fruits, potentially causing up to 90% loss and a decline in quality. Farmers often use excessive insecticides to combat L. orbonalis, leading to residue accumulation in food, insecticide resistance, pest resurgence, secondary pest outbreaks, and harm to beneficial organisms and the environment. In South Asia, this pest is the primary threat to eggplant fields, attracting significant research attention. This review paper examines biology, damage and control measures of eggplant shoot and fruit borer including resistant and tolerant varieties, sex pheromone traps, physical and mechanical barriers, biopesticides, biocontrol agents, and cultural and chemical methods, supported by previous studies and research findings. J Bangladesh Agril Univ 22(3): 267-276, 2024

Management of Brinjal Fruit and Shoot Borer (Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee) Using Biopesticides and Botanicals

The field experiment was carried out during Kharif season of 2023 at the Organic Research Farm Karguaji, Department of Entomology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Bundelkhand University Jhansi (U.P.). Nine treatments were tested: neem oil, garlic bulb extract, Bacillus thuringiensis, karanj oil, panchgavya, neem seed kernel extract (NSKE), Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, and a control, under a randomized block design. Three sprays of treatments were applied. The results showed that neem oil at 2 ml/L resulted in the minimum shoot damage (7.82%), followed by Bacillus thuringiensis at 5 gm/L and NSKE at 5 ml/L. To manage fruit infestation caused by brinjal fruit and shoot borer, Bacillus thuringiensis and neem oil were themost effective treatments, followed by Beauvaria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae. The maximum yield and highest cost benefit ratio were found with Bacillus thuringiensis (1:3.15), followed by Metarhizium anisopliae (1:3.07) and Beauveria bassiana (1:3.04).

<i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> Isolates and their Cry Genes Toxic to Chickpea Pod Borer <i>Helicoverpa armigera</i> (Hubner) from Ethiopia

Helicoverpa armigera (Hubn) is one of the most destructive insect pests of chickpea in Ethiopia. For sustainable management of insect pests of food crops, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a widely used bioinsecticide. This study was aimed at exploring indigenous Bt isolates that harbour cry genes to control H. armigera. Ten indigenous Bt isolates were analyzed for their cry genes. Accordingly, all the indigenous Bt isolates were observed to harbour two or more cry genes. Statistically significant (p<0.05) variations were observed among Bt species in influencing larval incidence, pod damage (%) and grain yield (t/ ha). Three potential indigenous Bt isolates were identified with their respective cry genes that included KDL (cry2 + cry4), AUGHS-1 (cry1 + cry4), and AUSD-1 (cry1 + cry2 + cry4 + cry7, 8 + cry9). Indigenous Bt isolates exhibited a strong potential in the management of chickpea pod borer. Development of commercial bioinsecticide and other Bt technologies using B. thuringiensis from Ethiopian sources will be a new avenue to be addressed.

Management of gram pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera L.) by bio-rational pesticides

Management of gram pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera L.) by bio-rational pesticides

Evaluation of Intercropping and Tobacco Leaf Extract for Management of Fruit Borer (Helicoverpa armigera) and Some Associated Beneficial Insects on Tomato in Eastern Hararghe, Ethiopia

Tomato production is challenged by different insect pests among these, fruit borer is the most destructing pests of tomato. To tackle these problems, the study was initiated with the objective to evaluate intercropping and tobacco extract on fruit borer and some associated beneficial insects on tomato in Eastern Hararghe. Head cabbage, common bean, onion, tobacco leaf extract and karate were used as treatments. The experiment was laid out in RCBD with four replications. From these results, significant differences were observed between treatments on larval population per plant and infestation per plant for all insect pests tested and also in population reduction. Tobacco leaf extract highly reduced the population occurrence and infestation level of fruit borer next to karate and followed by onion intercropping. The number of branches, number of fruits, and number of damaged fruits, marketable yield, non-marketable yield, and total yield also showed a significant difference (P < 0.05) among the treatments. The number of fruits per plant, marketable yield, and Total yield were the highest on onion intercrops followed by karate and tobacco extracts whereas the lowest number was observed from head cabbage intercrops. Maximum yield and yield traits were recorded on tomato onion intercropping compared to the rests of intercrops while the botanical extract comparably maximized the yields with Karate. Therefore, tomato-onion intercropping and tobacco leaf extract were used as the best alternatives to karate, the synthetic insecticides in the management of tomato fruit borer.

A degree‐hour phenological model to forecast the first invasion of Sesamia cretica (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

AbstractCorn stem borer, Sesamia cretica Lederer, is an important pest of corn and sugarcane worldwide. The validation of a linear and some selected nonlinear models in semi‐field and field conditions regarding the development time of the Varamin and Rey populations of S. cretica was performed. Our previously published laboratory data on the development rate and thermal constant of the pest for both populations were used as baseline information. The results showed that to construct a forecasting model, the lower temperature threshold of the Ikemoto model and estimated thermal constant of semi‐field or field conditions could provide a more accurate model. In the management of corn stem borer, when the thermal constant of the environment reached 44874.45 DH and 51,644 degree‐hour (DH) for the populations of Varamin and Rey, respectively, in the second generation on corn, which coincides with the peak of eggs, the necessary measures for inhibition should be prepared. Pest control was recommended when it reached 45857.01 DH and 52692.56 DH in Varamin and Rey, respectively, which coincides with the emergence of neonate larvae. Using these results leads to more successful pest management and saving time and financial resources.

Native Bacillus thuringiensis isolates against the old-world bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Ethiopia

ABSTRACT Chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.) production in Ethiopia has been seriously constrained by the insect pest, Helicoverpa armigera. Insecticides have been used for decades to control this noxious pest. However, the restriction on chemical insecticides necessitates biological pest control alternatives. Therefore, the present study investigated the effectiveness of native Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) isolates against Helicoverpa armigera 3rd instar larvae. The treatments consisted of Bt concentrations at the LD90 values, whereas the control plots were sprayed with distilled water and a commercial Bt. var. thuringiensis product. The results revealed statistically (p < 0.05) significant differences between the native Bt isolates and the control plots. Post 1st, pre 2nd and post 2nd Bt sprayed larval populations counted per plant ranged from 0.8 ± 0.3–3.1 ± 0.1, 0.6 ± 0.1–3.6 ± 0.0 and 0.5 ± 0.1–3.6 ± 0.4, respectively. Pod damage (%) and grain yield (t/ha) ranged between 9.7 ± 3.1 and 47.5 ± 9.5, 1.0 ± 0.0 and 2.6 ± 0.5, respectively compared to 47.5 ± 9.5% pod damage and 1.0 ± 0.0 (t/ha) grain yield from the control plots. These results indicate the potential of these bio-insecticides in the management of chickpea pod borer. Future research in Ethiopia should focus on additional collection, screening, characterisation, and testing in field trials.

Coffee berry borer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) population dynamics across Hawaii Island's diverse coffee-growing landscape: optimizing location-specific pesticide applications.

A major challenge to area-wide management of coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) is understanding how a heterogeneous coffee-growing landscape affects coffee berry borer population dynamics across temporal and spatial scales. We examined coffee phenology, weather, coffee berry borer flight activity, infestation, coffee berry borer position within the fruit, and management across 14 commercial coffee farms from 2016 to 2018 on Hawaii Island to characterize variation among districts and elevations. Here we aim to determine whether the timing of pesticide applications might be optimized based on specific locations. We observed larger populations of coffee berry borer at low-elevation farms and in the Kona district compared to mid- and high-elevation farms and the Ka'u district. Temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall all differed significantly across districts and elevations. We also observed a trend of higher fruit production at low-elevation farms compared to high-elevation farms, and differences in the timing of fruit development. Infestation increased with higher pest pressure and air temperatures and reduced fruit availability early and late in the season. Lastly, the timing and number of management interventions varied among districts and elevations. Combining information on trap catch, infestation, coffee berry borer position, and plant phenology, we present an optimized pesticide spray schedule for each location and find that the number of sprays could be reduced by 33-75% in comparison to the existing integrated pest management recommendations while maintaining effective control. Implementing a coordinated area-wide approach refined by small-scale optimization will lead to improved management of coffee berry borer on individual farms and a reduction in pest pressure across the coffee-growing landscape.

An Overview of the Biological Aspects, Nature of Damage and Strategies for Managing the Gram Pod Borer (Helicoverpa armigera Hubner) in Chickpea: A review

Gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera, a globally widespread and cosmopolitan insect pest, poses a significant threat to chickpea productivity worldwide. The effective management of this pest is paramount for ensuring sustainable chickpea yields. The life cycle of H. armigera spans approximately 4-5 weeks, progressing through egg, larvae, pupae and adult stages. During the initial 1st to 3rd instar larval phases, the insect primarily engages in feeding on leaves, twigs, and flowers. As the larvae advance to the 4th to 6th instar stages, they shift their focus to developing pods, creating holes or bores and consuming entire seeds. Yield losses of up to 90 percent may occur, contingent upon insect density and cultivar susceptibility. A comprehensive approach to sustainable chickpea pod borer management encompasses the utilization of resistant cultivars, strategic manipulation of sowing dates, maintaining optimal crop density, nutritional management, deployment of trap crops (such as maize, sunflower, sorghum, safflower, pigeon pea, okra and tomato), installation of animated bird perches and the application of biological control measures involving plant extracts, virus/bacteria-based insecticides and entomopathogenic nematodes. In instances of pod borer outbreaks, chemical insecticides are considered a last resort for farmers. However, the adoption of resistant cultivars, adherence to recommended cultural practices and the integration of biological control methods have proven to be more efficacious, economically viable, sustainable and environmentally friendly in the management of chickpea pod borer.

Bio-efficacy of certain new insecticides against pod borer complex in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.)

A study on evaluation of certain new insecticides against pod borer complex in pigeonpea was conducted at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Warangal for three consecutive years from Kharif 2019-20 to Kharif 2021 22 in medium maturity pigeonpea cultivar ‘Rudreswara’ (WRG-65). Seven treatments including untreated control were evaluated for their relative efficacy towards suppression of pod borer larval population and reduction of percent pod damage. The insecticide treatments along with untreated control were applied two times during the crop season viz., 50% flowering and pod formation stage. The results revealed that chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.3 ml/L followed by emamectin benzoate 5 SG proved significantly superior against gram pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera) and spotted pod borer (Maruca vitrata) with highest mean percent larval reduction and cumulative least percent pod damage (10.8 and 14.7%, respectively) over control. Further, chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC followed by emamectin benzoate 5 SG @ 0.4 g/l recorded higher grain yields and best ICBR ratio (1:4.6; 1:4.5). Thus, the effective chemicals observed in the study could be used as basis for selection of label recommended insecticides for successful management of pod borers in pigeonpea.

The Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Chilo infuscatellus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), and Related Phylogenetic Analysis.

The Chilo infuscatellus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is a significant pest of sugarcane in China. The genome-level characteristics of this pest are important genetic resources for identification, phylogenetic analysis, and even management. In the present study, the complete mitogenome of C. infuscatellus was sequenced and characterized. The assembled mitochondrial genome is 15,252bp in length and includes 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), 2 ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs), and an A + T-rich region. Except for the CGA codon for the cox1 gene, the PCGs are initiated with ATN codons (ATG, ATT, and ATA). These PCGs are terminated with TAA or an incomplete termination codon of a single T. Except for the loss of the "DHU" arm for trnS1, the tRNA genes were folded into the typical cloverleaf structure. The A + T-rich region has a high AT content of 96.19% and contains the motifs "ATAGA" and "ATTTA", as well as a 19bp poly-T stretch and microsatellite regions. The C. infuscatellus mitogenome exhibits a conserved gene order among lepidopteran insects, with a rearrangement of the trnM gene compared to the ancestral insect gene order. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 13 PCGs using Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods confirmed the monophyly of Pyralidae and Crambidae within Pyraloidea. The relationships between subfamilies in Pyralidae can be described as (Galleriinae + (Phycitinae + (Pyralinae + Epipaschiinae))). The "PS clade" and "non-PS clade" were formed within the family Crambidae. These findings provide valuable genetic resources for the identification, phylogenetic analysis, and management of sugarcane borers, contributing significantly to our understanding of the phylogeny of Pyraloidea insects and their evolution.

Efficacy of bio-rational insecticide for eco-friendly management of pod borer of mung bean

Pod borer species Maruca vitrata (Geyer) and Euchrysops cnejus (Fab.) are the major limiting constraints in mung bean. The present experiment was conducted in the experimental field of the Department of Entomology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh during March to June 2021 to develop an ecofriendly management approach against pod borer attacking mung bean. Four eco-friendly biopesticides (Biomax 1.8 EC (Abamectin) @ 1.2 ml/L, Tracer 45 SC (Spinosad) @ 0.4 g/, Fytomax PM (0.1% Azadirachtin) @ 5.0 ml/L, Neem Seed kernel Extract (NSKE) @ 50.0 g/L) and clean cultivation were tested against pod borers of mung bean variety BU mug 4. An untreated control treatment was maintained for comparison. The marginal benefit-cost ratio of the treatments and the impact of the treatments on the abundance of beneficial arthropods in the experimental plots were recorded. The management approaches did not affect the abundance of beneficial arthropods in the bean field. The findings revealed that the lowest rate of pod infestation (1.9% by n/n and w/w) as well as the highest marketable yield (1.55 MT/ha) and marginal benefit- cost ratio (3.02) were obtained with the foliar spray with Tracer 45 SC (Spinosad) @0.4 g/L of water at 15 days interval. Tracer 45 SC (Spinosad) @ 0.4 g/L of water at 15 day intervals is an effective, suitable, and viable approach for suppressing pod borer complex without harm to beneficial arthropods in the mung bean field. Ann. Bangladesh Agric. (2023) 27 (1): 71-79

Management of Fruit and Shoot Borer, Leucinodes orbonalis (Guenee) in Brinjal through Sequential Application of Selected Insecticides and Biorationals

Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), commonly known as brinjal shoot and fruit borer is a dreaded pest in India. The bio efficacy of insecticides and biorationals has been test verified in managing fruit and shoot borer through logical sequential schedules. The results of the present field experiment conducted during Summer 2023 in Agricultural and Horticultural research Station (AHRS), Bavikere revealed the most effective insecticidal schedule among the tested sequences. The sequence containing Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.3 ml/L - Spinosad 45 SC @ 0.4 ml/L - Lufenuron 5 EC @ 1.0 ml/L - Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki @ 2.0 g/L demonstrated remarkable success in reducing the damage caused by L. orbonalis along with economic viability and high cost-benefit ratio.

Cost benefit analysis and management of brinjal shoot and fruit borer (Leucinodes orbonalis Guene) using bio-pesticides in Bundelkhand region, Uttar Pradesh

Cost benefit analysis and management of brinjal shoot and fruit borer (Leucinodes orbonalis Guene) using bio-pesticides in Bundelkhand region, Uttar Pradesh

Management of gram pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera Hub.) through natural resource based bioagents in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Management of gram pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera Hub.) through natural resource based bioagents in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Management of pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) through newer insecticide in chickpea

Management of pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) through newer insecticide in chickpea

Management of brinjal shoot and fruit borer (Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee) using eco-friendly IPM strategies in farmer’s fields of Banda district of Bundelkhand region

Management of brinjal shoot and fruit borer (Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee) using eco-friendly IPM strategies in farmer’s fields of Banda district of Bundelkhand region

Evaluation of alternative insecticides for peachtree borer management in Georgia peaches, 2022–2023

Evaluation of alternative insecticides for peachtree borer management in Georgia peaches, 2022–2023

An approach for site-specific assessment of pod borer management in chickpea in Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh

An approach for site-specific assessment of pod borer management in chickpea in Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh