Blood Bank Management Research Articles

Past, present, and future: a qualitative and literature study identifying historical trends, drivers, and transformational factors for the future demand of blood supply in the Netherlands.

As blood transfusion has evolved, there is a need to understand its historical trends and underlying drivers. Furthermore, for blood bank management to make decisions about the future, they need to consider what transformational factors (defined as developments in science, society, and technology) could significantly impact blood demand and to what effect. This study has a two-fold aim: to explore transfusion experts' perspectives regarding 1) historical trends and drivers of red blood cells (RBCs) in the past 20 years and 2) transformational factors that would impact the future demand of RBCs and to what effect. Forty-two semi-structured interviews were held with transfusion experts from the Netherlands and abroad, supplemented with a literature review of Pubmed, Google Scholar, and gray literature. With regard to historical trends and drivers, experts shared two main trends: decreased or increased demands for RBCs. Various drivers were reported for each trend, coupled with evidence from literature. With regard to the future, experts anticipated that RBC demands will either increase (17%), decrease (45%), decrease but stabilize (12%), or stabilize as is (7%). Various transformational factors were found to support each trend (e.g., gene therapy will reduce RBC demand), although there were factors for which experts were unsure about its effects (e.g., cultured RBCs). Seven groups of transformation factors were identified in the literature review. While the future of blood transfusion is uncertain, there are actions that blood banks may take now to prepare for potential future developments.

Blood Bank Information System Based on Cloud Computing In Indonesia

In the health industry, the development of technology makes all of its related activities easier and faster. Cloud computing can facilitate controlled distribution of blood by using an information system. The problems that occurs in the distributions of blood at the hospitals in Indonesia are sometimes the distributions are not controlled, so the blood may run out of stock caused by inequality of blood needs, difficulty in finding blood donors, and don’t have an integrated system. The purpose of this study is to propose a connecting system that integrates Indonesian society who can be personal donor to help blood supply availability of UTD PMI using BBIS (Blood Bank Management System) based on cloud computing. The research methodology is collecting data with a systematic literature review and referring to previous studies, related to the current conditions in Indonesia. The result in this study is to propose Blood Bank Information System (BBIS), featured of application, dashboard, module and network architecture.

English

Knowledge of distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups is helpful for effective management of blood banks and safe blood transfusion services. The prevalence of these blood groups varies worldwide and may not be found in equal numbers even among ethnic groups. The aim of this study was to find out the distribution of ABO and Rh (D) blood groups among students attending high schools in Bote town, Ethiopia from March–April 2017. Blood samples were taken from 392 (N = 775) volunteer students from finger-pricks and blood groups were determined on open slide by haemagglutination method using commercially available anti-sera A, B, and Rh (D). Descriptive statistics was used to calculate percentage frequencies of blood phenotype. The genotypic and allelic frequencies of the blood groups were calculated from the observed phenotypes under the assumption of Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. In the ABO system, type O was the most prevalent (41.3%) followed by A (31.9%), B (21.4%) and AB the least (5.4%), in the pattern O > A > B > AB. Most of the students were found to be Rh+ (92.86%). Regarding the combined ABO/Rh blood groups, O+ was the most prevalent (38%), A+ (30%), B+ (20%) and AB+ (5%) and O- was also the most frequent (3%) among Rh-negative (Rh-) students. The allelic frequencies of O (r), A (p) and B (q), D and d were 0.64, 0.21, 0.15, 0.73 and 0.27, respectively. Genotypic frequency of IOIO was the most (0.413) frequent while that of IBIB was the least (0.021) while DD and dd were 53.3 and 7.3, respectively. The observed and expected frequencies of individuals having ABO and Rh blood were not significantly different in both blood systems (goodness-of-fit χ2 for ABO = 0.4729, df = 3 and χ2 for Rh = 0.0145, df = 1; P < 0.05). The present study gives vital information regarding the management of blood bank and transfusion services in the community. Key words: Blood alleles, agglutination, blood bank, blood transfusion, prevalence, Rhesus factor.

Distributional Patterns of ABO Blood Grouping and Rhesus Factor: Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study in Somali Regional Blood Bank

Blood is the most important body fluid. It is responsible for the transportation of the most critical substance, oxygen. The human red blood cell membrane contains different types of antigens, called agglutinogens. These antigens are capable of inducing specific immune response which in turn results in the production of antibodies. From the thirty blood group system genes already identified, the most important blood group systems are the ABO and Rh. Frequency of the four main ABO blood groups vary throughout the world mainly due to differences in geographical location and ethnicity. The aim of this study was to describe the distributional patterns of ABO blood grouping and Rh factor in Somali Regional State. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in the blood bank from January 1 to February 10, 2019. Sample of three years (2015 to 2017) data was collected purposively. Data collectors were oriented prior to data collection and the study tool was pre-tested for corrections if any. Data processing and descriptive data analysis was undertaken by employing Microsoft Excel 2013 and SPSS 20. Ethical clearance letter was obtained from the Somali Regional Health Bureau and it was presented to the study facility. Blood group O has the highest frequency, 2,310 (50.10%) followed by blood group A, 1,366 (29.60%); B 702 (15.20%) and AB 236 (5.10%). The overall Rhesus factor positivity and negativity was 4,410 (95.6%) and 204 (4.4%) respectively. Blood group O is the most frequent blood type among blood donors in Somali region. Then, followed by A, B, and AB blood types. Absolute majority of blood donors in the region have Rh positive gene in the surface of their RBCs. Contact details of blood donors with rare blood types should be retained for tracking in cases of emergency blood donation requests. Concerned bodies at different levels should use findings from this study for planning and blood bank management.

BLOOD BANK AND DISASTER RESPONSE SERVICES;

Objective: Assessment and Comparison of blood group typing among male,female urban and rural population of Tehsil Hassan Abdal, District Attock, Punjab, Pakistan.Materials and Methods: A total of 400 healthy male, female volunteers belonging to both ruraland urban areas were tested for blood group typing. Results: In the selected population in caseof ABO blood groups A, B and O were pre dominant. In the same population in case of Rh bloodgroups Rh + was pre dominant. Conclusions: The assessment and comparison of blood groupsin various subclasses of selected population can be beneficial in effective management of bloodbank, swift management of disasters requiring massive blood transfusions and development ofblood donor society.

Jk3 alloantibodies during pregnancy-blood bank management and hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn risk.

The Kidd-null phenotype, Jk(a-b-), occurs in individuals who do not express the JK glycoprotein. Jk(a-b-) individuals can make an antibody against the Jk3 antigen, a high-incidence antigen present in more than 99.9% of most populations. This presents many challenges to the blood bank including identification of the antibody, masking of other antibodies, and how to provide transfusion support given the rarity of Jk3-negative blood products. Kidd antibodies may cause acute and delayed hemolytic reactions as well as hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN). In this article, we present a series of four practical cases of pregnant women with the anti-Jk3 alloantibody that demonstrate a range of clinical presentations of Kidd-related HDFN. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical and blood bank records for four patients and their newborns encountered at institutions in Tennessee, Missouri, Hawaii, and Guam with an anti-Jk3 identified during pregnancy. Two cases showed no significant evidence for HDFN, while two cases were of mild-to-moderate severity requiring early delivery due to elevated middle cerebral artery (MCA) flow velocities but requiring only phototherapy for hyperbilirubinemia. No intrauterine or neonatal transfusions were necessary. Anti-Jk3 alloantibody titers ranged from 2 to 128. Clinical manifestations of anti-Jk3 HDFN are generally mild to moderate. Anti-Jk3 titers were not found to correlate directly with HDFN severity. We suggest a titer of 16 to 32 as a cutoff for implementing enhanced monitoring of fetal MCA flow velocities, as such titers may be indicative of elevated HDFN risk.

Identification and correction of human errors in real‐time – a blood banking surveillance system

BackgroundHuman errors are a major challenge in blood banking. Innovative ICT‐based strategies for error interception and prevention must be developed and investigated for their efficacy.Materials and MethodsA browser‐based Blood Bank Management Information System (BBMIS) intercepting real‐time human errors was implemented at The Indus Hospital Blood Centre, Karachi, Pakistan. Data were analysed for 6 blood bank, and three transfusion‐related categories of errors intercepted, from December 2013 to December 2016, during which the blood centre drew 45 425 donors.ResultsA total of 413 errors were intercepted and corrected. There was an attempt to prepare 16 of 2199 quarantined components. Reagent quality assurance was not performed in 3 of 1126 instances. There were 169 misinterpretations of 113 536 blood groups, 44 of 90 850 mismatches at donor blood group reconfirmation and wrong blood group labelling in 98 of 141 417 cases. At unit verification, 26 of 28 581 units were not physically discarded. Wrong blood in tube was identified in 7 of 24 962 cases. Incorrect sample tube was selected for testing in 25 of 32 857 cases. There were 11 attempts to issue units to the wrong patient of 14 644 issues.ConclusionAuto‐generated alerts on interception of human errors in real‐time eliminate bias of under‐reporting due to human dependent surveillance systems, thus, providing a better representation of the range of human errors in the blood bank and transfusions. The BBMIS was able to intercept errors at inception, halting further processing and prompting the user to take corrective actions, thus, enabling correction of all errors in the studied categories.

Iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in blood donors at a tertiary care hospital in Islamabad, Pakistan

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of iron deficiency anemia among the blood donors. Methods: A prospective, single center cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Blood Transfusion Services, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad, Pakistan, from February 2017 to June 2017. A total of 528 blood donors who donated blood without prior screening for hemoglobin levels were enrolled for this study. Blood samples were tested for six hematological and five biochemical parameters including hemoglobin level, red cell count, packed cell volume, mean cell volume, mean cell hemoglobin, mean cell hemoglobin concentration, serum ferritin, iron, total iron binding capacity, transferrin saturation, and unsaturated iron binding capacity. Results: Of 528 blood donors, 251 (47.53%) were first-time donors, 203 (38.44%) had donated twice previously but not in the past 12 months, and 74 (14.01%) were regular donors with minimum three donations per year. All of the donors were males with a mean age of 29.2 years (range = 18–56 years). Of these, the regular donors showed the reduction in mean values of the parameters studied. Conclusion: The blood bank management needs to review the donor selection criteria for donation. Regular voluntary donors should be given an iron supplement to prevent the depletion of iron stores.

Effects of word-of-mouth on the behavior of Austrian blood donors: a case study of the Red Cross Blood Donation Service.

The procurement of blood is an essential challenge of today's health care. Current studies emphasize the influence of word-of-mouth (WOM) on health care behavior, including blood donation. Still, there exists no study which systematically investigates how WOM affects the behavior of blood donors. Therefore, this paper aims to contribute to this lack of research by focusing on Austrian blood donors as possible receivers and senders of WOM. A survey was distributed to 300 donors of the Austrian Red Cross with a return of 245 surveys. The results highlight the strong influence of WOM on the awareness of the blood service and the willingness to donate blood. Further, structured and organized procedures, friendly employees and respectful interaction were found to be important factors determining willingness to recommend blood donation. Family members as well as friends are the preferred WOM-receivers and the personal face-to-face contact is the favored channel of communication. The results also show that WOM-behavior is strongly influenced by factors such as age, gender and donation frequency. By helping blood bank managers to better understand how WOM affects donation intention and behavior, this study provides a new approach to attract blood donors.

Effect of pharmacy management on turnaround time of 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate.

The change in turnaround time of 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) when managed by the pharmacy department compared to blood bank management was evaluated. A retrospective analysis evaluated blood bank versus pharmacy management of PCC. Blood bank management was evaluated from November 2014 to November 2015, and pharmacy management was evaluated from December 2015 to July 2016. Chart review was performed on all patients who received PCC during these study periods. The primary outcome was the difference in median time from order entry to administration between management groups. Comparisons were made for the appropriateness of clinical use, length of stay, and discharge status. The primary outcome was analyzed using a Mann-Whitney U test. Secondary outcomes were analyzed using the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. Descriptive statistics were utilized to analyze secondary outcomes. Forty-three patients received PCC in the blood bank group, and 22 patients received PCC in the pharmacy group. Median turnaround time of PCC was lower in the pharmacy group (43 minutes; interquartile range [IQR], 32-65 minutes) compared to the blood bank group (62 minutes; IQR; 39-110 minutes; p = 0.032). PCC use was clinically appropriate for 55% of patients (n = 12) in the pharmacy group compared with 37% of patients (n = 16) in the blood bank group (p = 0.182). There were no significant differences between the blood bank and pharmacy groups with regard to hospital length of stay or in-hospital mortality. Conversion of PCC management from the blood bank to the pharmacy was associated with a significant decrease in time to PCC administration.

Discussion on the issues related to Rh-negative blood transfusion

Rh blood group system is very important for red blood cell blood group system, the supply of Rh-negative blood have been remained on edge in clinical blood transfusions. During clinical practice, we should learn experience of blood transfusion in patients with Rh-negative blood type from clinical typical cases, establish a standardized blood bank management model, analyze the types of blood transfusion of Rh-negative patients, and popularize knowledge of Rh-negative rare blood type, try our best to reduce the probability of transfusion reaction, in order to ensure the clinical blood supply, and the blood quality and safety. Key words: Rh-Hr blood-group system; Blood group antigens; blood transfusion; Rh-negative

Distribution of ABO Blood Groups and RH (D) factor in Haryana

Introduction : blood group is a system of antigens present on the surface of red blood cells. The majority are inherited by Mendelian Fashion. The ABO & Rhesus (Rh) blood group system are the most prevalent & important for transfusion of blood & its components, organ transplant, genetic studies & in legal medicine study. Aim and objective of the study is to determine age and sex wise frequency and distribution of ABO and Rh blood group patterns among blood donors in Southern Haryana and compare the data with similar studies. A retrospective study was conducted at Blood bank of Maharaja Agrasen Medical College over a period of six months from 1st January to 30st June 2015. Blood group of the blood donors were determined by commercially available standard monoclonal antisera by test tube agglutination technique. Results: During the study period 3202 donors of different blood groups were screened by antigen- antibody agglutination method using commercially available antiseras. The study revealed that the commonest ABO blood group was B(37.82%), followed by O (30.82%), A(22.21%) and AB(9.15%) respectively. Rh Positive were 91.07% and Rh negative were 8.93%. Conclusion: The present study has a significant implication regarding the management of blood bank and transfusion services in this area . It also provides a database for the blood banks and also useful to health planner while making efforts to face future health challenges in the region.

Perception of low-titer group A plasma and potential barriers to using this product: A blood center's experience serving community and academic hospitals

BackgroundTo alleviate the shortage of AB plasma, an alternative plasma product, low-titer group A plasma (LTGAP), is now available. The product is indicated for emergency transfusions when the patient's blood group has not been identified. The product's defining anti-B titers vary across institutions, and at our blood center we define <1:100 as low-titer. MethodsWe created two surveys and emailed them to hospital blood bank managers, supervisors, and medical directors who currently use LTGAP and those that have not ordered it. We calculated the amount of LTGAP that met our <1:100 cutoff. We searched our inventory database to obtain sales of LTGAP, AB, and all other types of plasma in 2014. ResultsWe learned from the surveys that the product is safe and being used as indicated for only life or limb-threatening emergencies until patient's blood group is known and specific products can be provided. Most common reasons for not using LTGAP were lack of need in non-trauma hospitals and limiting capabilities in blood bank software. Although sales of LTGAP increased by ~5% by end of the first year since introduction, sales of AB plasma remained relatively steady. ConclusionLTGAP appears to be a safe alternative to group AB plasma for emergency indications. By reviewing our percentage of group A plasma units that meet our low-titer cutoff and the current interest for the product, we can reduce the amount of units we titer each day by ~30% and can readjust that amount if there is increased interest. Besides lack of familiarity and limitations in computer software to incorporate LTGAP, the steady demand for AB plasma can potentially be attributed to trauma centers ordering more AB plasma than needed and potentially wasting it in nonurgent cases to avoid outdating the product and lack of institutional guidelines on when to switch from AB to type-specific plasma resulting in excess AB plasma being transfused.

Allelic variance among ABO blood group genotypes in a population from the western region of Saudi Arabia.

BackgroundCharacterization of the ABO blood group at the phenotype and genotype levels is clinically essential for transfusion, forensics, and population studies. This study elucidated ABO phenotypes and genotypes, and performed an evaluation of their distribution in individuals from the western region of Saudi Arabia.MethodsOne-hundred and seven samples underwent standard serological techniques for ABO blood group phenotype analysis. ABO alleles and genotypes were identified using multiplex polymerase chain reaction, and electrophoretic analysis was performed to evaluate the highly polymorphic ABO locus.ResultsA phenotype distribution of 37.4%, 30.8%, 24.3%, and 7.5% was found for blood groups O, A, B, and AB respectively in our study cohort. Genotype analysis identified 10 genotype combinations with the O01/O02 and A102/O02 genotypes being the most frequent with frequencies of 33.6% and 14.95%, respectively. Common genotypes such as A101/A101, A101/A102, A101/B101, B101/B101, and O01/O01 were not detected. Similarly, the rare genotypes, cis-AB01/O02, cis-AB01/O01, and cis-AB01/A102 were not found in our cohort. The most frequently observed allele was O02 (35.98%) followed by the A102 allele (17.76%). Furthermore, our findings are discussed in reference to ABO allele and genotype frequencies found in other ethnic groups.ConclusionThe study has a significant implication on the management of blood bank and transfusion services in Saudi Arabian patients.

Partial phenotyping in voluntary blood donors of Gujarat State.

Introduction:Partial phenotyping of voluntary blood donors has vital role in transfusion practice, population genetic study and in resolving legal issues. The Rh blood group is one of the most complex and highly immunogenic blood group known in humans. The Kell system, discovered in 1946, is the third most potent system at triggering hemolytic transfusion reactions and consists of 25 highly immunogenic antigens. Knowledge of Rh & Kell phenotypes in given population is relevant for better planning and management of blood bank; the main goal is to find compatible blood for patients needing multiple blood transfusions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of Rh & Kell phenotype of voluntary donors in Gujarat state.Materials and Methods:The present study was conducted by taking 5670 samples from random voluntary blood donors coming in blood donation camp. Written consent was taken for donor phenotyping. The antigen typing of donors was performed by Qwalys-3(manufacturer: Diagast) by using electromagnetic technology on Duolys plates.Results:Out of 5670 donors, the most common Rh antigen observed in the study population was e (99.07%) followed by D (95.40%), C (88.77%), c (55.89%) and E (17.88%). The frequency of the Kell antigen (K) was 1.78 %.Discussion:The antigen frequencies among blood donors from Gujarat were compared with those published for other Indian populations. The frequency of D antigen in our study (95.4%) and north Indian donors (93.6) was significantly higher than in the Caucasians (85%) and lower than in the Chinese (99%). The frequencies of C, c and E antigens were dissimilar to other ethnic groups while the ‘e’ antigen was present in high frequency in our study as also in the other ethnic groups. Kell antigen (K) was found in only 101 (1.78 %) donors out of 5670. Frequency of Kell antigen in Caucasian and Black populations is 9% & 2% respectively. The most common Kell phenotype was K-k+, not just in Indians (96.5%) but also in Caucasians (91%), Blacks (98%) and Chinese (100%).Conclusion:Phenotype and probable genotype showed wide range of variations in different races and religion. Reliable population based frequency data of Rh & Kell antigens has vital role in population genetic study, in resolving medico legal issues and in transfusion practice.

Pattern of ABO and Rhesus Blood Groups Distribution of Five Years Survey in Jimma Town Blood Bank, South West Ethiopia

Background: For the effective management of blood banks and safe blood transfusion services, understanding ABO blood group types and Rhesus (Rh) factor distribution at local and regional levels is very essential. Objective: To determine and compare the five years, 2010-2014, distribution of ABO and rhesus blood groups in Jimma Town blood bank, South West Ethiopia. Materials and methods: A retrospective cross sectional study was conducted to determine the distribution of the type ABO blood group and Rh factor among blood donors of Jimma town blood bank. For those individuals available to donate blood during study period, we used an interview based structured questionnaire to collect sociodemographic and other clinically useful data. But non study period data, we used a check list to retrieve data from record. Descriptive statistics, including frequencies and percentage were used to present data in text and tables. Results: At the ABO blood group system, type O was the commonest type accounting for 43.1% followed by type A and B accounting for 31.9% and 21.5% respectively. The AB blood group type was the least common accounting for 3.5% sample. From Rh blood group, 92.8% subjects were Rh positive whereas 7.2% were Rh negative. Conclusion: The study reports the pattern of blood groups among the people in and around Jimma Town, South West Ethiopia and would help the blood bank to prepare database and increase awareness which type of blood group should be stored more. So, the study has a significant implication regarding the inventory management of blood bank and transfusion services for those who need blood transfusion.

Distribution of ABO and Rh types in voluntary Blood donors in Jharkhand area as a study conducted by RIMS, Ranchi.

Background:This study was done to know the distribution and frequencies of blood groups among blood donors attending voluntary blood donation camps organized by the Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Ranchi, Jharkhand so that demand and supply ratio of the four blood groups can be maintained so that no patient dies due to lack of a particular blood group.Context:Up till now about 400 red cells antigen have been identified. The majority follow Mendelian inheritance. The ABO and Rhesus (Rh) blood group system are most important for blood transfusion purposes, parental testing, legal medicine, and in population genetic study.Aims:This study was conducted to determine and compare the frequency and distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups among voluntary blood donors attending blood donation camps in Jharkhand organized by RIMS. The aim is to know the demand and supply ratio of a particular blood group in light of their distribution in the society so that no patient dies due to the deficient supply of blood.Settings and Design:It is a retrospective study carried out at blood bank. Materials and Methods: A study was conducted at Blood bank, RIMS, Ranchi, Jharkhand, over a period of 4 years from January 1, 2012, to December 31, 2015. Blood group of the blood donors was determined by commercially available standard monoclonal antisera by test tube agglutination technique accompanied by reverse grouping.Results:Out of 20,455 subjects, 18,717 (91.73%) were male and 1738 (8.27%) were female subjects. The ABO blood group present was B (35.15%) followed by O (34.73%), A (22.09%), and AB (8.03%) in blood donors while in Rh system, (96.46%) donors were Rh +ve and (3.54%) donors were Rh −ve. The study has a significant implication regarding the inventory management of blood bank and transfusion services for the indoor patients of RIMS and for emergency supply to other hospitals of Jharkhand in dire need of blood.Conclusions:The knowledge of distribution of blood group is very important for blood banks and transfusion services which play an important role in the patient's health care. This study will also throw light on the reasons of deficiency of a particular group in a particular area so that deficient group donors may be encouraged to donate more frequently.

Development of a Blood Bank Management System

The process of managing the blood bag that is received from the blood donation events needs a proper and systematic management. The blood bag must be handled with care and treated thoroughly as it is related to someone's life. The development of Web-based Blood Bank Management System (BBMS) is proposed to provide a management functional to the blood bank in order to handle the blood bag. In Kuala Terengganu, East Peninsular Coast of Malaysia has only one government hospital that handles blood bank currently is using a standalone system. This web-based management system was developed to meet the requirements for Sultanah Nur Zahirah Hospital (HSNZ). Other hospital may have different ways and approach of handling blood bag. The methodology used to build this system uses the Rational Unified Process (RUP). The technology platform in implementing this system uses J2EE programming environment with Java and JSP, using MySQL for SQL database and HTML5, CSS and JavaScript for web development.

Analysis of blood transfused in a city hospital with the principle of Markov-dependence

The management of blood bank is an integral part of health delivery system and it is centred on the donation and transfusion of blood. The four major classification of blood is considered in the formulation of Markov model with a first- order dependence. The data of blood transfused in a city hospital was studied and the result revealed that the blood that is donated and received by the same blood group constitute the major blood needed in the hospital with 100%, 99.1%, 98.3%, and 98.5% for blood groups AB,B,A and O respectively. There will be a little variation in the blood needed for transfusion in the future on the basis of the present when the initial values of the transition probabilities P12 (t), P13 (t), P14 (t), P24 (t), and P34 (t) (t = 0) are 0.00354, 0.00202, 0.00865, 0.01653 and 0.00884 respectively. The information about blood bank inventory is important for a successful health care delivery. If such information is available in every city hospital, it may be possible to move blood from one hospital to another during emergency. Mathematics Subject Classification: 60J28

Sero-Genetical Study among Rural Women of Terai Belt of Bihar, India

ABO and Rhesus blood groups are the most important blood groups that are useful for transfusion purposes. The ABO and Rhesus blood groups vary in different populations. Among the several disorders of blood, haemoglobinopathies, Glucose - 6- phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6PD) deficiency and blood group serology are the most important genetic and public health issue in many parts of the world. The present work was undertaken to understand the relationship between blood groups, G-6PD deficiency and sickle cell anaemia. The distribution of ABO blood groups, Rh, G-6PD deficiency and Sickle cell anaemia was studied in rural women populations residing in different villages of Terai belt of Bihar In no case two persons belonging to the same family were subjected to test the above mentioned Mendelian traits. Standard methodology was used to collect data on various parameters. In the present investigation the frequency of blood group was B > O > A > AB. Out of 326 subjects, 141 (43.25%) were of B type, 93 (28.52%) O type, 65 (19.94%) A type and 27 (8.29) were of AB type. The frequency of Rh - was 10.12%. No case of G-6PD deficiency and Sickle cell anaemia was found. The study has a significant implication regarding the management of blood bank and transfusion services in this area. Knowledge of blood group distribution is also important for clinical studies, for reliable geographical information and for forensic studies in the population. The present study revealed a decrease tendency of G-6PD deficiency and sickle cell anaemia in the study area