Management Behaviour Research Articles

The association between physical symptoms and self-care behaviours in heart failure patients with inadequate self-care behaviours: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundPatients with heart failure frequently report inadequate self-care behaviours. Physical symptoms can impact patients’ ability to perform self-care behaviours. However, studies investigating the association between physical symptoms and heart failure self-care behaviours have produced inconsistent findings, potentially due to variations in the determinants of self-care behaviours among patients with differing levels of self-care proficiency. Understanding the association between physical symptoms and self-care behaviours in heart failure patients with inadequate self-care behaviours could improve care for this subpopulation. The study aimed to explore the association between physical symptoms and self-care behaviours in Chinese heart failure patients with inadequate self-care behaviours.MethodsThis analysis was based on primary data from a cross-sectional study that aimed to investigate factors associated with self-care in heart failure patients. Physical symptoms were measured using the Heart Failure Somatic Perception Scale. Self-care behaviours (i.e., self-care maintenance and management) of heart failure were measured using the Self-Care of Heart Failure Index (version 6.2). Patients who reported scores < 70 on both self-care maintenance and management behaviours were eligible and included in the analysis. Hierarchical regression analysis was performed to explore the association between physical symptoms and self-care behaviours.ResultsA total of 189 patients were included in the analysis, with a mean age of 65 years and a median duration of living with heart failure of 24 months. Most participants were classified as New York Heart Association class III or IV. Dyspnoea symptoms were the most frequently reported physical symptoms. The results of the hierarchical regression analysis showed that the severity of physical symptoms was positively associated with self-care management behaviours (β = 0.157, 95% CI: 0.010, 0.368, p = 0.039) but not significantly associated with self-care maintenance behaviours (β = -0.133, 95% CI: -0.316, 0.026, p = 0.097).ConclusionsBased on the data collected in Changsha, China, we found that patients with HF with poor self-care experienced more dyspnoea symptoms. Severe HF physical symptoms might serve as drivers for better self-care management in patients with inadequate self-care behaviours. Effective care and support should be provided when physical symptoms worsen to facilitate patients’ engagement in self-care behaviour in this subpopulation.

Change Management and Institutional Citizenship Behaviour of Office Managers: The Moderating Role of Institutional Culture in Tertiary Institutions in Rivers State

This study investigated the relationship between change management and institutional citizenship behaviour of office managers in tertiary institutions in Rivers State. It also examined the moderating role of institutional culture on the relationship between change manage and institutional citizenship behaviour. The study was carried out in eight (8) tertiary institutions in Rivers State. Descriptive survey design was adopted in the generation of data. The instrument for data collection used in this study was the questionnaire. The population of the study consisted of eight hundred and thirty-six (836) Office and information managers in seven public tertiary institutions in Rivers State. The respondents to this research are 270 participants which constituted the sample size obtained through Taro Yamene Sample Size Determination Formula. Spearman ranked correlation and partial correlation were statistical tools used for testing the null hypotheses with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings of this study revealed that change management significantly and positively influences institutional citizenship behaviour in tertiary institution in Rivers State. It was also found that institutional cultures strongly moderate the relationship between change management and institutional citizenship behaviiour Thus, the study concluded that change management is a veritable tool for enhancing institutional citizenship behaviour of office managers strongly moderated by institutional culture in tertiary institutions in Rivers State. Based on the findings and conclusion drawn, a number of recommendations were made, among which is that tertiary institutions should involve employees in institutional decisions and avoid prejudice and discriminatory in decisions consider these issues in institutions.

Stress and Coping Strategies among Police Personnel

Stress affects everyone in some manner; for some individuals, it helps them achieve their goals, while for others, it does them harm. As a result, stress is inescapable for everyone at some point in their lives. Today, an organization's primary priority is managing its employees' stress levels in order to run its business effectively. The majority of service industries are focused on people. Working as a cop has long been regarded as one of the most demanding occupations. The police personnel are one of the few professionals where people are expected to face physical dangers and, if necessary, to risk their lives as well as face significant stress in many other aspects Workplace pressures, stress management, and work burnout among cops. The writers concluded that stress may be defined as the stimulation of the psyche and body in response to a pressure placed on them. There are four degrees of stress: cognitive, behavioural, physical, and psychological. Police personnel professional stress is primarily subjective in character, rather than being an objective event. Type of job, organisational culture, personality type, interpersonal relationships, and managerial behaviour are the five most prevalent factors to stress among police personnel. To cope with significant stress, the associated emotions must be handled and decreased in such a way that the individual feels relieved. Burnout rates among police personnel are rising, indicating that they are under more stress for longer periods of time.

The Green Behaviour Role in Relationship Amid Green Human Resource Management and Employer Branding in Green Hospitals

Objectives: The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of Green Behaviour (GB) in relationship amid Green Human Resource Management (GHRM) and Employer Branding (EB) in Selected Green Hospitals. Methods: This empirical research examines dual directions of considered variables The GHRM is studied by adopting the 24-item scale with 6 factors (scale reliability varies from 0.804 to 0.814). GB is measured by adopting 6 item scale with 2 factors (reliability ranges from 0.821 to 0.834). To examine perceived EB, 23 item scale with 6 factors (reliability varies from 0.813 to 0.817) were applied. The responses were collected using convenience sampling through the e-mail survey and 384 valid responses (Health Care Professionals in Selected Green Hospitals) were considered. Data Analysis is carried out in dual stages viz., scale validation for all considered variables and Sobel test is carried out to examine the mediating role of GB amid GHRM and EB. Findings: The results of the analysis explored that mediation investigation were satisfied and reinforced, it also noted that after removal of mediating variables (GB), the b weight of the GB is reduced from 0.899 to 0.706 which is significant. Hence, GB acts as a partial mediator in relationship amid GB and EB which is confirmed by sobel test. Novelty: The examination of the GB practices as a mediating role amid GHRM and EB in a single study is a uniqueness of this research. Keywords: Green Human Resource Management; Green Behaviour; Employer Branding; Health Care sector; Sobel Test

Financial Management Behavior and Its Impact on Higher Education Performance

This study aims to analyze financial management behaviour and its impact on university performance from the perspective of Wealth Management. This study uses a qualitative case study type approach, in which researchers attempt to uncover the meaning behind financial management carried out by universities. Interviews, observations and documentation serve as a medium for collecting research data. Data analysis was carried out through data collection, presentation, and reduction stages and ended with concluding. The study results a show that financial management behaviour at STIE Indonesia Banjarmasin is carried out through financial planning, implementation and evaluation based on the principles of fairness, efficiency, transparency and public accountability. While the impact of financial management behaviour is, first, increasing educational performance; second, increasing research and community service performance and third, increasing public trust in higher education institutions. This research provides implications for the importance of wealth management in the higher education governance system towards superior and competitive tertiary institutions.

Passive or not? – Examining the diversity within passive forest owners

The structural changes that affect forest owners at the European level have entailed the threat of their becoming more passive in their forest management. These “so-called” passive forest owners represent a challenge for policy-makers, as they typically do not pursue explicit forest management goals and put less weight on externalities demanded of the forest resources by society. At the national level, an increasing number of indifferent or passive forest owners is usually construed as a waste of forest resources. Even so, the deeper reasons for passivity have not been thoroughly examined. Previous studies show that certain technical reasons, such as small forest holding size and a long distance to the forest, may increase passive forest management behaviour. However, in many countries various forest management services to overcome these obstacles are provided. This raises the question of whether we actually understand the reasons for passive forest management behaviour. Without this understanding, no advisory services can truly solve the problem.This study presents the results of 273 qualitative phone interviews targeted at Finnish private forest owners classified as passive. The reasons for passivity in forestry are described by constructing a qualitative typology of passive forest owners. The findings illustrate the various reasons leading to passive forest management behaviour. As practical implications, the results provide tools for communicating on forest management with different forest owner groups considered as passive.

Socio-Economic Inequality in Young People’s Financial Capabilities

ABSTRACT Previous research has shown that the UK has low levels of financial literacy by international standards, particularly among those in lower socio-economic groups. This may have an impact upon young people, with social inequalities in financial attitudes, behaviours and skills perpetuating across generations. Using parent-child linked survey data from 3,745 UK families, we find sizeable socio-economic inequalities in young people’s financial capabilities, aspects of their mindset, and their financial behaviours. Sizeable differences are also observed in the financial education that socio-economically advantaged and disadvantaged children receive at school, and how they interact with their parents about money. Parental interactions can account for part of the socio-economic gap in money confidence, money management, financial connections, and financial behaviours, but less so in boosting financial abilities. However, we find no evidence of differences in financial education in schools driving differences in young people’s financial capabilities.

Coercive Management Behaviour and Employees’ Satisfaction in The Hospitality Sector. (A Study of Selected Hotels in Warri Delta State)

In recent times, managers have adopted and exhibited some forms of behaviors in leading and dealing with employees in the course of ensuring that the organizational objectives are met. It has been observed that every behavior or leadership style has one effect or the other on the employees as well as the organization. This study examined the influential relationship between coercive management behavior and employee satisfaction using the hospitality industry as a case study. The study looked at salary reduction, suspension, rest period withdrawal, and giving extra work for none compliance which are forms of coercive behaviors exhibited by management as the independent variables, and their relationship with employees satisfaction as the dependent variable. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design and was guided by five research questions and five hypotheses raised by the researcher in line with the study objectives. Four (4) major renowned hotels with a population of 216 employees were randomly selected within the Warri metropolis and a sample size of 140 which was derived from the Taro Yamane formula was used as participants for the study and used a questionnaire that was duly validated by the supervisor who is an expert as instruments to collect data. Of the 140 copies of the questionnaires distributed, only 135 were returned and used for the analysis. The data gathered from the questionnaire administered was analyzed using mean and simple percentage in order to provide answers to the research questions, while the hypotheses were tested using the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (PPMCC) at 0.05 alpha level to test for the influential relationship between variables. The study revealed findings that: Autocratic leadership styles of management have a significant influence on employee satisfaction in hospitality organizations, Management behavior of use of salary reduction has a significant influence on employee satisfaction, Management behavior of giving extra work for noncompliance has a significant influence on employee’s satisfaction and Management behavior of using withdrawal of rest/off period have a significant influence on employee’s satisfaction. Management behavior of using suspension from official duties have a significant influence on employee satisfaction and Coercive management behavior has an influence on employee satisfaction since all variable underpinning coercive behavior have an effect on employee satisfaction. Based on the findings of this study, it was concluded that coercive management behavior, though used by management to coerce compliance from employees, it is not favorable to employees because of its coerce nature which in the long run has some level of effect on the employee's satisfaction and it was recommended among others that organizations should adopt a minimal level of coercive style in dealing with employees and not be too coerce in their behavior. This will make employees feel a sense of respect for their personality.

Changes in water treatment, hygiene practices, household floors, and child health in times of Covid-19: A longitudinal cross-sectional survey in Surkhet District, Nepal.

Consistent and effective practice of water treatment, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) behaviour is an indispensable requisite for realizing health improvements among children living in low-income areas with challenging hygienic conditions. Sustainably achieving such a behaviour change is challenging but more likely to be realized during epidemics, when health threats are high and the dissemination of information on preventative measures is intense. Our study conducted cross-sectional surveys in Surkhet District Nepal, before and during the Covid-19 pandemic to assess the impact of water safety interventions and hygiene training implemented before and during the pandemic on WASH conditions and practices and to assess the association of these changes with child health. Information on WASH infrastructure, WASH behaviour, nutrition, and child health, including on parasitic infections, was obtained before and during the Covid-19 pandemic in spring 2018 and spring 2021, from 589 children aged between 6 months and 10 years and their caregivers. Data was collected through quantitative, structured face-to-face interviews, observations, health examinations of children including anthropometric measurements, analysis of children's stool, and water quality analysis. The association of changes in WASH factors with changes in child health was analysed using multivariate generalized estimating equations for repeated measures. Water safety management was significantly improved by the introduction of chlorination to piped water supply systems, which served 40% of households. In addition, the percentage of households using a ceramic water filter increased from 12.2% to 34.8%. Large and significant changes were observed in handwashing behaviour (frequency, use of soap and washing at critical times) and infrastructure: 35% of households constructed a new handwashing station. Kitchen and household hygiene also improved. An additional 22% of households improved the cleanliness of the toilet. The number of houses with a cemented floor increased by 20%. WASH changes were significantly associated with improved child health: the chlorination of piped water supply reduced odds ratios for diarrhoea (OR=0.36, 95% CI=0.15-0.88, p=0.025), respiratory difficulties (OR=0.39, 95% CI=0.16-0.92, p=0.033), fever (OR=0.42, 95% CI=0.26-0.71, p=0.001) and cough (OR=0.58, 95% CI=0.36-0.93, p=0.024), and. The frequency of handwashing with soap was associated with significantly reduced odds ratios for infections with Giardia lamblia (OR=0.68, 95% CI=0.50-0.91, p=0.011), stunting and wasting (OR=0.75, 95% CI=0.66-0.92, p=0.003) and fever (OR=0.85, 95% CI=0.75-0.96, p=0.008),. The presence of a handwashing station at baseline was associated with significantly reduced odds ratios for respiratory difficulties (OR=0.45, 95% CI=0.26-0.78, p=0.004). The construction of a handwashing station between baseline and endline was significantly associated with reduced odds ratios for pale conjunctiva (OR=0.32, 95% CI=0.17-0.60, p<0.001), which is a clinical sign of iron deficiency and anaemia, respiratory difficulties (OR=0.39, 95% CI=0.17-0.89, p=0.026) and cough (OR=0.44, 95% CI=0.26-0.76, p=0.003). Using a clean container for the transport of drinking water was significantly associated with reduced odds ratios for infections with Giardia lamblia (OR=0.39, 95% CI=0.16-0.93, p=0.033) and diarrhoea (OR=0.48, 95% CI=0.24-0.96, p=0.038). Similarly, a cemented floor in the household was significantly associated with reduced odd ratios for diarrhoea (OR=0.38, 95% CI=0.16-0.87, p=0.022) and infections with Giardia lamblia (OR=0.44, 95% CI=0.19-1.02, p=0.056). WASH training and the promotion of preventative measures during the Covid-19 pandemic supported improved water safety management and hygiene behaviour, which resulted in a reduction in infectious diseases among children in the study area.

Clinico-pathological features and surgical management of multinodular goitre

Background: Enlargement of thyroid gland is the most common manifestation of thyroid disease. Most of the patients come from endemic zones. This study was designed to study various aspects of clinicopathological presentations of multinodular goitre and their optimal surgical management. Methods: This was a prospective observational study of 50 cases of multinodular goitre with an adequate follow up to look for epidemiological parameters such as clinical presentation, pathological behaviour and modality of management including post operative complications over a period of 02 years. Results: Females were predominant in number over males with a sex ratio 24:1. FNAC was done for all patients and was found to be 100% accurate. Majority of the patients were treated with total thyroidectomy (56%), followed by hemithyroidectomy (44%). Complications included wound infection (4%) and seroma formation (4%). Conclusions: Multi nodular goitre is more common in females and majority are in the age group of 31-39 years. The chief complaint in majority of the patients is swelling in front of the neck and few patients with pressure symptoms. FNAC is an invaluable, minimally invasive, highly accurate and cost-effective procedure for preoperative diagnosis and management of multinodular goitre. The main indication for surgery in MNG is cosmetic problem and total thyroidectomy is the ideal treatment of MNG with minimal complications.

A CASE STUDY OF A SERVICE ORGANISATION IN MALAYSIA: EMPLOYEES’ WORK-LIFE BALANCE, WORK COMMITMENT &amp; LEADERSHIP STYLE ON JOB SATISFACTION DURING REMOTE WORKING

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between work-life balance, work commitment, leadership style, and job satisfaction during remote working among non-managerial workers at the workplace of a service organisation in Malaysia. A total of 169 respondents participated in the survey. The findings of the study indicated that a healthy work-life balance and a good work commitment have a significant positive relationship on employee's level of job satisfaction during remote working. Leadership does not have a significant influence on one's level of job satisfaction during remote working. Employees who report high levels of satisfaction in their jobs tend to be more dedicated and productive. The findings of this study can give a potential to make a significant contribution to previous investigations on the management and organisational behaviour of organisations when they wanted to apply work from home policy to their employees. As a direct consequence of this, it is much simpler to address conflicts in the organisation such as high employee turnover, unethical behaviour, low productivity, and excessive absenteeism. In addition, this study provides readers, future researchers, HR managers, and the government with information that can be helpful in gaining a better understanding of the factors in the workplace that can influence employee job satisfaction.

Does executive accountability enhance risk management and risk culture?

AbstractWe evaluate a novel regulation designed to address ongoing risk management failures: Australia's Banking Executive Accountability Regime (BEAR). This mixed methods study draws on a survey and 41 interviews with accountable persons and their reports across 15 organisations. Consistent with theory and previous experimental research, the study demonstrates the benefits of enhanced accountability for promoting more diligent ‘system 2’ behaviour. We provide evidence that BEAR promotes greater felt accountability among senior executives which in turn stimulates more proactive and diligent risk management behaviour. This behaviour has the potential to attenuate many of the behavioural biases associated with risk management failures.

Dramaturgical perspective as a process for enhancing the learning of organisation theory: potential and limitations

ABSTRACT The possible contribution of the dramaturgical perspective (DP) to the learning of organisation theory (LOT) has been explored by considering the DP as an approach for metaphoring, representing or analysing. Based on existing conceptual contributions, especially those of the research on the presentation of self, impression management and organisational learning, this research explores the potential and limitations of the DP in the LOT through a systemic-cognitive learning process that combines scenario conception, performance and interpretative analysis. The explored process was conceived for and applied in three tutorial classes of graduate students of management enrolled at a French university. The results show that the DP might first help improve the observability of LOT for students as well as for teachers on the condition that attention is given to the intersubjectivity represented by this process and second develop students’ managerial behaviour by favouring socially skilled interactions involving different situated roles.

Effects of talent status and leader-member exchange on innovative work behaviour in talent management in Japan

ABSTRACT This study examined the effects of talent status (TS) on innovative work behaviour (IWB) and the moderating effects of leader-member relationship quality (LMX) on the relationship between TS and IWB among white-collar workers in Japanese firms. We analysed data from 876 participants. The results indicate that LMX positively affects IWB in the relationship between TS and IWB, and that it may be effective for organizations and innovation to recognize and identify the TS of workers to promote IWB. LMX quality is essential for promoting IWB.

The impact of COVID-19 on earnings management: an international investigation

ABSTRACT This study examines the impact of severe COVID-19 outbreaks on corporate earnings management behaviour in a sample of 38,046 firm-quarter observations from 46 countries for the period of 2020Q1–2020Q4. Given that economic crises significantly affect corporate earnings management behaviour, and that real earnings management is preferable because it is less subject to external monitoring and scrutiny, we hypothesize that firms in countries with more severe COVID-19 outbreaks are more likely to manage earnings through real earnings management than firms in countries with less severe COVID-19 outbreaks. We find a positive association between the severity of COVID-19 and real earnings management in the firms included in this study.

CAPITAL STRUCTURE ANALYSIS – THEORIES AND DETERMINANTS VALIDATION BASED ON EVIDENCE FROM THE CZECH REPUBLIC

The optimal capital structure is a key precondition for business, even though the task of defining the optimal capital structure can be difficult. Previous studies present many different and mutually contradictory factors that should be considered with respect to managerial strategic financial decisions. The first part of the presented contribution summarises the effects of the most frequent capital structure determinants and reviews the world’s most important theories about the behaviour of enterprises when deciding on capital structure. The aim of our contribution is the analysis of capital structure behaviour in the Czech environment. Fundamental capital structure theory is revealed by statistical hypotheses testing. Moreover, we are mainly targeting significant determinants of capital structure. The results help us to create general recommendations for the financial management of Czech companies. In the scope of our study, there are approximately a thousand national financial statements of Czech companies from the most important sectors of economic activity for the period 2016–2019. The correlation analysis with partial correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression analysis was utilised to determine the effects and significance of the individual determinants. Data show that Czech companies do not prefer debt financing recommended by some capital structure theories. Their financial management behaviour corresponds to pecking order theory with insufficient utilisation of tax shield. Sectorwise analyses prove only one exception; motor vehicles wholesale, retail trade, repair and maintenance sector generally prefers financing by debt. Based on the literature review, we selected six significant determinants of capital structure: size, return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), tangibility, asset growth and duration. Advanced statistical analyses show the power and influence of each determinant on capital structure and their mutual relations. Autocorrelations can negatively affect the results of regression analyses. We can conclude that the capital structure of Czech companies is mainly influenced by tangibility and ROA.

Antecedents of sustainable food waste management behaviour: Empirical evidence from urban households in Malaysia

Abstract Under the sustainability domain, food waste is a significant global challenge receiving growing attention. The management of household food waste which relies heavily on landfilling, is predominantly ineffective and unsustainable. To implement sustainable food waste management, an understanding of the individual behaviour is needed since psychological effects often undermine technological solutions. This study direct its investigation on urban households’ sustainable food waste management behaviour by extending the Theory of Planned Behaviour. An online survey was utilized for data collection. Using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling, assessments were made on the determinants of intention and behaviour of 520 households in the Klang Valley. The analysis support two factors that influence attitude positively, while five factors positively influence intention to implement best practices of reusing leftovers, separating household waste, and doing home composting. However, although the households have positive intentions, yet their composting practices seem to be the least adopted compared to the other sustainable elements. Addressing the lack of participation requires a holistic approach via dissemination of educational materials, social media coverage, and awareness campaigns. It is also suggested that composting be incentivized and be included in reward schemes similar to recycling. This study paves the way to enhance understanding of the factors to adopt sustainable food waste management among households in the urban areas. The findings provide insights for policy makers and other stakeholders on what type of information to consider when designing effective food waste management campaigns and urban development strategies, supporting the opportunity for consumer behavioural change.

Exploration of Factors Influencing Maternal Choice Without Medical Indication for Caesarean Section

Background: The rapid increase of caesarean sections has become the major public health problem. Caesarean section ratio is increasing day by day worldwide without knowing the factors with limited explanation that influence the rising trend without medical indications. Aims: To explore the driving factors which lead to the Caesarean Section and to evaluate the maternal choice without medical indication for Caesarean Section. Methodology: A Phenomenological qualitative approach was used with a semi structured open ended questionnaire. Sample size of ten pregnant women with a third trimester was used in this study. There was an individual in-depth interview with a time duration of 30-40 minutes. Purposive sampling technique was used in this study. Content analysis was done by using the Nvivo-10 software. Result: Participants were recruited from the urban and rural area. Interview session was 30-40 minutes which was convenient to the participant. All the interviews were audio tapes recorded. Interpretative Phenomenological analysis revealed five major themes which are: mother personal beliefs for caesarean section, lack of knowledge to make an informed choice, cultural and social influence, fear of labour pain, non-supportive behaviour of staff and management of health care system were made from these interviews. However, critical knowledge gaps were also observed among study obstetricians, particularly with regards to the indications for and timing of elective caesarean sections. Practical implication: The maternal choice of caesarean section without medical indications and the factors influencing the women decision-making process were complex. Therefore, these findings suggest that healthcare policy makers should attend to the factors that influence maternal choice about caesarean section and promote the normal vaginal birth among women. Conclusion: This study identifies the personal beliefs of mothers are the major factors for taking decisions regarding caesarean section. Furthermore, relative’s consultation with mother’s decision-making become the main influencer to conduct the caesarean section. There is the dire need to involve the relatives during the mother's antenatal period to support them to make the timely and right decision regarding the mode of birth. Keywords: Caesarean Section, Decision-Making, Influence, Factors, SVD, Pregnant Women

Managers’ sick leave recommendations for employees with common mental disorders: a cross-sectional video vignette study

BackgroundTo better understand the initial phases of sickness absence due to common mental disorders (CMD), the aim of the present video vignette study was to test the following three hypotheses: (1) Managers who have negative attitudes towards employees with CMD will not recommend sick leave. (2) Managers with experience of CMD recommend sick leave to a significantly higher extent than managers lacking this experience. (3) Managers with previous experience of recommending sick leave for people with CMD will recommend sick leave to a significantly higher extent also based on the vignettes.MethodsAn online survey, including a CMD-labelled video vignette, was sent to 4737 Swedish managers (71% participated, n = 3358). For aims (1) and (2), a study sample consisting of 2714 managers was used. For aim (3), due to the design of the survey questions, a subsample (n = 1740) was used.ResultsThere was no significant association between negative attitudes towards employee depression and managers’ recommendation of employee sick leave with the vignette case. The bivariate analysis showed that personal experience of CMD was associated with managers’ recommendation of employee sick leave. In the adjusted regression model, it became non-significant. Previous experience of recommending sick leave to one employee and to several employees was associated with recommending sick leave, also when adjusting for gender, level of education, years of managerial experience, and management training on CMDsConclusionsThe likelihood of a manager recommending sick leave after watching a CMD-labelled video vignette was higher if the manager had previous experience of this situation in real life. This study highlights the importance of including managerial behaviours and attitudes to better understand sick leave among employees with CMD.

'It is in our hands-Why wait until you are sick?': Perceptions about diabetes prevention of Latina mothers in Mexico and the United States.

This study aimed to understand the perceptions driving type 2 diabetes mellitus prevention and management behaviours of Mexican and Latina mothers in Mexico and the United States. Low-income Mexican mothers in San Luis Potosí, Mexico and Latina mothers in Illinois, United States, were recruited by the Holistic Obesity Prevention Study (HOPS). Verbatim transcripts of the semistructured interviews conducted in Spanish (n=24) and English (n=1) were analysed using the Health Belief Model (HBM) framework. Of the 25 participants, 22 (88%) indicated 'knowing someone with diabetes'-specifically a father (n=8), mother (n=6) or grandparent (n=7). Using the HBM, themes showed that mothers perceived: that Type 2 diabetes can happen to anyone, are attributable to genetic predisposition and may be driven by strong emotions (perceived susceptibility). Type 2 diabetes introduces severe comorbidities and emotional difficulties for people and their families (perceived severity). Adopting a healthier diet, exercising and staying in good spirits were recognized as benefits of Type 2 diabetes prevention (perceived benefits). The costs of food, challenges of exercising, dieting, modifying habits and time limitations were recognized as perceived costs. Cues to action included doctors' recommendations (external) and fear (internal). Mothers acknowledged they could live a healthy life by controlling their weight, exercising, adhering to treatments/medications and having the determination to carry-on (self-efficacy). Mothers sought to prevent Type 2 diabetes and live healthy lives, particularly, after receiving a diagnosis of gestational diabetes or when learning about their children's risks for Type 2 diabetes but perceived significant barriers to Type 2 diabetes prevention.