Management Of Irrigation Systems Research Articles

Design and Development of Autonomous Pesticide Sprayer Robot for Fertigation Farm

The management of pest insects is the critical component of agricultural production especially in the fertigation based farm. Although the fertigation farm in Malaysia has advantages in the fertilization and irrigation management system, it still lacking with the pest management system. Since almost the insect and pests are living under the crop’s leaves, it is difficult and hard labor work to spray under the leaves of the crop. Almost agricultural plants are damaged, weakened, or killed by insect pests especially. These results in reduced yields, lowered quality, and damaged plants or plant products that cannot be sold. Even after harvest, insects continue their damage in stored or processed products. Therefore, the aim of this study is to design and develop an autonomous pesticide sprayer for the chili fertigation system. Then, this study intends to implement a flexible sprayer arm to spray the pesticide under the crop’s leaves, respectively. This study involves the development of unmanned pesticide sprayer that can be mobilized autonomously. It is because the pesticide is a hazardous component that can be affected human health in the future if it exposed during manual spraying method especially in a closed area such as in the greenhouse. The flexible sprayer boom also can be flexibly controlled in the greenhouse and outdoor environment such as open space farms. It is expected to have a successful pesticide management system in the fertigation based farm by using the autonomous pesticide sprayer robot. Besides, the proposed autonomous pesticide sprayer also can be used for various types of crops such as rockmelon, tomato, papaya. pineapples, vegetables and etc.

IoT-based Irrigation Management for Smallholder Farmers in Rural Sub-Saharan Africa

Ensuring food security has become a challenge in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) due to combined effects of climate change, high population growth, and relying on rainfed farming. Governments are establishing shared irrigation infrastructure for smallholder farmers as part of the solutions for food security. However, the irrigated farms often failed to achieve the expected crop yield. This is partly due to lack of water management system in the irrigation infrastructure. In this work, IoT-based irrigation management system is proposed after investigating problems of irrigated farmlands in three SSA countries, Ethiopia, Kenya, and South Africa as case studies. Resource-efficient IoT architecture is developed that monitors soil, microclimate and water parameters and performs appropriate irrigation management. Indigenous farming and expert knowledge, regional weather information, crop and soil specific characteristics are also provided to the system for informed-decision making and efficient operation of the irrigation management system. In SSA, broadband connectivity and cloud services are either unavailable or expensive. To tackle these limitations, data processing, network management, irrigation decisions and communication to the farmers are carried out locally, without the involvement of any back-end servers. Furthermore, the use of green energy sources and resource-aware intelligent data analysis algorithm is studied. It is expected that an intelligent data analysis will help to discover new knowledge that support further development of agricultural expertise. The proposed IoT-based irrigation management system is expected to contribute towards long term and sustainable high crop yield with minimum resource consumption and impact to the biodiversity around the case farmlands.

A VCG Mechanism for Demand Management of Irrigation Systems

Global climate change has induced changes in snow covers and precipitation patterns leading to unreliable availability of surface water for agricultural usage. Moreover, the increasing population has put additional strains on precious freshwater resources such as groundwater, leading to unsustainable practices of agriculture. Many studies suggest that demand based surface water management instead of supply based management may greatly mitigate the problem of supply-side fluctuations. Moreover, the rigidity of supply-based distribution rosters and fixed tariffs may be overcome using flexible pricing schemes. In this work, we propose a demand-driven allocation scheme for irrigation canal water enabled by the use of precision sensor technologies. The allocation is coupled with an auction based pricing mechanism. In the proposed approach, the demand can be met using surface water from an irrigation canal network, which is regulated by a principal agent such as a regulatory authority. In the face of shortage, the farmers resort to expensive pumping of non-renewable groundwater to meet their demand. A cropping season is divided into equal slots of fixed duration. At the beginning of each time slot, the principal-agent solicits the valuations of the farmers and sorts the bids received from the players in decreasing order and starts fulfilling the demands from the top. The principal agent uses Vickrey Clarke Groves (VCG) mechanism to compute the payments. The VCG mechanism for payments ensures user truthfulness. Our simulation results demonstrate that under certain realistic assumptions, this mechanism can increase profitability by reducing costs, help decrease groundwater pumping and conserve the surface water.

Enhancing water productivity in rainfed areas

Odisha is an agrarian state. About 66% people depend on agriculture. Agriculture in the state is primarily rainfed dependent. Only about 35% of the cultivated areas in the state is irrigated. Rainfed agriculture in the region is mostly dependent on south-west monsoon. But the rainfall distribution is very uneven and erratic. Onset of monsoon and withdrawal of monsoon are very erratic. In addition, there is frequent occurrence of in-season critical dry spells which hampers the yield of rice seriously. Almost every alternate year or so, there is either flood or drought that affects the yield seriously. The average y2ield of rice in rainfed condition is around 1.5 t/ha whereas the average rice yield under irrigated condition is about 4 t/ha. In rabi season, there is hardly any rainfall. So farmers generally grow only one crop in kharif season and that is mostly rice. In rabi season, hardly any crop is grown in rainfed areas since there is no facility of irrigation and there is scanty rainfall. It is very crucial to enhance the water productivity of crops in this rainfed dependent agriculture. In this paper various opportunities to enhance water productivity of rainfed agriculture are discussed. Scientific water management, farm pond based irrigation management system and irrigation methods including high tech irrigation are discussed in this paper for enhancing water productivity of various crops under rainfed scenario.

Factors determining farmers’ strength of access to the irrigation system in Kaski district of Nepal

Irrigation is the most important input to Nepalese agriculture as most of the irrigation system here is rainfed. Farmers managed irrigation systems are a more efficient way of providing irrigation ...

Pembaharuan konsep prediksi debit andalan untuk operasi dan pemeliharaan irigasi modern

Pengelolaan sistem irigasi konvensional yang masih dilakukan sampai saat ini bersifat probabilistik, terutama dalam menganalisis debit untuk perencanaan OP irigasi. Hal ini terlihat dari pelaksanaan analisis data yang digunakan yaitu analisis data empiris dua mingguan atau dasarian, sehingga untuk mengubah pola pengelolaan ke modern memerlukan pengembangan secara lentur dan berbasis waktu nyata, akibat perubahan iklim di Indonesia. Analisis prediksi debit air dilakukan dengan memakai analisis model matematika sebagai pengganti model probalisitik dan penggunaaan data pengamatan waktu nyata dengan memakai alat pengamatan cuaca otomatis. Konsep baru ini dicoba di Daerah Irigasi (DI) Wadaslintang dan Kabupaten Banyumas, yang menunjukkan bahwa pengamatan cuaca otomatis berjalan dengan baik, dan dapat digunakan sebagai data dalam analisis model matematik. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa alat telemetri menghasilkan data yang baik. Perbandingan antara penggunaan Metode Matematika Jaringan Syaraf Tiruan (JST) dengan Metode Probabilistik P80, menunjukkan bahwa metode dengan JST lebih mendekati nyata dibandingkan dengan Probabilistik P80. Hal ini ditunjukkan dengan hasil validasi yang dilakukan dari bulan Januari sampai Agustus 2015, Secara keseluruhan kesalahan debit prediksi JST terhadap realisasi adalah 77%. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa diperlukan suatu metode perhitungan matematis yang dinamis, karena keadaan iklim yang dinamis walaupun tidak meninggalkan metode probabilistik sebagai pembanding.

Analisis kesiapan modernisasi irigasi pada daerah irigasi kewenangan pemerintah provinsi di Kabupaten Mojokerto

Dalam melaksanakan pengelolaan sistem irigasi pada daerah irigasi kewenangan pemerintah Provinsi Jawa Timur di Kabupaten Mojokerto, Dinas PU Sumber Daya Air Provinsi Jawa Timur mengalami beberapa kendala yaitu jaringan irigasi telah habis umur teknisnya, kurang optimalnya pelayanan irigasi serta terjadinya penurunan kapasitas tampungan air yang ada. Kendala lainnya yaitu adanya pertumbuhan penduduk yang menyebabkan peningkatan kebutuhan penggunaan air, peningkatan kebutuhan pangan, alih fungsi lahan pertanian menjadi pemukiman maupun industri serta Daerah Aliran Sungai kritis. Sebagai upaya untuk mengatasi kendala tersebut, selain operasi, pemeliharaan dan rehabilitasi, diperlukan suatu pembaharuan secara menyeluruh, baik manajerial, institusional maupun teknikal, termasuk sumber daya manusianya, yang dikenal dengan istilah modernisasi irigasi. Sebelum melaksanakan kegiatan modernisasi irigasi, perlu adanya suatu penilaian untuk mengukur tingat kesiapan suatu daerah irigasi dalam melaksanakan kegiatan modernisasi irigasi tersebut. Langkah pertama yaitu menentukan kriteria yang mempengaruhi modernisasi irigasi, dalam hal ini terdapat 5 kriteria dan 34 sub kriteria. Penentuan bobot kriteria dilakukan dengan metode Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process. Kemudian setelah itu, skala prioritas kesiapan daerah irigasi dalam melaksanakan kegiatan modernisasi irigasi ditentukan dengan metode Simple Additive Weighting. Dari 7 daerah irigasi kewenangan pemerintah provinsi Jawa Timur yang ada di Kabupaten Mojokerto, didapatkan skala prioritas bahwa modernisasi irigasi dapat diterapkan pada DI Kromong. Modernisasi irigasi perlu ditunda untuk dilakukan penyempurnaan terlebih dahulu pada DI Mernung, DI Sinoman, DI Penewon, DI Candi Limo, DI Jatikulon, dan DI Subontoro.

Automatic Movable Drip Irrigation System Using IoT

In agricultural field automation is highly recommended to increase production of harvesting crops. Automatic movable moisture control of soil detection system is developed in this project using Adriano Uno microcontroller. Now days farmers should improved their cultivation by the aid of technological support. Solar power automatic movable watering system can be improved drip irrigation management system. In this system moisture level detects & control through water spray arrangement as per requirements and also movement of the car depends upon the moisture level of the soil. IoT system helps in this system more flexible and reliable. In this system water wastage also reduced.

SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL OF MICROIRRIGATION: ACHIEVEMENTS AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS

Microirrigation is by far the most progressive irrigation method, with efficiencies reaching 92-98 %. According to the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage, the world's agricultural land, which is irrigated through micro-irrigation systems, is constantly growing and now stands at over 20 million hectares. By the "Irrigation and drainage strategy in Ukraine until 2030" micro-irrigation methods are defined as one of the strategic directions of the state policy of the branch.
 Research on the direction of "micro-irrigation of crops" in Ukraine began from the late 60's of the last century. The historical aspect of the development of research in this area is thoroughly covered in previous scientific papers. Therefore, the purpose of this study is a comprehensive analysis of the basic fundamental and applied results of research of the scientific school on micro irrigation IWPaLR NAAS in the early XXI century and substantiation of perspective directions of their development.
 Using theoretical methods of scientific research (analysis and synthesis, comparison, classification and generalization), the authors systematized the most significant scientific results in terms of normative, methodological, technical and technological components. The list of normative and methodological documents prepared by IWPaLR NAAS in the direction of microirrigation is given. The results of developments in the technological component are detailed according to the research objects: water regime and processes of water consumption of crops, fertigation, pestigation, the influence of local moistening, fertilizers and water of different quality on the soil-plant-technical means of irrigation system, the formation of soil moisture zones, methods of appointment timing of vegetation irrigation and irrigation management systems. The key scientific results of the irrigation facilities’ testing laboratory are highlighted. The list of developed and implemented by the IWPaLR NAAS technical means of microirrigation systems is given. The strategic directions of further scientific research are substantiated, which should meet the global trend for environmentally friendly irrigation, as well as resource and energy conservation. The need of Ukraine in the systems of microirrigation of agricultural crops for the period up to 2030, the role of current and future developments of the scientific school of micro irrigation IWPaLR NAAS on their implementation are determined.

DEVELOPMENT EXPERIENCE AND WAYS OF IMPROVEMENT OF IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

The paper provides an overview of models and software used in decision support systems in irrigation. The models of biomass accumulation or evapotranspiration are the base of decision support systems in irrigation. The overview of the most famous systems is given, as well as an innovative irrigation control system "Irrigation online" is presented. 
 The objective of the work is to share the experience of development and implementation of irrigation management systems and outline the ways of their improvement.
 The "Irrigation online" system consists of hardware and software components. The part of the system's hardware is located in the field consisting of iMetos or Davis weather stations, as well as of own-developed equipment. The software part, intended for storing, processing and providing recommendations, is hosted and run on a server. It sends the recommendations about start watering and necessary irrigation rates to a user’s computer or mobile device.
 The system is based on modelling of moisture transfer, automated measurements of soil moisture and meteorological indicators in the field and weather data from automated forecast web-sites. Water retention curve of soil and the dependence of the moisture transfer coefficient on the head, which are the input parameters of the model, are given for every layer according to the van Genuchten-Mualem Model.
 The application of the system took place in 2019 in SE EF“Askaniiske” Kherson region and LLC “APC “Mais” in Cherkasy region. The system "Irrigation Online" provided the recommendations on watering winter rape, wheat, corn, soybeans, alfalfa and potatoes. 
 The system provided the recommendations on watering winter rape, wheat, corn, soybeans, alfalfa and potatoes. It was specified that the use of the system "Irrigation Online" enables to schedule irrigation regimes, the implementation of which requires watering with less (by 15-25%) in comparison with the current irrigation rates, due to which more favourable conditions for the maximum realization of crop varieties and hybrids potential are created. It is accompanied by enhancing the environmental safety of irrigation as a result of minimization of irrigation water losses for infiltration.
 Irrigation control system "Irrigation Online" uses a range of soil moisture suction pressure rather than a soil moisture range as an optimum moisture supply range for plants. For setting up irrigation terms and rates, the value of suction pressure, which corresponds to the part of water field capacity when it is determined by water retention curve of soil, is taken. The pre-irrigation threshold of suction pressure is the value, which at non-irrigation for some short period will not cause water stress for plants 
 Monitoring of meteorological parameters and soil moisture level in the "Irrigation Online" system allows daily adjusting irrigation terms and rates for next 5 day period and significantly improves the accuracy of their forecasting.

MONITORING RESEARCH OF FIELD SOIL MOISTURE TO PROVIDE IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT ON THE BASE OF AN EXPERIMENTAL AND CALCULATION METHOD

The article highlights the actual problems of monitoring studies of soil moisture and meteorological indicators for informational support of irrigation management systems. On the basis of literature analysis it is shown that soil moisture control can be carried out both directly on the results of soil moisture measurements and using calculated methods. In the presence of automatically obtained meteorological forecasting data, irrigation decisions are made using an experimental calculation method. Monitoring studies are part of the experiment and are used as feedback in soil moisture control.
 The purpose of the work is to develop an information component of soil moisture monitoring and meteorological indicators in the field to ensure a proper decision-making regarding irrigation by the experimental-calculation method.
 Soil moisture measurement is recommended using a variety of soil moisture sensors by indirect methods of determination. Various tensiometers, dielectric and resistive sensors can be used as sensors. They provide the feedback for irrigation management. The calculation part consists of the decision criterion for the beginning of irrigation, the balance method of calculating soil moisture or moisture reserves in the soil (or a multilayered mathematical model of moisture transfer in the presence of sufficient input parameters for that) using automatic meteorological forecast.
 The article is illustrated by the results of a laboratory model experiment and field research with automated measurement data transmission and feedback implementation in soil moisture control. The model laboratory experiment was used to test the design, technical and technological parameters of the equipment for automatic monitoring and testing of the experimental-calculation method. Practical forecasts, calculations and data acquisition of soil moisture and meteorological indicators for the implementation of feedback during the irrigation management are considered based on the example of a corn field in one of the experimental farms.
 The results of the laboratory experiment and field studies show the effectiveness of predicting soil moisture by this method. Monitoring data of soil moisture and meteorological indicators is the feedback. They are automatically transmitted and improve the accuracy of irrigation recommendations and allow for quick adjustments to forecast calculations. It is recommended to make daily soil moisture correction for direct automated field measurements using ground sensors.
 Further research in this area is to use one-dimensional multilayer models of moisture transfer. They provide accurate results but require more input parameters.

Optimal management of a multisector standalone direct pumping photovoltaic irrigation system

Standalone direct pumping PV irrigation systems are a special type of PV system in which water is not lifted to a tank but, instead, is pumped to the irrigation system to satisfy the crop water needs. The operation of these PV irrigation systems requires efficient new operation rules in order to maximize the energy use efficiency as the PV energy must be used instantaneously. In this work, we introduce a new multisector approach based on the simultaneous operation of several irrigation sectors according to the incoming energy. An innovative analytical model was implemented in order to optimize the operation of a multisector PV irrigation system. The proposed model was evaluated by applying it to a case study. The results of said study showed that simultaneous operation reduced the cost of the PV plant since it required a lower number of PV modules (lower Peak power) and it also outperformed the individual operation scenario in terms of energy use efficiency as 18.4% of the potential PV energy was effectively delivered to the irrigation sectors (only 15.4% for individual operation). The design of the irrigation system was also affected by the adopted operation strategy. Lower nominal flowrate of the emitters and higher irrigation time per sector were preferable in simultaneous operation than in the case of individual operation.

Web-based System for Decision Support on Surface Irrigation Modernization

The purpose of this paper is to describe a web-based system to assist on-farm design and management of surface irrigation systems. This application was designed to be an appropriate tool for generating design alternatives associated with attributes of technical, economic, and environmental nature, and handling and evaluating a large number of input and output data. It also allows the evaluation and ranking of design alternatives using multicriteria analysis where criteria are weighted according to the priorities and perception of the designer and users, and provides an appropriate dialogue between the designer and the user, with an effective help support with information about equipments and irrigation practices. The application has tools for the resolution of specific problems, such as land leveling, pipe sizing and economic calculation. Built with a simple user friendly interface, with several optional languages and online help for technical aspects, this tool will contribute to support the dissemination of knowledge, design procedures and field practices of surface irrigation. Tests and demonstrations are being done on Hetao Irrigation District, China.

Advancement of a smart fibrous capillary irrigation management system with an Internet of Things integration

This paper presents the development work for integrating an Internet of Things (IoT) with a fibrous capillary irrigation system based on the climatic demand estimated by the weather condition. The monitoring and control using an IoT system is critical for such application that is targeted for precision irrigation. The fibrous capillary irrigation system is managed by manipulating a water supply depth using the potential evapotranspiration (ETo). A soil mositure sensor was used to monitor the progress of the root water uptake and input the fuzzy logic system, to determine the water requirements for the crop medium. Experiment was conducted by using a Choy sum plant as the test crop grown in a greenhouse. The monitoring of the demand and management of the watering system was successful. The ETo data was able to approximate the crop water requirement in near real time.

Irrigation Services Management Model as a Guideline for Optimizing Water Distribution in Rotational Group System

The function of irrigation as a buffer and support national food production increasingly faces various challenges. The need for food increases along with the increasing number of people who need food for their lives. Various problems can occur unexpectedly, especially when policies intersect with the interests of the community. The decline of water sources causes competition among users and even lead to vertical or horizontal conflicts therefore needed regulation for distribution of water irrigation which related to cropping patterns and water rotation. A comprehensive and integrated solution is needed through improving irrigation governance by involving technical aspects in the calculation of water optimization and non-technical aspects by involving farmer institutions. The purpose of this study is to obtain a relationship between the results of irrigation optimization and the results of institutional analysis as a guide in the implementation of water rotation. Meanwhile, the methodology used is descriptive research method in the area of irrigation. The results of this study will be obtained the guideline irrigation management system

Multispectral radiometric characterization of coffee rust epidemic in different irrigation management systems

Coffee rust (Hemileia vastatrix Berk. & Br.) is one of the most prominent diseases in coffee (Coffea arabica L.) and causes serious damage to the crop. The pathogen incubation period may be long for about 30 days and 10% incidence of rust may result in 3 times more disease few days after the signals of rust appear in the leaves, even in the absence of new infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the applicability of coffee crop monitoring under different irrigation systems by orbital radiometry, exploring the spectral signature and spectral, spatial and temporal pattern of rust incidence in the coffee field. The study was carried out in four areas of coffee plantations in Carmo do Rio Claro, Minas Geris, Brazil, between August 2012 and December 2014, under self-propelled, drip, center pivot irrigation systems and rainfed system. Fifteen Landsat-7/ETM + and Landsat-8/OLI-TIRS images were used, trying to establish a better sequence of images between in situ data of rust incidence in the coffee leaves and coffee leaf growth evaluated by sample meshes in the field along the time. Space-time disease incidence distribution maps, Pearson correlation and reflectance spectral signatures were used to evaluate coffee rust progress in the different irrigation fields. The highest coffee rust incidence occurred in August and corresponded to the values of lower NIR reflectance for all evaluated areas, independently of the irrigation management system. In the visible, SWIR-1 and SWIR-2 spectral regions, there were higher reflectance values in the rainfed area when compared to irrigated areas in rainy periods. There was a greater spectral and temporal variation of rust in the center pivot irrigation system when compared to the other irrigation management systems, presenting high values ​​of average incidence of rust above 30% in the periods close to the harvest period, from June to August 2013 and 2014. The high incidence of rust associated with coffee fruit harvest probably led to a reduction in plant leaf growth in center pivot and rainfed fields. There was a negative correlation between near infrared and rust in the self-propelled and center pivot management systems. High coffee rust incidence values mainly in center pivot and rainfed coffee fields determined reduction in the average reflectance of NIR and green and increase reflectance in red, SWIR-1 and SWIR-2 when compared to periods with lower rust in the coffee fields.

Hydraulic performance and parameter optimisation of a microporous ceramic emitter using computational fluid dynamics, artificial neural network and multi-objective genetic algorithm

As the core of an irrigation system, microporous ceramic emitters (MPCEs) are closely related to the design, operation, and management of underground irrigation systems. In this study, computational fluid dynamics (CFD), an artificial neural network (ANN), and a multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) were used to investigate the hydraulic performance of an MPCE and conduct parameter optimisation. A CFD software package was used to analyse the influence of the working parameters, structural parameters, and material properties on the flow characteristics of MPCE. Subsequently, an ANN and MOGA were used to optimise fabrication cost, flow rate, and flow index of the emitter. The results showed that a decrease in the bottom thickness or wall thickness of the MPCE increased the flow index of the emitter and the sensitivity of the flowrate to changes in pressure. Low working pressure was conducive to maintaining the active irrigation characteristic of the MPCE but the flowrate decreased. For crops with low water requirement, these conditions are ideal. The flow in the MPCE microchannel was mainly affected by the viscous resistance, whereas the inertial resistance only had an effect when the flow velocity was large. For field applications, the parameters can be optimised in the range obtained by the MOGA optimisation depending on the requirements of crop water demand, irrigation quality, and fabrication cost to achieve optimal irrigation performance. The results of this study provide references for the standardised fabrication of MPCEs.

Artificial intelligence approach to estimate discharge of drip tape irrigation based on temperature and pressure

One of the effective factors to ensure the desirable operation of drip irrigation systems is the uniform emitter discharge, which is affected by operating pressure and temperature. Accurate estimation of this parameter is crucial for optimal irrigation system management and operation. In this research, the emitter outflow discharge was simulated through artificial intelligence (AI)-based approaches under a wide range of temperature (13−53 °C) and operating pressures (0–240 kPa) variations. The applied AI models included artificial neural networks (ANN), neuro-fuzzy sub-clustering (NF-SC), neuro-fuzzy c-Means clustering (NF-FCM), and least square support vector machine (LS-SVM). The input parameters matrix consisted of operating pressure, water temperature, discharge coefficient, pressure exponent and nominal discharge, while the ratio of measured discharge to nominal discharge (modified coefficient, M) was the output of the models. The applied models were assessed through the robust k-fold testing data scanning mode. The 5-agent Global Performance Indicator (GPI) was used for the final reliable ranking. The results showed that all the applied AI models with an average mean absolute error (MAE) of 8.8% had acceptable accuracy for estimating the modified M coefficient. According to the GPI, the LS-SVM model had the lowest error, followed by the NF-SC model with a slight difference.

Integration of life cycle assessment, artificial neural networks, and metaheuristic optimization algorithms for optimization of tomato-based cropping systems in Iran

The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of an integrated life cycle assessment (LCA), artificial neural network, and metaheuristic optimization model to improve the sustainability of tomato-based cropping systems in Iran. The model outputs the combination of input usage in a tomato cropping system, which leads to the highest economic output and the least environmental impact. The LCA inventory was created using data from 114 open-field tomato farms in the Alborz Province of Iran during one growing period in 2015. Among all management components, the main focus was on irrigation management systems. The optimization problem was designed by integrating three indicators: carbon footprint (CF), benefit-cost ratio (BCR), and energy use efficiency (EUE) as the objective of field tomato production. The functional unit was 1 kg of tomato aligned with the system boundary of the cradle to market life cycle. Three artificial neural networks (ANNs) were applied to model relationships between the inputs and three indices (CF, BCR, and EUE) as the objective functions. Multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) and multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) were used to minimize the CF and maximize the BCR and EUE indicators. The abovementioned aims have been pursued by developing codes in MATLAB software. CF, BCR, and EUE were calculated to be 0.26 kg CO2−eq (kg tomato)−1, 1.8, and 0.5, respectively. MOGA results envisage the possibility of an increase of 86% and 50% in the EUE and BCR and a 43% reduction in the CF of tomato production systems. Moreover, EUE and BCR increased by 83% and 49%, and CF was reduced by 39% from the optimum results obtained from the MOPSO algorithm. It was revealed that in order to optimize field tomato production with the target objectives of this study, a large additional use for irrigation pipes, plastic, and machinery in comparison to current situation is required, while a large reduction of biocide, chemical fertilizer, and electricity consumption is indispensable. According to the results of our study, it was concluded that the optimal solutions require a modernization of irrigation systems and a decrease in the consumption of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The implementation of management options for such solutions is discussed.

Optimal Sensor Deployment in Internet of Things based Wireless Sensor Network for Irrigation Management System

In recent years, several applications are found to be exploiting under Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), and more particularly civil and military applications. However, Target Coverage (TCOV) and Network Connectivity (NCON) are found to be the most crucial issues that have to be resolved to attain effective robust data communication and environmental sensing in WSN. This paper has made an attempt to propose a new effective sensor deployment model in the application of the irrigation management system in agriculture sector. The data logger (data collector) IoT devices are typically placed over the field, which does the communication one another. The main point of this design is the IoT device TCOV and NCON, and the real-time issue related to this design is the device mobility that consumes more power thereby minimizes the lifetime of network. The proposed model intends to solve the comprised NCON and TCOV with the aid of Euclidean Spanning Tree Model (ECST). Further, this paper introduces a new Fitness Interrelated Whale Optimization Algorithm (FI-WOA) that insisted in the minimum movement of mobile sensors over the network. This novel characteristic of sensor deployment model would create the effectual impacts in the irrigation management system. Further, the adopted ECST-WOA model is compared with conventional models and the results attained from the execution demonstrate the enhanced performance of the implemented technique.