Measure Of Man Research Articles

877: A Comparison of the Characteristics of Serum Testosterone Measurements in Men with Late Onset Hypogonadism and Erectile Dysfunction

877: A Comparison of the Characteristics of Serum Testosterone Measurements in Men with Late Onset Hypogonadism and Erectile Dysfunction

Dietary and Nondietary Determinants of Vitamin K Biochemical Measures in Men and Women

Few epidemiological studies that rely on the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for dietary assessment have measured biomarkers of vitamin K intake to independently confirm associations between self-reported dietary vitamin K intake and disease risk. Associations were examined between two sensitive biomarkers of vitamin K status, plasma phylloquinone and serum percent undercarboxylated osteocalcin (%ucOC), and self-reported usual phylloquinone intake as estimated from a FFQ. The influence of other dietary and nondietary factors on plasma phylloquinone concentrations was also examined. Dietary phylloquinone intake was estimated using a FFQ in 369 men and 468 women of the Framingham Offspring Study. The prevalence of high %ucOC concentrations (>/= 20%), suggestive of a low vitamin K status, was 44% in men and 54% in women, respectively. After multivariate adjustment, the odds of a high %ucOC was 2.5 greater for women (odds ratio: 2.5; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2-5.1) and almost three times greater for men (odds ratio: 2.8; 95% CI: 1.3-5.9) in the lowest dietary phylloquinone intake quintile category compared to the highest quintile category. Fasting triglyceride concentrations, smoking status and season were associated with plasma phylloquinone concentrations, independent of dietary phylloquinone intake. Phylloquinone and green vegetable intake was linearly associated with plasma phylloquinone, after adjustment for potential confounding factors. There were limitations in the use of the FFQ to predict plasma phylloquinone, evident in an observed plateau effect and required nondietary adjustment factors. Despite these caveats, these findings support the use of a FFQ for a relative assessment of vitamin K status in population-based studies.

Effect of magnetic insoles on postural sway measures in men and women during a static balance test.

Numerous anecdotal reports have suggested a growing public enthusiasm for magnetic devices for treatment of pain and various motor and sensory dysfunctions. Although the principles behind magnetic therapy are well documented, a complete technical explanation of whether static magnet application is effective is lacking due to a paucity of scientific research. In this study the effectiveness of magnetic insoles on postural sway measures during a single application were investigated. Twenty-eight adults (14 old, 14 young) were assessed on postural sway measures while performing a static two-legged stance test on a Kistler force platform under two treatment conditions (magnetic insoles, nonmagnetic insoles). Significant reductions in total sway area and lateral sway scores were obtained by the older adults while standing on the magnetic insoles. These preliminary results indicate that treatment of postural instability using magnetic insoles may be a viable alternative for older adults.

Development and Validation of a Stages of Change Measure for Men in Batterer Treatment

The Transtheoretical Model of Change offers a promising stage-based approach to client–treatment matching to increase the efficacy of batterer treatment. This paper describes the development and validation of the URICA–Domestic Violence (URICA-DV), a four-dimensional stage measure assessing batterers' readiness to end their violence. Two hundred fifty-eight batterers in treatment at two Rhode Island agencies completed a questionnaire that included the URICA-DV, demographics, and measures expected to vary systematically with stage in a manner predicted by the Transtheoretical Model. A cross-validated cluster analysis yielded seven stage clusters based on URICA-DV scores: Reluctant, Immotive, Nonreflective Action, Unprepared Action, Preparticipation, Decision-making, and Participation. Findings provide preliminary evidence of validity of the URICA-DV. For example, participants in the most advanced stage clusters were most likely to have used strategies to end the violence in the last year. They engaged in less partner blame and valued the Pros and minimized the Cons of changing more than counterparts in the earlier stage clusters. Longitudinal research to assess the predictive validity of the URICA-DV is necessary.

Takeoff or Self-Sufficiency? Ideologies of Development in Indonesia, 1957–1961

Takeoff or Self-Sufficiency? Ideologies of Development in Indonesia, 1957-1961 SUZANNE M. MOON In June 1958, the Indonesian minister of public works, Dr. Mo­ hammed Noor, sent a memo to James Baird, director of the U.S. International Cooperation Administration (ICA) mission in Indone­ sia, requesting a loan to buy tractors for a major Indonesian land development project. The memo contained the following remark­ able passage: The [Indonesian] cabinet, in its efforts to increase agriculture production is making extensive plans to bring new lands into production and need mechanical equipment. I am coming to you as a friend and not (rpt not) as a minister to ask if U.S. will sell us 500 tractors on credit. We know you and Russia are the only nations in position to supply such a number quickly and we want American equipment. In making this request we are not (rpt not) asking your opinion as to what you think of the program—details such as exact plan application, technical help and financing can be dealt with later. Our resources are ade­ quate to service a loan and we are prepared to take risks and even material losses in embarking on this program—But embark upon it we will, with or without your help [emphasis added].1 Despite Baird’s recommendation that the United States respond favorably to Noor’s request, his superiors in Washington refused to supply tractors or approve loans for their purchase. The episode re­ veals something of the evolving ideologies of, and conflicts about, Ms. Moon is a graduate student in the Department of Science and Technology Studies at Cornell University. She is completing a dissertation on the history of ag­ ricultural change in late colonial Indonesia. She thanks Ronald Kline, the Technology and Culture referees, and the editor for sharing their comments and insight, and her fellow graduate students in the Department of Science and Technology Studies for their advice and encouragement. ‘Quoted in ICA/Indonesia to ICA/Washington, 19 June 1958, Record Group (RG) 469 (Records of U.S. Foreign Assistance Agencies), Office of Far East Opera­ tions (cited hereafter as O/FE), Indonesian Subject Files 1953-1959, Box 48, U.S. National Archives, Washington D.C.© 1998 by the Society for the History of Technology. All rights reserved. 0040-165X/98/3902-0001$02.00 187 188 Suzanne M. Moon international economic and technological “development” in the volatile era of decolonization and the early cold war. This article explores the struggle over farm mechanization in Indonesia as a way to address the larger question of how domestic and inter­ national political concerns informed approaches to international, government-sponsored development. The factors that prompted Noor’s aggressive stance and that underlay the U.S. refusal to sup­ port this project point to broader questions about the meaning and direction of development. The history of international economic development policies and projects since World War II remains, unfortunately, largely unex­ plored by historians oftechnology.2 The amount ofeffort spent theo­ rizing, planning, and executing development projects has been enormous, easily comparable to the growth of “big science,” a sub­ ject that has rightfully received much attention from historians of technology. National governments and nongovernmental organiza­ tions alike have increasingly adopted (and adapted) a discourse of 2Although development literature is vast, few critical historical studies (as opposed to policy studies) of development focus on technology issues. Several works, how­ ever, take on the questions of technology transfer under conditions of unequal power. Arnold Pacey, Technology in World Civilization (Cambridge, 1990), and Daniel Headrick, especially Tentacles ofProgress: Technology Transfer in the Age ofImperialism, 1850-1940 (Oxford, 1981), explore the relationship between technological change and technology transfer (for Headrick) or technological dialogue (for Pacey), with special attention to unequal power relationships like that of colonies and their colo­ nizers. Headrick argues that the origins of underdevelopment can be found in the colonial past, but he does not critique the concept of underdevelopment in his discussion. Michael Adas, Machines as the Measure ofMen: Science, Technology and Ideolo­ gies of Western Dominance (Ithaca, 1989), discusses how ideologies of superiority and technical difference became connected and provides a valuable historical perspec­ tive on development by...

Appropriate indicators of demand for labour markets segmented by gender

This paper examines indicators of labor demand which are used in empirical work using micro data. The paper tests whether using alternative indicators of labor demand affects the conclusions in situations where the labor market is segmented, in this case, by gender. Alternative indicators were used in a model of probability of reemployment after being long-term unemployed. Total unemployment rates and men's unemployment rates suggested that demand effects were significant on men's reemployment probabilities, but that demand effects were insignificant on women's reemployment. In the same model, measures of women's labor market conditions were mainly significant, whereas men's measures were not significant. Copyright 1998 by Oxford University Press.

Accuracy of Residual Urine Measurement in Men: Comparison Between Real-Time Ultrasonography and Catheterization

Purpose The practical value of ultrasonography as a rapid means to determine accurately residual urine volume was assessed. Materials and Methods Transverse and sagittal bladder diameters, as well as areas from longitudinal and transverse images, were measured with real-time ultrasonography in 324 men immediately after voiding. Calculated bladder volumes using measured diameters and areas for each of 11 formulas in the literature were compared to the corresponding measured total residual urine volumes. Results The lower limit of ultrasonographic visualization of urine in bladder was approximately 48 ml. No correlation existed between ultrasound calculated bladder volumes and measured residual urine for any of the 11 formulas. Conclusions Ultrasonography cannot rapidly measure bladder volumes accurately to date. Catheterization remains the most accurate method of assessing post-void residuals but in many cases it may not be the best approach to patient care.

A Field Matures: Technology, Science, and Western Colonialism

Review Essay A FIELD MATURES: TECHNOLOGY, SCIENCE, AND WESTERN COLONIALISM MICHAEL ADAS Books reviewed in this essay: Deepak Kumar, Science and the Raj, 1857-1905 (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1994); Roy MacLeod and Deepak Kumar, eds., Technology and the Raj: West­ ern Technology and Technical Transfers to India, 1700-1947 (New Delhi, London, and Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1995). These two volumes, which focus on the premier colonial posses­ sion of the greatest of the imperial powers, underscore the impor­ tance of the rather recent, but growing, emphasis on the technologi­ cal and scientific dimensions of the encounter between the expansive nation-states ofwestern Europe and all other human soci­ eties. Until the last decade or so, the paucity of serious explorations oftechnological and scientific transfers in the centuries ofEuropean overseas expansion was one of the more salient features of the histo­ riography of colonialism. As both the contributions to the collection edited by Roy MacLeod and Deepak Kumar and Kumar’s own narra­ tive overview ofthe history ofEuropean science in British India make clear, this lacuna is all the more striking because in the long term the effects of the introduction of Western science and technology into colonized societies are proving more profoundly transformative than the political systems and social struggles that had all but mo­ nopolized the attention of historians of European imperialism until the 1980s. In fact, as these studies amply demonstrate, technological innovations and Western scientific paradigms played a much greater role in shaping the political and socioeconomic transformations as­ sociated with Western domination than much of literature on colo­ nialism would lead one to believe. Dr. Adas is Abraham Voorhees Professor of History at Rutgers University, New Brunswick and the author of Machines as the Measure ofMen: Science, Technology and Ideologies of Western Dominance (Ithaca, N.Y., 1989).© 1997 by the Society for the History of Technology. All rights reserved. 0040-165X/97/3802-0009$01.00 478 Technology, Science, and Western Colonialism 479 Surprisingly little space is devoted in either of these volumes to advances in military technology and the sweeping innovations in sea transport and instrumentation that were essential to Europe’s global domination. Reflecting a decidedly Eurocentric bias in the early his­ toriography of colonialism, these sources of European superiority were the major focus ofearly writing on technology and colonialism, as exemplified by the pioneering works of J. H. Parry, Pierre Chaunu, William H. McNeill, and Daniel Headrick.1 In his contribu­ tion to Technology and the Raj, Satpal Sangwan argues that, on the commercial side at least, Indian shipbuilding continued to be a match for that in Europe—though often as a result of the willingness of Indian designers and craftsmen to adopt European innovations. Other essays on the technological underpinnings of European mili­ tary and political ascendancy concentrate on systems thatwere essen­ tial to political control and ongoing administration, such as tele­ graph and railway networks. Despite a rather misleading tide, Saroj Ghose’s examination of the former is almost wholly devoted to the “military necessities” rather than the “commercial needs” side of the establishment of the telegraph system. The bulk of the piece concentrates on the critical part this new mode of communication played in the British suppression of the great Indian rebellion of 1857-58. Ian Derbyshire’s treatment of “The Building of India’s Railways,” in the same volume, provides a much more broadly conceived han­ dling of the technological system that was perhaps the most vital both to effective British control over the vast and diverse Indian sub­ continent and to the colonizers’ ability to tap extensively its re­ sources and develop its commercial potential. In addition to a de­ tailed account of the ways in which railway construction—from railbeds to trestles—developed through a fusion oftechnology trans­ fers from Great Britain and techniques (though seldom tools) indig­ enous to India itself, Derbyshire provides a superb discussion of the emergence and ethos of civil engineering in colonial India. He traces the many connections between this process and the profes­ sionalization of engineering in the British metropolis itself. Particu­ larly in his handling of these issues, Derbyshire moves conceptually beyond even the best of...

The Shoulders We Stand On and the View From Here: Historiography and Directions for Research

The Shoulders We Stand On and the View From Here: Historiography and Directions for Research NINA E. LERMAN, ARWEN PALMER MOHUN, AND RUTH OLDENZIEL Our approaches to “gender and technology” are unabashedly in­ terdisciplinary. Scholars studying technology and scholars explicat­ ing gender systems have provided us with a versatile set of tools for thinking about interactions of gender and technology in historical context. The articles collected in this special issue of Technology and Culture draw not only on the work of scholars within the community of thisjournal, but also on that of gender theorists, gender histori­ ans, and feminist sociologists ofscience and technology. In this essay we lay out a brief historiography, a map of the work we rely on.1 We gather it as an invitation to others to join and extend a complex conversation. Interdisciplinary exchange is a scholarly strategy more often pre­ scribed than practiced. Its benefits are easy to recognize: fresh direc­ tions for research and new techniques for understanding familiar topics. Achieving them can be more difficult, however, requiring struggles with different standards for evidence and different uses Our views of the material presented here have been shaped in myriad discussions with a substantial thought collective, many ofwhom appear in the notes that follow. This essay has benefited from readings and comments by Paul Edwards, Gabrielle Hecht, Christian Gelzer, Carolyn Goldstein, Helen Longino, Steven Lubar, Robert Post, Erik Rau, and John Staudenmaier. We dedicate this essay in thanks to the many foreparents cited here, in gratitude for their support, their example, and their scholarship. ‘Most importantly, we recognize the modern Western bias of this discussion, a bias that reflects both the North American focus of the articles that follow and the Western focus of the scholarship treating gender and technology explicitly. Al­ though they do not explicitly address questions of gender, we are indebted to Mi­ chael Adas and Bryan Pfaffenberger for clear arguments about the meanings attached to technology and the ways those meanings construct power relationships. See Michael Adas, Machines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology, and Ideologies ofWestern Dominance (Ithaca, N.Y., 1989); Bryan Pfaffenberger, “Technological Dra­ mas,” Science, Technology and Human Values 17 (1992): 282-312.© 1997 by the Society for the History of Technology. All rights reserved. 0040-165X/97/3801-0002J01.00 9 10 Nina E. Lerman, Amen Palmer Mohun, and Ruth Oldenziel of language. We caution that moving from prescription to practice requires tolerance: this discussion stands at the confluence ofseveral streams of scholarship, each ofwhich has strengths and weaknesses. For example, feminist sociologists of technology have been very pro­ ductive in analyzing the relationship between gender and technol­ ogy in recent years. These studies, most of them ethnographies of contemporary innovations like computers and genetic engineering, tend to pay careful attention to rapid and recent patterns of techno­ logical change, but to be far less sophisticated in understanding slower-paced transformations in gender ideologies over time. Con­ versely, researchers studying gender in historical context tend to leave technological issues unexamined, neatly relegated to the “black box” scholars of technology have been at pains to open. His­ torians of technology, meanwhile, have been sluggish in their atten­ tion to masculinity as a crucial cultural dimension of the material they have traditionally studied, and reluctant to challenge familiar taxonomies (see the introduction to this volume). In addition to making this conversation possible, a tolerant attitude will reduce the amount of energy spent reinventing wheels: the existing scholarship is rich if diverse, and fragmented more now by academic divisions than by neglect of subject matter. Because of this diversity, the histo­ riographic discussion below is followed by a topical treatment of more recent work. The Shoulders We Stand On: Early Work on Women, Gender, and Technology To discuss early work in women, gender, and technology is to dis­ cuss work in the history of technology, in women’s history, and in the philosophy of science. The interdisciplinarity of this conversa­ tion has a long history, or rather several long histories, which con­ verge at important points. One of the great strengths of the Society for the History of Tech­ nology, and of this journal, has been a willingness to...

Nature, the Exotic, and the Science of French Colonialism by Michael A. Osborne

192 Book Reviews TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE the abundance of case examples the study provides, one comes away with the sense that Pyenson has only begun to identify patterns, to make connections with larger questions in the history of science, or even to sort out the meanings of all the data he has uncovered. The book contains a virtual prosopography of French colonial scientists, but Pyenson makes no attempt to discern persistent career trajectories or draw conclusions about the impact of colonial assignments on them. He includes an impressive range of case studies, but in the absence of explicit and systematic comparison one is left wondering what all the accounts of frustrated projects and bureaucratic infight­ ing contribute to our understanding of the links between colonialism and science. He makes no attempt to distinguish analytically between formal and informal colonies or, for that matter, between colonies and fully independent nations in the Americas. He provides only the sketchiest details about the broader colonial contexts, thus isolating scientific enterprise from the administrative, military, economic, and social imperatives that vitally shaped it in France overseas. As in Pyenson’s earlier work, the colonized peoples are at best mar­ ginal in Civilizing Mission, a significant omission in a work so titled. This is especially problematic because one of his central arguments is that scientists and scientific institutions were key agents of Frenchlanguage cultural imperialism in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Without considerable evidence of indigenous responses, it is not pos­ sible to know this, or to know just what the “natives” made of the observatories and experiment stations. On this and other vital issues, Civilizing Mission has little to tell us. Like so many of the colonial scientists Pyenson studies, it provides useful data, but leaves the analy­ sis of this information and its meaning for ongoing debates in the history of science and European colonialism to be worked out by other scholars. Michael Adas Dr. Adas is the author of Machines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology, and Ideologies of Western Dominance (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1989). Nature, the Exotic, and the Science of French Colonialism. By Michael A. Osborne. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994. Pp- xvi + 216; illustrations, maps, tables, notes, index. $35.00. We have all been fascinated by our first visit to the zoo. The display of exotic creatures in northern latitudes goes back a long way. The menageries and Jardin du roi, for example, appeared at the French court when Europeans were discovering the natural world beyond Europe. Zoological and botanical gardens may even be said to provide standards for defining the exotic. Less obvious is the historical link between such institutions and imperialism. In this work, Michael Os­ TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE Book Reviews 193 borne identifiesjust this link in the “essential science ofcolonization— acclimatization” (p. xiv). His focus is the history of a French scientific institution, the Société Zoologique d’Acclimatation, and his emphasis is on the acclimatizers’ utilitarian goals rather than their dispassionate interests. Osborne seeks to evaluate how Second Empire colonization af­ fected French science and technology (particularly zoology and agri­ culture) and how metropolitan zoologists took part in France’s expan­ sionist enterprise. The first two chapters take the society from its foundation under the enthusiastic leadership of Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire up to 1920. Osborne demonstrates that the acclimatiz­ ers’ ideas about colonization and agricultural development closely mirrored those of the imperial regime. The society, understood by the author as an “epistemic community,” relied on a well-defined scientific ideology—a variant of Lamarckian transformism. The soci­ ety’s work had clear implications for French colonialist policies. In the acclimatizers’ view, one set of principles governed the raising of ostriches in France and Europeans in Algeria. The fourth chapter is the most interesting, describing the early success the society achieved from a concrete and spectacular develop­ ment: the Paris Jardin zoologique d’acclimatation, a splendid zoo con­ structed in 1860 through imperial patronage. More than a public attraction, it became a center of exotic animal trading. A private cor­ poration took on the task of promoting the economic utility of applied zoology. Unusual creatures arrived from all continents, and...

HONC Measures in Men and Women: Validity and Variability

Horii's (1980) Oral Nasal Coupling index (HONC) was used in measures of 20 women and 20 men with normal speech to validate procedures used for assessment of disordered nasal resonance. Subjects produced sustained vowels [i] and [a], repeated single word productions of "baby" and "mamie" and nonnasal and nasal sentences. Results showed that the correction factors generated during [m] calibration procedures differed significantly between women and men, but not over time within the single measurement session. Differences were also found for the decibel levels produced in the voice channel during the [m] calibration procedure: the women used higher dB levels, particularly towards the end of the session, than the men. In addition, dB levels differed over time. Differences of 13 dB (HONC) were found to separate nonnasal from nasal sentences supporting the validity of the HONC measure. Smaller differences were found between sustained vowel and repeated single words and nasal sentences. Greater variability found for vowel productions also suggests that the sentence stimuli may be more effective for demonstrating hyper- or hyponasality.

Machines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology, and Ideologies of Western Dominance. MICHAEL ADAS

<i>Machines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology, and Ideologies of Western Dominance.</i> MICHAEL ADAS

Technology in Trouble - Machines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology and Ideologies of Western Dominance. By Michael Adas. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1989. Pp. xii+430. $34.95 (paperback $14.95).

Technology in Trouble - Machines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology and Ideologies of Western Dominance. By Michael Adas. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1989. Pp. xii+430. $34.95 (paperback $14.95).

Machines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology, and Ideologies of Western Dominance . MICHAEL ADAS

<i>Machines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology, and Ideologies of Western Dominance</i> . MICHAEL ADAS

Comments on "Acoustic Measurements of Men’s and Women’s Voices: A Study of Context Effects and Covariatlon"

Comments on "Acoustic Measurements of Men’s and Women’s Voices: A Study of Context Effects and Covariatlon"

Machines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology, and Ideologies of Western Dominance.

Machines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology, and Ideologies of Western Dominance.

Machines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology, and Ideologies. Michael Adas , George Fredrickson , Theda Skocpol

Previous articleNext article No AccessBook ReviewsMachines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology, and Ideologies. Michael Adas , George Fredrickson , Theda Skocpol Thomas P. HughesThomas P. Hughes Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Modern History Volume 63, Number 3Sep., 1991 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/244357 Views: 1Total views on this site Copyright 1991 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Machines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology, and Ideologies of Western Dominance. By Michael Adas (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1989. xii plus 430 pp. $29.95)

Machines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology, and Ideologies of Western Dominance. By Michael Adas (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1989. xii plus 430 pp. $29.95)

: Machines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology, and Ideologies of Western Dominance . Michael Adas.

: Machines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology, and Ideologies of Western Dominance . Michael Adas.

Machines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology, and Ideologies of Western Dominance. Michael Adas

<i>Machines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology, and Ideologies of Western Dominance</i>. Michael Adas