Man-made Objects Research Articles

Povsiakdenne buttia ta yistivni produkty dlia Adama i Yevy v Edemskomu sadu – persha model zdorovoho sposobu zhyttia zghidno z Bozhymy nastanovamy (rozvidky za rezultatamy chytannia Knyhy Buttia zi Sviatoho Pysma)

Introduction. An axiom for current spiritual life of a person is the fact that since the fall of Adam and Eve in Eden, a certain evolution in the social life of people caused gradual shortening of their lifespan. With this regard an attempt was made to figure out which elements of lifestyle and edible products of mankind progenitors – Adam and Eve in Eden – influenced the duration of human life on the Earth. The aim of the srudy. Clarification of God’s instructions to the progenitors of mankind – Adam and Eve – about mode of everyday life and food consumption in Eden as God’s first option for a healthy lifestyle and evidence the importance of these instructions for the duration of life and human health in the XXI century. Materials and methods. The epidemiological, one-time, continuous study of the Holy Scriptures was carried out using several scientific, epidemiological, and historical research methods, taking into account the principles of systematicity. Results. It was found out that for the first people created by the Lord God, who were settled in the Garden of Eden, the Creator of the Universe established daily guidelines for living and edible products, which they consistently followed for seven years. The mode of life and nutrition standards established by God allowed Adam and Eve to have excellent spiritual and physical strength, bright mind, pure heart, and good will, to live in harmony with the surrounding plant and animal world, and to be able to see and communicate with God, who enlightened and developed their mind and protected them with His grace, and they completely mastered the Lord’s sciences. As revealed the violation of the mode of life established by the Lord through food products “became the cornerstone” in the further coexistence of the first people with God, which led them to fall into sin. It is argued that when God, the Creator of the Universe, angered by such behavior of Adam and Eve, drastically changed their location, lifestyle, and way of food consumption, dooming them and the next human race to disease, old age, and death. The Creator of the World also changed his own man-made object – land – on the environment of the plant and animal world. Conclusions. The Lord’s instructions to the mankind progenitors – Adam and Eve in Paradise – about mode of their living and edible products should be interpreted taking into consideration modern crisis of both individual and public health as the first model of a healthy lifestyle for a person according to the instructions of God. Regarding Ukraine, the Christian country, 67.9 % citizens of which consider themselves believers, and 62.3 % profess Orthodoxy, the observance of these commandments of God remains crucial obcion.

The strongest winds in tornadoes are very near the ground

Tornadoes contain some of the strongest winds on earth, causing death and damage when impacting man-made and natural objects, such as buildings and trees. Quantifying tornado winds near the surface is critical to characterizing tornado hazards. Direct measurements of tornado winds are rare and are usually obtained at least >100 m above the ground, well above building height, by proximate mobile radars. The representativeness of these mobile radar-obtained measurements to wind speeds closer to the surface is unknown. Here we analyze rare, low-level mobile radar observations of 73 different tornadoes to demonstrate that the strongest winds in tornadoes generally occur very near the ground. Therefore, even proximate radar measurements at >100 m above the ground usually substantially underestimate actual tornado wind intensity.

Modern data analysis technologies used for geomechanical monitoring. Review

The paper considers the possibilities of modern technologies and software that make it possible to create continuity of geomechanical monitoring of man-made objects from shooting in automatic mode, robotic surveillance systems, transmitting information over the Internet to cloud storage, to performing stability calculations, determining the parameters of displacement and deformation of slopes of ledges and sides of quarries. The development of modern technologies for collecting and processing information allows the use of artificial neural networks that are adapted for modeling geodetic deformations. Technogenic objects, which are very complex systems, have a huge number of external factors affecting the stability of the mountain range, so it becomes incredibly difficult to take into account and determine the amount of displacement and deformation. Due to the complexity and variety of influencing factors, it becomes necessary to use a new system for assessing the state of objects, called "neural networks". The training of such a system is based on the already available research results collected during the direct operation of industrial enterprises. Neural networks can become an alternative to various methods of describing deformation processes, especially in the continuous monitoring of man-made objects, where there is no a priori knowledge of the underlying deformation processes. For effective monitoring and forecasting of deformation processes at a mining enterprise, a multiparametric monitoring method is needed, which includes a comprehensive system based on GPS measurements, supplemented with data from sensors for changes in water level and changes in stresses and deformations of the array. The results of automated survey and data recording sent to the cloud storage are distributed using "Big Data" technology and analyzed by geoinformation systems. In turn, the adaptation of neural networks to model deformations allows specialists to obtain a good alternative to the description of structural deformations of the mountain range.

Telecommunications and Space Debris: Adaptive Regulation Beyond Earth

The existing policy frameworks surrounding the launch of man-made objects and expeditions into space are largely unequipped to deal with the long-term consequences of debris accumulation beyond the Earth's atmosphere. This has serious implications for all telecommunications satellites. As space-faring actors (who are increasingly from the private sector, in addition to government-affiliated) become more involved with these activities, fragmentation from a variety of sources (colloquially grouped as space debris) will only continue to proliferate before outright impeding the ability of humans to conduct operations in space altogether. This paper proposes, as a solution, the implementation of adaptive governance structures with regards to the issue of space debris. This solution takes place in the form of collaborative/flexible endeavors between the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA), International Telecommunication Union (ITU), private sector spaceflight corporations, and governmental space agencies to mitigate space debris pileup. Through the usage of new technologies to spearhead space debris cleanup, non-partisan economic incentives, and clarification on acceptable environmental conditions for satellite launches, an adaptive governance model for handling space debris is key to making space safe for communication and research.

Using color-only vegetation indexes to remove vegetation from otherwise mostly mono-material point clouds

Point clouds are now a standard way of describing objects in many engineering disciplines, whether they are man-made objects such as structures, buildings, or various types of structures. Commonly used methods of acquiring such data include ground, UAV, or even aerial photogrammetry, followed by terrestrial, UAV, and aerial scanning. After measurement (by the scanner) or calculation (from photogrammetry), the point cloud goes through extensive processing that essentially transforms the unordered mass of points into a usable data set. One of the important steps is removing points representing obstructing objects and features, including vegetation in particular. Here, many filtering methods based on different principles are available and suitable for application to different scenes. This paper presents a new method of filtering point clouds based on the visible spectrum color principle using vegetation indexes determined from RGB system colors only. Since each sensor has to some extent, an individual interpretation of the colors, it cannot be assumed to determine specific boundaries of what is and is no longer vegetation. Therefore, it was proposed to use means clustering to simplify the operator's work. The method was also designed in such a way that the entire evaluation could be implemented in the freely available CloudCompare software. The procedure was tested on three different sites with different terrain and vegetation characteristics showing, which demonstrated the applicability of this method to data where the color information (green) uniquely identifies vegetation. The selected vegetation filters ExG, ExR, ExB, and ExGr were tested, where ExG was the best. K-means clustering helps an operator to distinguish more easily between vegetation and the rest of the point cloud without compromising the quality of the result. The method is practically implementable using the freely downloadable and usable CloudCompare software.

SORPTION AND X-RAY FLUORESCENCE DETERMINATION OF MICRO QUANTITIES OF SOME TOXIC METALS IN NATURAL OBJECTS AFTER THEIR PRECONCENTRATION ON MODIFIED SILICA GEL

A method for X-ray fluorescence determination of trace amounts of Pb(II), Cd(II) and Hg(II) ions (up to 250 μg/ml) directly in the sorbent phase after their extraction from solutions in a dynamic sorption mode has been developed. Merck silica gel (particle d 0.1-0.2 mm, specific surface 428.61 m2/g), chemically modified with 4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcinol functional groups in one step, was used as a sorbent. An energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence analyzer with a semiconductor detector "ElvaX" ("Elvatex", Kyiv) was used in the study.
 It was found that the combined analysis of micro quantities of Pb, Cd and Hg by sorption-x-ray fluorescence method after their preconcentration on silica gel with chemically fixed surfactant requires the use of calibration curves for each metal, taking into account the presence of other ions in solutions.
 The developed by us method of sorption-x-ray fluorescence determination of micro quantities of Pb(II), Cd(II) and Hg(II) after their extraction and preconcentration on silica gel with chemically fixed 4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcinol can be effectively used for the analysis of natural and man-made objects of complex chemical composition.

Гравитационное движение грунтов на склонах и их влияние на состояние водных объектов

The purpose of the research is to study the features of the movement of particles, aggregates and geological bodies (landslides) downhill under the influence of a number of natural and man-made factors, to study the most common natural and man-made objects that reduce the activity of the development of slope processes. Two of the most common slope exogenous geological processes are considered – surface flushing and landslide. These processes contribute to the entry of silt fraction into the sediments of water bodies. The study of pollution of water bodies with heavy metals still remains relevant when assessing the geo ecological state of the environment. On the Volga River basin the principles are proposed and the zoning is presented. According to natural and technogenic objects, four categories of sites were allocated hierarchically for monitoring the pollution of the territory with heavy metals. The zoning of the bed of water bodies for the distribution of silty sediments – sorbents of pollutants was carried out. The elements of the energy approach are presented, giving an understanding of the most likely locations of pollutants – energy traps and potential barriers. Practical examples of the spread of pollutants in the natural and man-made environment and the interaction of natural and man-made processes in the landslide system are given. For the landslide process, the most typical interactions between a geological body and man-made objects are presented. On the example of the most typical landslides for the European part of Russia, the measures aimed at their stabilization, as well as the impacts contributing to their activation, are presented. Natural and man-made potential barriers to the landslide process are considered.

DSN-v2: Improving the Classification Ability to Man-Made and Natural Objects in SAR Images

DSN-v2: Improving the Classification Ability to Man-Made and Natural Objects in SAR Images

Compound Preselector for Multistatic Passive Radar Employed in Remote Sensing Applications

Passive radars and multistatic passive radars in particular are gaining increasing attention. It is due to their effectiveness in detecting, tracking and identifying targets. Multistatic passive radars are used in remote sensing observations of the Earth’s ionosphere, meteors, space junk, etc. Another application is the detection and tracking of manmade objects and vehicles in the atmosphere or on the surface of the Earth. The current paper discusses a hardware design approach applicable to the front-end of a multistatic passive radar receiver, namely a compound preselector. The preselector is a very important part of the radio receiver in cases where there are strong neighbouring signals in the radio band of operation. Such strong signals may overload the receiver or the low noise preamplifier and render the whole system dysfunctional. This article elaborates on a two-component preselector having very high rejection ratio to nearby emitters, still keeping the receiver simple and reliable. The authors have registered several utility models on innovations in multistatic passive radars at Patent Office of Republic of Bulgaria.

Predicting the Level of Ecological Safety for Man-made Objects

The authors explored the utilization of simulation models as a means to ensure environmental safety, using the industrial hub of Kemerovo as an illustrative example. The article analyzes the factors that have contributed to the deterioration of the environment in the region for decades. It has been established that in terms of the overall percentage distribution of emissions from stationary sources, energy enterprises (73.0%), chemical and petrochemical industries (4.7%), and black metallurgy enterprises (7.8%) are leading in the city of Kemerovo. Simulation modelling has shown that the cause of high concentrations of harmful substances in the atmosphere of Kemerovo is due to the negative factors of industrial and household activities and their impact on environmental safety. High correlation and sensitivity coefficients indicate a lack of new available technologies in the region's industry and transport that could prevent air pollution. The forecasting model has indicated a potential two, three or even greater increase in emissions. For example, in the long-term perspective, by 2063, manufacturing emissions could potentially increase by 35 times, leading to irreversible ecological consequences. Extreme pollution and depletion of natural resources could make living in this region impossible.

Detection and classification of man-made objects for the autonomy of underwater robots

Recent developments in marine technologies allow underwater vehicles to perform survey missions for data collection in an automatic way. The scientific community is now focusing on endowing these vehicles with strong perception capabilities, aiming at full autonomy and decision-making skills. Such abilities would bring benefits to a wide range of field applications, e.g. Inspection and Maintenance (I&M) of man-made structures, port security, and marine rescue. Indeed, most of these tasks are currently carried out employing remotely operated vehicles, making the presence of humans in water necessary. Projects like Metrological Evaluation and Testing of Robots in International CompetitionS (METRICS), funded by the European Commission, are promoting research on this field by organising events such as the Robotics for Asset Maintenance and Inspection (RAMI) competition. In particular, this competition requires participants to develop perception techniques capable of identifying a set of specific targets. Within such context, this paper presents an algorithm able to detect and classify Objects of Potential Interest (OPIs) in underwater camera images. First, the proposed solution compensates for the quality degradation of underwater images by applying color enhancement and restoration procedures. Then, it exploits deep-learning techniques, as well as color and shape based methods, to recognize and correctly label the predefined OPIs. Preliminary results of the implemented neural network using restored images are provided, and a mean Average Precision (mAP) of about 92% was achieved on the dataset provided to the RAMI competition participating teams by the NATO Science and Technology Organization Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation (STO CMRE).

МІКРОТОПОНІМИ АНТРОПОГЕННОГО ПОХОДЖЕННЯ СЕЛА ВЕЛИКІ ДІДУШИЧІ СТРИЙСЬКОГО РАЙОНУ ЛЬВІВСЬКОЇ ОБЛАСТІ

The author analyzes the lexical-semantic features of microtoponyms of anthropogenic origin in the village of Velyki Didushychi (Stryi District, Lviv Oblast). As a result of the study of 287 microtoponyms it was found that man-made objects constitute a significant part, and 11 semantic groups of microtoponyms were distinguished: the names for trades, methods of household management, types of settlements, residential, cultural, economic and household buildings, which indicate the method of land development, on a part of the whole, on the border of land allotments, on the purpose and use of the area, on the roads of communication, on the social status of the owner, as well as in which the beliefs of the inhabitants and the formation of ethnonyms are expressed. In each thematic group, the meaning of motivational bases is distinguished, and their etymology is clarified. On the basis of calculations, it was highlighted that the most significant part in the analyzed onomasticon involves the stems for the definition of residential, cultural, economic and household buildings, which became the basis for the creation of 43 proper names of a monolexical, compound and prepositional structure, which is related to ensuring the livelihood of people. Within these groups, the largest number of names was recorded from the appellatives tserkva [church] / doroha [road] and lenia – 5 and 9 nominations, respectively. It was outlined that th propriatives for determining trades, methods of household management are also productive, as well as those that indicate the purpose and use of the area and that reflect the beliefs of the inhabitants – from 10 to 17 units. Thematic groups that are unproductive in the studied territory are outlined, among which microtoponyms formed from ethnonyms and which indicate the social status of the owner are the least represented.

Representations of Time in Texts about Space (Based on the Materials of Vastuvidya Texts in the Puranas)

The Puranas (“Tales of former times”) are a kind of presentation of the “history” of the world. In the Puranas, in comparison with the previous literature, much attention is paid to the idea of time. In these huge works devoted to the history of the creation of the universe and its consistent description, the entire universe is presented as a manifestation of the supreme deity (depending on the direction of the Purana it could be Vishnu or Shiva). The importance of the temporal component is explained by the fact that the supreme god has not only a material, “bodily” manifestation in the form of Purusha (a being from which the universe originated), but also in the form of Kala (kala), i.e., time. Indirectly, the length of time in the Puranas is related to the “length” of the text (the duration of its reading or reproduction), which affects the volume of these works, they include a huge corpus of works, ranging from mythological and ritual texts, ending with treatises on various branches of knowledge. The key to the formal integrity of the Puranas is that all texts, even highly specialized ones, are processed in accordance with some general guidelines. At the same time, a temporary component appears in the presentation of any topic. This has even affected texts such as vastuvidya (texts on construction and architecture), which are devoted to the category of space rather than time, since they set out the principles of organizing and sanctifying the space of any man-made objects and their surroundings. In the Puranas, the past appears in vastuvidya texts. This is a kind of “history” of the origin of the main rituals (for example, the history of the appearance of the vastu-mandala). But the main direction of time is the future. Recommendations about the most preferred sizes, proportions, and layouts are supported by predictions about how this will affect the fate of residents of buildings under construction. For this purpose, the folk tradition of fortune-telling and signs is used. The article shows these and other ways in which the highly specialized text of vastuvidya is transformed into a “puranic” text.

Hunting for Hide. Investigating an Other-Than-Food Relationship Between Stone Age Hunters and Wild Animals in Northern Europe

AbstractIn archaeological hunter-gatherer research, animals are primarily seen as food. Alternatively, they are proposed to serve as symbols and devices for social structuring of human societies. A growing body of literature in humanities and social sciences now looks into the role of animals as social and sentient co-beings. It is becoming increasingly clear that the roles of animals as other-than-food providers are severely overlooked in Mesolithic research. This article considers hide as a vital resource in northern hunter-gatherer societies. Hide processing and manufacture in ethnographic records from the circumpolar region and experimental investigations are presented, followed by an analytical review of archaeological data from mid-Holocene coastal habitation sites in Norway. The results show that hide work was a central activity, and that various stages of hide processing may have taken place at different sites. It is suggested that hide procurement and processing would have required close planning and scheduling. Based on ethnographic accounts it is suggested that the different processing stages, combining raw materials and animal qualities into man-made objects, are articulations of human-animal social entanglements. Identifying practices related to hide processing in the archaeological record and viewing them as expressions of human-animal relationships, can contribute to fuller insight into Stone Age hunter-gatherer societies.

Multifunctional Geotextiles Produced from Reclaimed Fibres and Their Role in Ecological Engineering.

Earthworks in the vicinity of roads, open mines, subsidence tanks and other man-made objects can lead to the creation of slopes that undergo erosion. One of the methods that can prevent their degradation and reclaim them is the use of geotextiles. An environmentally friendly option is using geotextiles that are produced from reclaimed fibres. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of the mechanical and chemical properties of geotextiles, namely, ropes and fibres (containing wool and polypropylene), not only on the rate of the greening of slopes but also on the species composition of vegetation. We studied the floristic composition, species diversity, species growth and soil properties of four sites of reclaimed slopes on which 46 study plots (5 m × 5 m) were laid out. We found that some species were more confined to a higher content of wool and that other species were more confined to the content of polypropylene. Both materials caused a decrease in the Shannon-Wiener diversity but an increase in evenness under the impact of ropes when compared to the control. They both also contributed to a higher mean height of the plants when compared to the control. The rate of the plant colonisation process was markedly improved by the reclaimed geotextiles. A longer and more detailed study is required to examine the effect of geotextile ropes on habitat creation.

MAN-MADE OBJECT EXTRACTION FROM REMOTE SENSING IMAGES USING GABOR ENERGY FEATURES AND PROBABILISTIC NEURAL NETWORKS

This paper presents a novel approach for man-made object extraction in remote sensing images. This paper focuses on the design and implementation of a system that allows a user to extract multiple objects such as buildings or roads from an input image without much user intervention. The framework includes five main stages: 1) Pre-processing Stage. 2) Extraction of Local energy features using edge information and Gabor filter followed by down sampling to reduce the redundant information. 3) Further reduction of the size of feature vectors using Wavelet decomposition. 4) Classification and recognition of man-made structures using Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN) 5) NDVI based post-classification refinement. Experiments are conducted on a dataset of 200 RS images. The proposed framework yields overall accuracy of 93%. Experimental results validate the effective performance of the suggested technique for extracting man-made objects from RS images. Compared with other methods; the proposed framework exhibits significantly improved accuracy results and computationally much more efficient. Most notably, it has a much smaller input size, which makes it more feasible in practical applications.

The Land Use and Land Cover Classification on the Urban Area

The Land Use/ Land Cover (LULC) is an essential application in many remotely sensed projects and problems. Land use is simply man-made objects such as urban, road complex targets, etc., while land covers are defined as any target and phenomenon that appear neutral. The LULC study is essential for all current and future engineering projects, as it shows the nature of the land's components, which is evident in studying and modernizing residential areas. One of the essential operations for studying LULC is the heterogeneity detection and classification calculations of satellite images and topographic maps. A part of the Baghdad, Iraq region was selected for the Landsat satellite group at different periods to detect variance and make classifications for extracting and calculating ​​the changes. Many digital techniques were used to extract the results, such as; digital change detection and two classification methods. The study showed a significant decrease in the vegetation cover areas after 2015 and the expansion of buildings and unincorporated slums due to the housing crisis. The digital methods and results were evaluated using the ENVI (Environment for Visualizing Images) ver. 4.5 and written subroutines in visual basic 6.0.

Image-to-Image Subpixel Registration Based on Template Matching of Road Network Extracted by Deep Learning

The vast digital archives collected by optical remote sensing observations over a long period of time can be used to determine changes in the land surface and this information can be very useful in a variety of applications. However, accurate change extraction requires highly accurate image-to-image registration, which is especially true when the target is urban areas in high-resolution remote sensing images. In this paper, we propose a new method for automatic registration between images that can be applied to noisy images such as old aerial photographs taken with analog film, in the case where changes in man-made objects such as buildings in urban areas are extracted from multitemporal high-resolution remote sensing images. The proposed method performs image-to-image registration by applying template matching to road masks extracted from images using a two-step deep learning model. We applied the proposed method to multitemporal images, including images taken more than 36 years before the reference image. As a result, the proposed method achieved registration accuracy at the subpixel level, which was more accurate than the conventional area-based and feature-based methods, even for image pairs with the most distant acquisition times. The proposed method is expected to provide more robust image-to-image registration for differences in sensor characteristics, acquisition time, resolution and color tone of two remote sensing images, as well as to temporal variations in vegetation and the effects of building shadows. These results were obtained with a road extraction model trained on images from a single area, single time period and single platform, demonstrating the high versatility of the model. Furthermore, the performance is expected to be improved and stabilized by using images from different areas, time periods and platforms for training.

1960 YILINDAN GÜNÜMÜZE ANİMASYON FİLMLERDE MİMARLIK, KENT VE MEKÂN: GELECEK GÖRÜNDÜ

Ever since the first manmade object entered space in the 1950s, the human imagination has been captivated by the future. Nowhere is this clearer than in cinema, whose representations of the future are forced to reckon with the topic of design, especially as related to the city, urban space (fictional space), interiors, and, naturally, architecture. Since both cinema and architecture involve a focus on notions of human experience, movement, time, and visuality, the two fields are intimately related. This relationship is the starting point for this article, which uses the lens of fictional space to analyze the interaction between architecture and cinema during the First Space Age (1957–91) and the Second Space Age (1991–present), including the social, cultural, and theoretical aspects of that relationship, with a particular focus on representations of interior space and urban design. To analyze this interaction, we employ a qualitative research methodology and a historiographical lens that emphasizes the evolutionary process of the representation of the future in architecture and cinema. Because only the imagination limits human fictional space and the technology, materials, and spatial qualities within it, we draw the particular cases we examine in this article from animated series and films (The Jetsons; Astro Boy; Transformers: The Movie; My Life as a Teenage Robot; Love, Death & Robots; and WALL-E), which we select and analyze through stratified random sampling. These particular cases were chosen with an eye to their representation of the First and Second Space Age and their ability to provide grounds for comparison within and between the two eras. Additionally, the fact that few of these have yet been addressed by researchers makes their analysis here another of this study’s contributions to the scholarly literature. Because fictional space in cinema, its reflection in architecture, urban space, and interior design, and representation are critical themes for this article, we employ Stuart Hall’s representation theory and underline the benefits of his constructivist representation approach. The animated series and films dealt with here offer diverse perspectives on the topic. We examine the sorts of representations of the future they employ, while also dividing them by period to ascertain differences between these representations in the First and Second Space Age. By comparing the cases under study, we identify different urban and architectural approaches unique to each period that reflect its social and cultural context, theoretical horizons, and consumption habits. In doing so, we reveal that each period has its own representational language, with the First Space Age marked by an emphasis on physical space and equipment that is replaced in the Second Space Age by an emphasis on changes in social life. The examples that reflect the First Space Age emphasize futuristic, space-themed details in interior design, while those reflecting the Second Space Age content themselves with today’s technology and current materials and represent the theme of the future instead mostly through façade organizations and urban patterns. Furthermore, the samples reflecting the Second Space Age introduce a new type of future in which humans are positioned as passive and technology, technological devices, and equipment are positioned as active. Cases from this later era reckon more deeply with the role of the technology that is ostensibly meant to serve humans, eschewing the earlier emphasis on design variety, specifically interior design, in favor of grappling with and developing a perspective on the theme of the future. These differences are a reflection of the different social, cultural, and economic conditions and background of the First Space Age and Second Space Age, revealing the reciprocal interaction of the historical conditions and the particular approaches of cinema and architecture. Cinema is influenced by the social, cultural, and architectural features of its era. And, as a powerful mass media tool with the power to spread trends and developments across the world, it also has an important impact on its era. Therefore, cinema, architecture, and the facts of social life nourish one another and, as a result, evolve together.

APPROXIMATION OF GRAVITATIONAL CALCULATION BASED ON ANALYTICAL MODELS

Gravity meters can be used to measure all effects that make up the Earth’s gravity field. Many of these effects are caused by known sources such as the Earth’s rotation, distance from the Earth’s center, topographic relief, and tidal variation. Physical fields are the main component of many centuries of the paradigm of all of Earth Sciences. The changing gravitational field is very important subject of research in the scientific aspect and practical. This paper applies two analytical models to simplify the gravitation calculation, which are sphere and cone models. Examples and finite element applications for the two models are studied also and discussed. The results of this study reveal that the possibility of using the proposed method with using presented analytical, finite element and numerical models to estimate the better determination of the characteristics of the local gravity of natural and man-made objects of sizes up to several tens of kilometers.