Man-machine System Research Articles

Digital operations research models for intelligent machines (industry 4.0) and man-machine (industry 5.0) systems

Digital operations research models for intelligent machines (industry 4.0) and man-machine (industry 5.0) systems

An integrated method of extended STPA and BN for safety assessment of man-machine phased-mission system

Man-Machine Phased-Mission System (MMPMS) usually demands the cooperation of operators with different responsibilities and machines to accomplish multi-phase missions. Its machine configuration and human organization structure may change across phases, and phase dependencies of machine failures and human errors may exist. In current studies, the safety of man-machine system is usually analyzed qualitatively by System Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) and assessed quantitatively by the integration of STPA with Bayesian Networks (BN). These studies only focus on single-phase systems and conduct single-phase BN while cannot address the features of MMPMS. In this paper, a qualitative analysis and quantitative assessment method for phase dependencies is proposed and integrated into the method that combines STPA and BN. Firstly, four types of phase dependencies in MMPMS are identified. Secondly, new mapping rules for phase dependencies are proposed to integrate single-phase BN into a multi-phase BN. Thirdly, the quantitative assessment method for phase dependencies considering the effects of human organization structure changes are proposed to quantify the parameters of multi-phase BN. Fourthly, the safety of MMPMS can be assessed through multi-phase BN. Finally, an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle system with three-phase missions is presented as a case study to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Monitoreo de la confiabilidad del sistema hombre-máquina del área de mecanizado mediante la distribución de Weibull

This publication presents the development of a method that seeks to monitor the parameters β (shape) and η (scale) for each component-subsystem combination following the Weibull distribution, necessary for the calculation of the reliability of the man-machine system in the machining area. This system defines the workshops of the metal-mechanic, with high-mix and low-volume batch production where conventional and Computerized Numerical Control (CNC) machines are involved, which share the manufacturing of parts that sometimes are unique, or their manufacturing period is short. The design of the man-machine system is based on the analysis of the failures of non-conforming parts in the machining area and on the failure rates, which the statistical model is developed for its evaluation, considering the 2-parameter Weibull distribution, and a redundant system with series-parallel configuration. The results obtained were based on the theoretical-practical, using mathematical and statistical models, as well as the Study Case. With the use of mathematical and statistical models, it is demonstrated that the probability of failure (risk) of the man-machine system is time-dependent and is generated by mechanical type stresses, which occur in the manufacture of parts.

DESIGNING HUMAN-MACHINE SYSTEMS: TRANSFORMATION OF A DESIGNER’S THINKING

Industry 4.0 became a powerful impetus for the development of man-machine systems, which, on the one hand, increased their efficiency and reliability and, on the other hand, made them super-complex. As a result, this led to an increase in the complexity of human-machine system management and the manifestation of the human factor. The consequence is that, currently, the main cause of accidents and disasters is the human factor. Thus, the safety of human-machine systems largely depends on the person's psychological and physiological characteristics. The article shows that the study of a person's characteristics is the basis for the development of a human factor management system. The essential element of the human factor management system is the systemic ergonomics thinking of the human-machine systems designer. This type of thinking is formed as a result of training and the gradual acquisition of eco-ergonomic design skills. To explain the importance of the formation of eco-ergonomic thinking in human-machine systems design, eco-ergonomic thinking evolution is presented in the work. Through the analysis of the sequence of the development of ergonomic thought, it is shown how the approach to ensuring the safety of human-machine systems has changed from the middle of the 20th century to the present. The next stage of the work was the analysis of eco-ergonomic, human-oriented, risk-oriented, and strategic thinking. Based on the analysis results, a hierarchy of thinking types is built, and their role in the formation of systemic ergonomics thinking in human-machine systems designing is shown. The main feature of the designer’s systemic ergonomics thinking is the priority of finding a solution to the problem in the system operation through research and analysis of human-machine interaction. Based on the obtained results, the importance of the formation and development of systemic ergonomics thinking is substantiated. It is shown how to implement the formation of a designer's systemic ergonomics thinking of human-machine systems through the training system.

Preface

The International Conference on Man Machine Systems (ICoMMS) 2023 was held in hybrid on the 4-5 September 2023. The conference was organized physically at The World Trade Centre (WTC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, in conjunction with the Global Trends in Engineering, Science and Technology Congress (GTEST 2023) as well as virtually via online platform. This is to allow others who still facing travelling restrictions to join and participate in the conference. ICoMMS 2023 is the 8th edition of the conference organized by the Mechatronic Engineering Programme, Faculty of Electrical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, with the Centre of Excellence for Advanced Sensor Technology (CEASTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, in collaboration with Technische Hochschule (TH) Koeln, Germany.ICoMMS 2023 aims to provide all participants, both presenters as well as the attendees, a platform to exchange new information, ideas and applications specifically in the domain of Man-Machine Systems. The conference tracks or topics are including, but not limited to, Man-Machine Systems, Artificial Intelligence and Applications, Internet of Everything, Signal and Circuits Systems, and Industrial Design and Automation. This year theme of ‘Humanizing Technology for Society via Man-Machine Systems’ has attracted 46 presented papers from all around the world, as well as 29 attendees from local companies and institutions.On behalf of the conference organizers, we would like to thank the management of the Faculty of Electrical Engineering & Technology, Research Management Centre and Universiti Malaysia Perlis for the continuous support. Our gratitude also goes to all reviewers for their willingness in reviewing the papers. Their feedbacks to the authors have been excellent and useful to ensure high quality papers for the conference. Our next appreciation to the keynote speakers, Prof. Dr. Karl Kohlhof from TH Koeln, Germany and Prof. Dr. Alejandro Frery from Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand, for sharing their knowledge and experiences with respect to respective topics in Man-Machine Systems. Our sincere thanks also go to our main sponsor, IDERIA Sdn. Bhd. for their generosity, and to all participants from all around the world for participating in the conference. Last but not least, to the organizing committee members for their hard work, cooperation and insights in ensuring the success of this conference.List of Editors are available in this Pdf.

Параметрическая характеристика организационно-технологических человеко-машинных систем на примере уборочно-транспортного комплекса

The article considers a preliminary justification confirmed the effectiveness of the use of technical means in the form of organizational man-machine systems. However, in this study, we did not touch upon the problem of using various modes of operation, which, in general, are determined by the human factor and should affect the implementation of HMS goals, the magnitude of the numerical values characterizing the goals. Keywords: HARVESTING AND TRANSPORTATION COMPLEX, HUMAN-MACHINE SYSTEMS, GRAIN, CLEANING, TECHNICAL EQUIPMENT, OPERATING MODE, COMBINE, UNIT, HUMAN FACTOR

Многокритериальное управление антропогенными рисками опасности электроустановок

An approach to the construction of a decision support system (DSS) is considered, including object-oriented models and software tools using ontology – a model representing a computer form of a knowledge base (BZ) in the form of semantic (information-logical) networks. With the help of these networks, the interrelationships of components of a human-machine system with different physical nature (human, electrical installation, environment) are established. At the same time, ontologies perform an integral function, providing a general conceptual basis in decision-making processes in the subject area under consideration. Keywords: MAN-MACHINE SYSTEM, MAN-MADE FIRES, LEAKAGE CURRENTS IN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS, THERMAL OVERLOAD

Модель принятия решений на основе идентификации опасных ситуаций в электроустановках

The provision of anthropogenic safety is based on a comprehensive analysis of the conditions for the occurrence of an emergency situation of electrical installations of a production facility and the formation of a mechanism for making managerial decisions. One of the ways to solve this problem is the disclosure of the information mechanism of the occurrence of danger and on this basis the introduction of new information technologies, including monitoring aimed at minimizing anthropogenic risks and mitigating negative consequences (electrical injuries, fires, etc.). The idea of this work is to establish and analyze cause-and-effect relationships between the conditions of occurrence of an anthropogenic hazardous situation (APOS), possible moral losses (loss of life) and material damage, and the actions of electrical personnel aimed at making adequate decisions. Keywords: LEAKAGE CURRENTS IN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS, MAN-MADE FIRES, THERMAL OVERLOAD, MAN-MACHINE SYSTEM

Inductive and deductive approaches to modelling of human decision making

This paper presents the two conventional approaches to modelling of human decision making. The inductive approach emphasises the anchoring in empirical data. The deductive approach is based on accepted assumtions from formal decision theory. A comparison of the resulting models show that the outcome is very sirnilar. It is argued that this is because modeiling of decision making basically is a hermeneutical exercise, hence neither purely inductive or deductive. An adequate model of decision making in man-machine systems must be based on a description that captures the complexity of both man and machine, such as Cognitive Systems Engineering. This leads to two essential assumptions about decision making systems, that they must be both causa! and intentional. An alternate cybemetic approach to modeiling of decision making, which includes both of theseassumptions, is briefly described.

Обоснование выбора режимов функционирования организационных человеко-машинных систем

The article discusses the main modes and work schedules of machine operators as part of on-farm and machine-technical stations (MTS) of organizational human-machine systems (OHMS). The graphs are presented to describe the operation mode of the main farm machinery operators. However, in the compositions of the OHMS, service units may have other operation modes. Thus, the option is given when, with the 18-hour operation mode of the main machinery operators, operators of the maintenance facility (MF) work around the clock. From the point of view of the production organization, the presence of dual-mode schedules in relatively small and concentrated OHMSs causes certain organizational difficulties. Nevertheless, the above schedules allow organizing such a double (mixed) operation mode. Keywords: MAN-MACHINE SYSTEMS, SERVICE, PERSONNEL, OPERATION MODE, OPERABILITY, MACHINE AND TRACTOR FLEET, MACHINE-TECHNICAL STATION

Надежность человеко-машинных систем в растениеводстве

The article presents general methodological approaches for studying the reliability of mobile agricultural units as human-machine systems, which reveal the essential place of the human operator in the technological processes of agricultural production and substantiate the approach to the technical equipment of the agro-industrial complex as a dynamic set of human-machine systems. Keywords: RELIABILITY, MAN-MACHINE SYSTEM, CROP PRODUCTION, HUMAN OPERATOR, COMBINE, TECHNICAL TOOLS, MAINTENANCE, REPAIR, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION

Функциональные специализированные комплексы машинно-технических станций как человеко-машинные системы

The article considers functional specialized complexes of machine-technical stations as man-machine systems. On the basis of presented characteristics, it is clear that the machine-technical station is the man-machine system that has a high level of hierarchy. The presented studies can be applied as the basis for clarifying the structure and composition of specialized complexes and machine-technical stations as human-machine systems. Keywords: MAN-MACHINE SYSTEMS, MACHINE-TECHNICAL STATION, LABOR COLLECTIVE, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCER, COMBINE, HARVESTING AND TRANSPORT COMPLEX

Analysis of the statistics of information processes in telecommunication networks from the point of view of a neural-network model of the noosphere

It was found that the distribution of users of social networks by the number of contacts, as well as the statistics of telephone conversations by duration, obtained for different cities on the basis of experimental data, obey the same laws, expressed through a differential equation of the first order. This differential equation contains two phenomenological parameters, one of which is interpreted as the fractal dimension of the communication space, and the second is directly expressed through the Dunbar number or its analogue. Essentially, for all cities under investigation the numerical value of the parameter, interpreted as the fractal dimension of the communication space, remains constant with high accuracy. At the same time, the analogue of the Dunbar number, which describes the distribution of users of social online networks by the number of contacts, correlates with the population of the city. The results obtained are discussed from the point of view of the formation of a global communication network - the noosphere, which, due to the development of telecommunication technologies, is already de facto man-machine system. It is shown that the results obtained confirm the conclusion about the existence of objective laws describing the behavior of human-machine systems, made earlier on the basis of general philosophical considerations.

A taxonomy of factors influencing worker's performance in human–robot collaboration

AbstractThe occurrence of human errors significantly affects the performance and economic results of production systems. In this context, Human Reliability Analysis (HRA) methods play a key role in assessing the reliability of a man–machine system. Several HRA methods use Performance‐Shaping Factors (PSFs), that is, all the aspects of human behaviour and environment that can affect human performance, to evaluate the Human Error Probability (HEP). However, despite the greater emphasis given by researchers to define of PSFs in recent years, the changes caused by the new enabling technologies implemented in manufacturing systems and derived from the Industry 4.0 paradigm have not yet been fully explored. Focussing on Human–Robot Collaboration (HRC) in production systems, the authors aim to define a PSF taxonomy that is useful for HEP evaluations in collaborative environments. To the best of the authors' knowledge, HRA approaches have not been investigated yet for HRC applications. The proposed taxonomy, which results from the integration of the most significant factors impacting workers' performance in HRC into the PSFs provided by an HRA method, can represent an important contribution for researchers and practitioners towards improving HRA methods and their applications in the context of Industry 4.0.

CHART OF STATUS OF THE UNMANNED AVIATION COMPLEX

A scheme of interrelationships of external and internal macro- and microenvironmental factors and their influence on the states of the unmanned aerial vehicle system has been developed. It is proposed to use an approach with elements of graph theory and set theory to analyze the states of an unmanned aircraft complex. The given graph of the functioning of the man-machine system of a sample of the unmanned aircraft complex of the “micro UAS unmanned aircraft system” class sets the transitions that determine the closed cycle of the execution of a combat mission.
 An example of building a structure of functional indicators of unmanned aerial vehicles with life cycle elements using graph theory for the analysis of “bottlenecks” in ensuring reliability is given. The analysis of “bottlenecks” in the control systems of unmanned aerial vehicles in the area of the ground control station – unmanned aerial vehicle is aimed at determining directions for increasing reliability, flight safety, increasing functionality, flight range and improving ergonomic characteristics.
 A comprehensive analysis of the functioning and dynamics of changes in reliability indicators with relevant data for previous periods of operation will allow us to draw specific conclusions about the actual level of reliability of the UAS un manned aircraft system fleet and identify bottlenecks for further improvement and the possibility of transitioning to the use of third-generation BpAK (autonomous devices) with self-learning systems with artificial intelligence.
 The theoretical rationale and the given practical recommendations should be taken into account when developing new prospective models of unmanned aerial vehicles for the Armed Forces of Ukraine in accordance with their official purpose.

Human reliability assessment and risk prediction for deep submergence operating system of manned submersible under the influence of cognitive performance

The manned submersible is the main platform for precise deep-sea exploration. The cognitive states of different levels generated when the submerged members in the vehicle are faced with changes in external factors, such as environmental characteristics and operational tasks at different operation stages, will have a dynamic impact on work efficiency and human reliability. Based on the CREAM method and Bayesian network, this study proposed a human reliability assessment method and risk prediction technology for deep submergence operating system. Firstly, the extended CREAM method was corrected again by introducing the cognitive performance correction coefficient. Secondly, the weights of common performance conditions (CPCs) and cognitive effectiveness influence system (CEIS) were adaptively calibrated by using the DEMATEL method. Finally, the Bayesian assessment network for human reliability of deep submergence operating system was constructed to assess the human reliability of each operation stage and the overall system. This method is helpful for the overall design of the manned deep submergence research institute, and it can accurately identify and interdict the key risk points for relevant technicians of system security engineering, so as to reduce the safety risk of deep submergence operating system and improve the working efficiency of the man-machine system in cabin.

Reliability analysis of load-sharing man-machine systems subject to machine degradation, human errors, and random shocks

This paper considers a load-sharing man-machine system with multiple man-machine units (MMUs) subject to machine degradation, human errors, and random shocks. Human errors affect the machine that the person operates in a MMU and contribute to dependent competing failure processes (DCFPs) of unit (DCFPsU): soft and hard failure processes. Random shocks affect all MMUs and contribute to DCFPs of system (DCFPsS): unit soft/hard failure one after another until the system failure and common cause failures. In addition, once a MMU fails, more workloads are shared on surviving MMUs due to load-sharing characteristic, which increase not only machine degradation rates but also human error intensities. We incorporate human errors into reliability analysis besides degradation processes and random shocks and develop an analytical reliability model of load-sharing man-machine system. A Poisson-type human error model considering the effects of workload is proposed first. To model the DCFPsU, DCFPsS, and load-sharing characteristic, conditional distributions of DCFPsU and conditional probability density functions of MMU failures are investigated. A system reliability model is then developed based on total probability formula through analytical derivation. Finally, a load-sharing 2-out-of-3:G lathe system and small-, medium- and large-scale examples are implemented to illustrate the effectiveness of the reliability model.

Reliability analysis of man-machine systems using fuzzy cognitive mapping with genetic tuning.

This article offers a method for analyzing the reliability of a man-machine system (MMS) and ranking of influencing factors based on a fuzzy cognitive map (FCM). The ranking of influencing factors is analogous to the ranking of system elements the probabilistic theory of reliability. To approximate the dependence of "influencing factors-reliability," the relationship of variable increments is used, which ensures the sensitivity of the reliability level to variations in the levels of influencing factors. The novelty of the method lies in the fact that the expert values of the weights of the FCM graph edges (arcs) are adjusted based on the results of observations using a genetic algorithm. The algorithm's chromosomes are generated from the intervals of acceptable values of edge weights, and the selection criterion is the sum of squares of deviations of the reliability simulation results from observations. The method is illustrated by the example of a multifactor analysis of the reliability of the "driver-car-road" system. It is shown that the FCM adjustment reduces the discrepancy between the reliability forecast and observations almost in half. Possible applications of the method can be complex systems with vaguely defined structures whose reliability depends very much on interrelated factors measured expertly.

Research on Effective Recognition of Alarm Signals in Human-Machine System Based on Cognitive Neural Experiments

The reasonable design of the alarm signal in the man-machine system is one of the important factors that determine the occurrence of safety accidents. Neuroergonomics provides a new perspective for the study of the cognitive process of alarm signals, which can reveal the mechanism of human perception of visual alarm signals from the cognitive level of the brain, thereby identifying the effectiveness of alarm signals. The article's research simulated the human-machine system for heat dissipation of new energy vehicles, used the automatic control interface of the cooling water system as the stimulus material, and used the event-related potential technology in cognitive neuroscience for experimental verification. The experimental results showed that: three kinds of alarm signals (color, color + shape, color + orientation) all induce visual mismatch waves, and the effective response of human to the alarm signal is color + orientation, color + shape, color from small to large, which provides a reference for the design of the alarm signal of the man-machine system.

Methodology of Evaluation of Evolving Sociotechnical Systems with Artifi cial Intelligence

Evolution of the technogenic world, the development of networked and cyber-physical systems includes mechanisms of socioenvironmental self-organization of techno-society through the transformation of human experience within the cycles of autopoietic selforganization of the techno-environment. An essential role in the issues of creating new forms of emerging socio-technical systems that include artificial intelligence technologies at the stages of formation and implementation of a technical project is played by the concept of including mechanisms of self-organization and system development, which is related to the methodology of assessing the ergonomic properties of the systems being created. Ergonomic assessment plays a unique harmonizing and corrective role in creating man-machine socio-technical systems. The determining role in the formation of ergonomic assessment of socio-technical systems is shown to be played by reduction mechanisms, which determine the evolution of these systems in the required direction. A socio-technical system with artificial intelligence does not have a priori predetermined, clearly known and intelligible to authors and user’s properties, and displays them only in a working context, which does not allow applying the usual methods of ergonomic assessment used in assessing the permanent qualities of a socio-technical system concerning a human user. We noted the unique role of symbiotic relations in maintaining the effective operation of socio-technical systems with distributed artificial intelligence considered to the processes of coherence-decoherence, influencing the change of forms of organized complexity, and determining the system’s viability in the environment. We pointed to the problem of inactivating technologically generated elements of the techno-environment into the socio-technical system’s evolving part. Using the Internet as an example, we show that the free evolution of the techno-environment associated with excessive information diversity of the social component of the network leads to acceleration of its evolution but reduces its social stability and sustainability.