Moluccas Research Articles

STUDI KELAYAKAN PUSAT KULINER TERAPUNG TANJUNG MERPATI DI KABUPATEN BURU SELATAN, PROVINSI MALUKU

South Buru Regency, as a part of the Maluku Islands Province. This natural tourist attraction has the potential to be developed into a tourist destination so as to increase tourist visits and the contribution of the tourism sector in South Buru Regency. Needing for the feasibility study of the Tanjung Merpati Floating Culinary Center Design in South Buru Regency, Maluku which supported with Neo Vernacular Architecture method. It is to improve the economy of the local community and provide recreation for tourists such as fishing and other tourism. It is different from other culinary in South Buru Regency, because of Neo Vernacular analysis so that it gets a response to the design.

BIOAKTIVITAS EKSTRAK SARANG SEMUT Myrmecodia pendens TERHADAP RAYAP TANAH Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren

Myrmecodia pendens are epiphytic plants which known as herbal plants in some region in Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to examine Myrmecodia pendens extracts with different concentrations against subterranean termites Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren. The research was conducted at the Wood Technology Laboratory, Forestry Faculty, Tanjungpura University for three months. Myrmecodia pendens was from Maluku Island. 50 gram Myrmecodia pendens was extract with methanol with ratio 1:3, then the extract was made into five concentrations i.e. 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%. Filter paper then dipped into the extract solution and used for food substrates of termites. The bioassay was conducted for 21 days in termite’s chamber room. Each treatment has three replications. The indicator used for evaluate the effectiveness of the extract was termites mortality and filter paper weight loss. The results showed the rendemen of Myrmecodia pendens extract was 24.1888 gram (23.1576%). The average value of termite’s mortality was 67.33% - 100.00%. The concentration of 2% has termites mortality values of 67.33% and included in the category of strong levels of anti-termite activity. The highest termite’s mortality value was achieved on concentration of 10%. The average value of filter paper weight loss was 33.54% – 65.27%. The highest concentration of the extracts resulted in the lowest filter paper weight loss. Meanwhile on control treatment the average values of termites mortality was 14.67% and the filter paper weight loss was 73.22%. The extract Myrmecodia pendens was effectives to inhibition the subterranean termites attacks. The optimum concentration of Myrmecodia pendens extract was achieved at concentration 6% with termites mortality value was 78% with category of very strong levels of anti-termite activity.Keywords : antitermites, Coptotermes curvignathus, Myrmecodia pendens, preservation

Cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction of sea cucumber Holothuria atra extracts

Context: Cancer is one of the major causes of death. Sea cucumbers are marine invertebrate that is widely used and utilized in traditional medicine. One of the most studied of sea cucumbers efficacy is its anticancer property. The anticancer property of sea cucumbers is much related to the content of an active compound called saponin. Objective: The objective of this research is to determine the cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction of sea cucumber Holothuria atra ethanol extract and to study its anticancer active compound. Materials and Methods: Sea cucumber of H. atra was taken from Halmahera waters, North Maluku Indonesia. The extraction was conducted by maceration method using ethanol 96% then continued with liquid-liquid partition and separation using C18 column. The investigation of active compound content was conducted by phytochemical and spectroscopic analysis using liquid chromatography-ion trap-time of a flight-mass spectrophotometer (LC-IT-ToF-MS). The cytotoxicity test was performed by the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide method against human breast ductal carcinoma cell (T47D), human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF7), human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell (WiDr), and human cervix adenocarcinoma cell lines (HeLa). The apoptotic induction test was performed using flow cytometry using Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) Annexin-V-Apoptosis and caspase-3 detection using FITC Active Caspase-3 kit. Results: Phytochemical test showed that ethanol extract of H. atra contained alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids-triterpenoids, phenols, and saponins. The extract showed cytotoxic activity against the 4 cell lines with Inhibition concentration 50 values ranging from 9.6 to 14.3 μg/ml. Flow cytometry analysis showed that the T47D cell population underwent apoptosis after treated with ethanol extract. The extract also activated caspase-3 on the T47D cells. The results of LC-IT-ToF-MS analysis showed that the active fraction from C18 column separation contained saponin and identified as Cucumechinol and Philinopgenin B. Conclusions: The results of this study indicated that H. atra active extract has good cytotoxicity and has potential to be developed as an anticancer agent. Abbreviations used: MNPs: Marine natural products; LC-IT-ToF-MS: Liquid chromatography-ion trap-time of flight-mass spectrophotometer; MTT: 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide; T47D: Human breast ductal carcinoma cell; MCF7: Human breast adenocarcinoma cell; WiDr: Human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell; HeLa: Human cervix adenocarcinoma cell; RPMI: Roswell park memorial institute medium; FBS: Fetal bovine serum; FITC: Fluorescein isothiocyanate; PBS: Phosphate buffer saline; BD: Becton Dickinson; IC50: Inhibition concentration 50; PS: Phosphatidylserine; PI: Propidium iodide.

The Bloodshed in North Halmahera: Roots, Escalation, and Reconciliation

This paper aims to explain the con?ict on North Maluku Island or North Halmahera in 1999 to be more specifc. When compared with the con?ict in Ambon, the con?ict in North Halmahera is much greater in terms of the number of victims and material losses. There are several factors that in?uenced the con?ict such as politics, economics and religion. It seems that politics and religion were the dominant underlying factors of the con?ict.At that time, the mass media did not report the con?ict e?ectively, so that the resolution of the con?ict came too late and the con?ict escalated and spread to the entire region of North Maluku. The most fundamental thing causing the con?ict was associated with regional growth (pemekaran), namely the emergence of a new sub-district within the existing sub-district of Kao. The new sub-district was created by the Makian, who are migrants from the island of Kie Besi in North Maluku. They pushed the government to establish a new sub-district of Makian Daratan within the sub-district of Kao. The Pagu people,natives to the area, rejected the regional growth. There was a demonstration that ended in a fght between the Pagu and the Makian. Coincidentally, most of the Pagu are Christian and all of theMakian areMuslim. This led to religious issues becoming a factor with certain parties. As a result, this was a horizontal con?ict wrapped with religious issues. In terms of methodology, this paper was written using a qualitative approach that produces descriptive data about the con?icts in North Halmahera. The analysis of the feld data was undertaken using some theories of con?ict. As a conclusion it can be stated that the con?ict in North Halmahera is basically a con?ict of interest that is wrapped with religious issues.

Kontekstualisasi dalam Penyebaran Islam: Analisis Pola Pembentukan Islam di Nusantara

This article analyzes the pattern of the spread of Islam in Nusantara, especially in Maluku islands. It aims to develop the thought of spread of Islam as proposed by Taufik Abdullah and Djoko Suryo. It is constructed based on the writer’s research findings in Ternate and Tidore North Maluku, also in Ambon island and Haruku island, Central Maluku. Besides field data, literature study on the spread of Islam in Indonesia and Southeast Asia is used as well. Referring to the macro context proposed by Taufik Abdullah and Djoko Suryo, the writer examines the micro context of Maluku islands, and it is found that: First, the spread of Islam in Maluku takes place through a contextualization pattern. Second, the presence of Islam in Maluku islands is a momentum for the development of society in the past and influenced the existence of Islam until now. Through Islam, the local communities are able to realize the outside world and build a wider communication that allows them to experienced modernization. Furthermore, this article can be placed as part of the historical and religious identity studies undertaken to assert the existence of Islam that has contributed to build the civilization of society, either in Maluku or in Indonesia and Southeast Asia.

A hard nut to crack: nutmeg cultivation and the application of natural history between the Maluku islands and Isle de France (1750s-1780s).

One of France's colonial enterprises in the eighteenth century was to acclimatize nutmeg, native to the Maluku islands, in the French colony of Isle de France (today's Mauritius). Exploring the acclimatization of nutmeg as a practice, this paper reveals the practical challenges of transferring knowledge between Indo-Pacific islands in the second half of the eighteenth century. This essay will look at the process through which knowledge was created - including ruptures and fractures - as opposed to looking at the mere circulation of knowledge. I argue that nutmeg cultivation on Isle de France was a complex process of creolizing expertise originating from the local populations of the plants' native islands with the horticultural knowledge of colonists, settlers, labourers and slaves living on Isle de France. In this respect, creolization describes a process of knowledge production rather than a form of knowledge. Once on Isle de France, nutmeg took root in climate and soil conditions which were different from those of its native South East Asian islands. It was cultivated by slaves and colonists who lacked prior experience with the cultivation of this particular spice. Experienced horticulturalists experimented with their own traditions. While they relied on old assumptions, they also came to question them. By examining cultivation as an applied practice, this paper argues that the creolization of knowledge was a critical aspect in French colonial botany.

Hoya anulata (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae) : a new record in Maluku, Indonesia

Hoya anulata Schltr. (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae) has been recorded for the first time in the Maluku Islands based on a specimen collected in Buru Island. Description, along with distribution, ecology, photograph and a brief discussion is presented.

Review of the Maluku Islands species of the lanternfly genus Birdantis Stål, 1863, with a new species and identification key (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae)

A new species of the genus Birdantis Stål, 1863 (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae), B. bhaskarai sp. nov. from Larat Island (Tanimbar), is described. Birdantis collaris (Walker, 1870) stat. rev. and B. trilineata (Schmidt, 1926) stat. rev. are reinstated as valid species, respectively from status of subspecies and as junior synonym of B. delibuta Stål, 1863. These four species, as well as the other one previously described from the Maluku Islands, B. decens Stål, 1863, are illustrated from their type specimens. An identification key, a distribution map, illustrations of habitus and details of male genitalia are provided. The synonymy between Myrilla Distant, 1888 and Birdantis is formally reinstated and all species formerly placed in the subgenus Birdantis (Myrilla) are transferred to Birdantis sensu stricto. Birdantis is transferred to the subfamily Aphaeninae Blanchard, 1847 and now contains eighteen species distributed in Maluku (five species), New Guinea and neighbouring islands (ten species) and Australia (three species).

Activity of Anti-plasmodial and Cytotoxicity of Kapur Leaves (Harmsiopanax aculeatus, Harms) Potential Fraction (FG2, FG3 and FG4) Traditionally Used to Treat Malaria in Maluku Indonesia

<p><em>Harmsiopanax aculeatus</em>, Harms, also known as <em>kapur</em>, have been traditionally used as medicinal plants to treat malaria in Maluku, Indonesia, although scientific evidence of the antimalarial active compounds of this plant has not been studied. This study was conducted to evaluate the anti-plasmodial and cytotoxicity activity of the active fraction of <em>H. aculeatu</em>s leaves. The fractions tested were FG2, FG3 and FG4 obtained by separation of methanol extract using Vacuum Liquid Chromatography (VLC) by gradually using n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol solvents. Anti-plasmodial activity in vitro was evaluated in <em>Plasmodium falciparum</em> strain FCR3 which is chloroquine resistant using microscopic method. The activity of cytotoxicity against vero cells was evaluated using MTT colorimetric method. The anti-plasmodial activity and cytotoxicity were expressed by IC<sub>50</sub>, inhibitory concentration of 50% <em>Plasmodium</em> or cells growth after incubation with the fraction tested, which calculated using probit regression analysis with SPSS. The results showed that the fraction of FG2, FG3 and FG4 had a promising anti-plasmodial activity with IC<sub>50</sub> value of 7.48; 8.24 and 7.75 μg/mL, respectively. The cytotoxicity activity of the three fractions on vero cell were 5814.43; 7780.48 and 1022.44 μg/mL, respectively. Moreover, the selectivity index (IC<sub>50</sub> Vero cells/IC<sub>50 </sub><em>Plasmodium</em>) of those were 777.33,944.23 and 131.93, respectively indicated that the three fractions were active, non-toxic and selective against <em>P. falciparum</em>. Further study will be conducted to isolate the active compounds of the fraction.</p>

Microbiological and Physicochemical Characteristics of Inasua Traditional Fish Fermented from Maluku Islands

Based on the raw materials, inasua consists of two types namely inasua with sap and inasua without sap. Research of inasua with sap has never been done and considered as the novelty of this research. The sensory characteristics and shelf life of two types of inasua were different. The research aims to analyze the microbiological and physicochemical characteristics of two types of inasua during fermentation. The microbiological analyzes include the total number of bacteria and lactic acid bacteria, while physicochemical analyzes include temperature, pH, water activity, proximate analysis, salt, alcohol, histamine, amino acids and fatty acids contents. The total number of bacteria and lactic acid bacteria has decreased during fermentation. At the end of the fermentation the total number of bacteria and lactic acid bacteria inasua with sap were 3.2x107 CFU/g and 3.0x107 CFU/g, while inasua without sap were 5.4x105CFU/g and 3.5x105 CFU/g, respectively. The moisture, protein, alcohol contents and water activity decreased, otherwise the salt, fat, ash, amino acids, and fatty acids contents increased during fermentation. Generally, microbiological and physicochemical characteristics of inasua with sap was better than inasua without sap. The results of this research to improve the quality of this fermentation product in the future.

Wireless Sensor Network Design for Earthquake’s and Landslide’s Early Warnings

<p>Indonesia including the earthquake-prone areas because Indonesia is situated between three tectonic plates and in the Maluku island it self has a fault line 10 zones, the impact of frequent tectonic earthquake on the island of Maluku resulted in a domino effect, such as the frequent occurrence of soil landslides at several points in the city of Ambon, and due to faults that occur lead ease rising sea levels to population centers so Ambon was becoming flooded. This research aims to design and analyzing measurements of earthquake monitoring system indication and landslides integrated via Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) by implementing a star topology, technology, ZigBee, WiFi technology Shield and GPRS (General Packet Radio Service). Researchers technology utilizes Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) to acquire and distribute widely the data to be monitored and controlled centrally.By detecting suspicious indicators such as tremor or landslides through nodes or end devices, the system provides information to the number of monitors and warnings. The system can also be accessed in real-time via the website by accessing the IP address of the Wireless-LAN devices Wi-Fi Arduino Shield.</p>

JEJAK KEDATANGAN UTUSAN MAJAPAHIT DI PULAU AMBON

Kakawin Nāgarakŗtāgama describes Majapahit's territory during its victorious day almost covering the current area of the Nusantara, including the Ambon Island in the region of the Maluku Islands. However, there are only small trace of physical evidence and literary data that can prove the existence of Majapahit influence in Ambon Island, or in other words, there is no absolute proof that can be accepted by academician. The people of Ambon Island who are illiterate have an oral tradition of telling the history. Ema village in Ambon Island has an oral tradition that tells the arrival of Majapahit. This study used oral tradition analysis method also by field observation to find related artefactual data and supported by relevant literature review. Based on the results of oral tradition studies, it is known that the arrival of the delegates of Majapahit Kingdom in Ema Village is a real historical event occurred and supported by evidence of artefactual data found in the field. The results of this study became the first primary reference of historical events that occurred in the Ambon island after so long that the published literature earlier did not contain clear evidence of the interaction or the coming of the Majapahit Kingdom in Ambon Island. The result of this study is also sufficient to prove that Ambon Island is not the territory of Majapahit Kingdom.

KESULTANAN TIDORE : BUKTI ARKEOLOGI SEBAGAI PUSAT KEKUASAAN ISLAM DAN PENGARUHNYA DI WILAYAH PERIFERI

The sultanate of Tidore is not only an area of Islamic influence residing in Tidore Island, as it is widely understood all along. Tidore Sultanate, is actually one of the centers of Islamic power that has a broad influence to other areas in the Maluku Islands and in Papua. Tidore with Ternate, is the most developed region, as both are able to expand influence and control other areas. This study is a literature study, through historical data and archaeological data from previous studies, to explain the development of the Tidore Sultanate as a center of power and influence in the Tidore power periphery region. The results of the study explain, based on historical data and archaeological evidence, Tidore developed as a center of power with the character of a sultanate city, and has a broad influence to other areas both in the Maluku Islands and in Papua which is the periferinya territory or the territory of Tidore Sultanate.

Seagrass in Southeast Asia: a review of status and knowledge gaps, and a road map for conservation

AbstractSoutheast Asia has the highest diversity of seagrass species and habitat types, but basic information on seagrass habitats is still lacking. This review examines the known distribution, extent, species diversity, and research and knowledge gaps of seagrasses in Southeast Asia by biogeographic region of the Marine Ecoregions of the World (MEOW). The extent of seagrass meadows in Southeast Asia is ~36,762.6 km2but this is likely an underestimate as some ecoregions were not well-represented and updated information was lacking. There is a paucity of information from the Western Coral Triangle Province, with no areal extent data available for the Indonesian regions of Kalimantan, Central and Southeast Sulawesi, the Maluku Islands, and West Papua. Regional research output has increased in the last two decades, with a trend towards more experimental, rather than descriptive research. However, there are knowledge gaps in socio-cultural-economic themed research, despite growing awareness of the importance of seagrass-human relationships in this region. Obstacles to advancing seagrass research, knowledge and conservation are rooted in either lack of expertise and training or the failure of effective management and policies. We propose a roadmap for seagrass conservation, with suggested solutions, including 1) encouraging collaboration between research institutions and scientists in the region to build capacity and share knowledge; 2) engaging with policymakers and governments to encourage science-based policies; 3) engaging with communities to raise awareness and foster stewardship of seagrass in the region.

Diversity, potential and conservation of Annonaceae in Bogor Botanic Gardens, Indonesia

Handayani T. 2018. Diversity, potential and conservation of Annonaceae in Bogor Botanic Gardens, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 591-603. The Annonaceae is a large family of trees, shrubs and climbers consisting of about 109 genera and 2440 species. This family has important economic value for fresh fruit, cosmetics and perfumes, timber, traditional medicines, processed foods and beverages, insecticides, and ornamental plants. It also has an important role in forest ecosystems and in environmental management, as a key habitat organism. Despite its many uses, the family has not received special attention, and many of its species have been forgotten. Therefore, efforts are required to conserve the Annonaceae. Conservation of the Annonaceae depends upon ex-situ as well as in-situ methods. Conservation by ex situ approaches is considered effective because it can save from extinction species that are rare, endemic or of as yet recognized, unknown usefulness.The research reported in this paper aimed to determine Annonaceae diversity in Bogor Botanic Gardens (BBG), West Java, Indonesia as well as its current and potential utilization, with a view to developing ways of ensuring preservation of the collection within the Gardens. The study used direct observation of the Garden’s collection, compilation and scrutiny of relevant data from the long-term BBG registration database, analysis of past research data, and a literature study. Currently, BBG holds in its collection about 28 genera and 83 species of the Annonaceae family. The collection is estimated to cover 80% of the total species scattered across the Malesian region. Within the collection there are 49 tree species (59.04%), 14 shrub species (16.87%) and 20 liana species (24.09%). Most of the collections are from Java and Sumatra, while the fewest are from Maluku Islands and Papua. Among 40 species observed, 7 species are used for their fruit, 7 species have cosmetic or perfume uses, 22 species are a source of timber, 34 species have uses in traditional medicine, 6 species are used in the food or beverage industry, 19 species can be used as ornamental plants, 8 species for insecticides, and 4 species for other uses.The Annonaceae collections consist of young and old plants.Plants within the Gardens that are more than 100 years old include trees (7 species), shrubs (3 species) and a liana (1 species).The most widely used parts for traditional medicine are roots and leaves. This paper discusses the efforts taken by BBG to conserve the Annonaceae, include maintaining the diversity of the collection, researching the potential usefulness of the collection and exploring different approaches to its conservation.

Malaria in Open and Closed Communities in Namrole, Buru Selatan District, Maluku Island, Indonesia

Malaria remains a public health problem in Buru Selatan District, an area with opened and closed communities. This study aimed to describe malaria prevalence and its related factors in opened and closed communities in Namrole, Buru Selatan District. This study was a cross sectional study to measure prevalence of malaria in open and close communities of Buru Selatan District. Study location was in Namrole Sub-District. Subject was selected by purposive sampling, consisted of 128 subjects (64 subjects from opened community and 64 subjects from closed community). Malaria was diagnosed by thin and thick blood smear. Data was presented as proportion. Statistical analysis used Chi-Square to analyse the data. Characteristics of subject (age, gender, occupation) were equal between malaria and non-malaria subjects, except for age in closed community. Prevalence of malaria in this study was 33.6% decrease from the prevalence a year earlier (35.5%). Malaria in closed community was higher than opened community and was clustered in forest. In general, malaria did not relate to behavior although taking medicine differs between malaria and non-malaria group. Malaria in closed community is higher than opened community, mostly asymptomatic, and clustered in forest. The closed community is an area with traditional life and lack of health facilities. This condition is a challenge in malaria elimination program.

Short Communication: The rattans (Arecaceae) of Wallacea

Henderson A, Pitopang R. 2018. Short Communication: The rattans (Arecaceae) of Wallacea. Biodiversitas 19: 18-21. Rattans are spiny, climbing palms whose long, flexible stems provide the canes of commerce. Three rattan genera occur in Wallacea, Calamus, Daemonorops, and Korthalsia. We give a brief review of the geology and biogeography of Wallacea. We follow this with a review of the Wallacean rattan flora in Sulawesi, the Maluku Islands (Moluccas), and Nusa Tenggara. We emphasize how poorly known the rattan flora of Wallacea is. While recent discussions of the rattan flora of the Asian tropics have noted the paucity of species in Wallacea, we consider that the number of species present may be considerably higher.

Implementation of talis and dc house system for rural areas in indonesia

In 2017, the aggregate electrification ratio in Indonesia has been achieving 92.8%. However, some rural areas such as in Maluku and Papua Islands still have low electrification ratio (~70%). One of the main problems in supplying electricity to rural areas in Indonesia is the geographical concern which consisted of islands leading to the difficulty of electricity grid development. In some areas, diesel power plant has been being built to supply the electricity. However, it causes another problem to transport the primary energy source to the targeted area which would increase the cost of electricity supply. Besides, it also needs investment cost to build transmission and distribution systems, as well as the maintenance expenses. To resolve this issue, a new scheme of battery-based Tabung Listrik or TaLis (DC-based power bank) and DC house system is proposed to be the solution to provide electricity to rural areas. The potential of local renewable energy sources such as biomass, hydro, wind, and solar could be utilized to be charging sources of batteries (TaLis). This study presents the TaLis prototype, DC house installation, supply chain process and charging scheme of TaLis, and cost comparison between the proposed system with other existing power systems such as communal PV farm and diesel power plant. We found that TaLis and DC house system provided the least cost of electricity production compared to other power systems, i.e. $0.88/kWh for TaLis and DC house system, $1.65/kWh for diesel power plant, and $1.47/kWh for communal PV farm. Implementation of this approach is expected to improve the welfare and quality of life of rural communities immediately.

The Development of Pottery Making Traditions and Maritime Networks during the Early Metal Age in Northern Maluku Islands

Abstrak. Perkembangan Tradisi Pembuatan Tembikar dan Jejaring Maritim pada Masa Logam Awal di Bagian Utara Kepulauan Maluku.Selama masa Neolitik atau Jaman Logam Awal setelah 2300 sampai 2000 tahun BP di Wallacea, migrasi manusia dan jaringan maritim menjadi lebih berkembang. Melalui bukti linguistik, misalnya, trans-migrasi oleh kelompok berbahasa Austronesia dan kelompok berbahasa Papua atau bukti arkeologi seperti perluasan dan pengembangan tembikar yang memiliki kemiripan membuat tradisi ini menjadi bukti sejarah adanya perdagangan rempah-rempah dengan China, India dan lebih jauh ke arah Barat lainnya dalam studi kasus di Maluku. Kedatangan budaya logam (baik perunggu maupun besi) dan bahan kaca dinilai penting karena mungkin menunjukkan pengembangan lebih lanjut jaringan migrasi dan perdagangan manusia yang aktif di wilayah ini. Dengan berpijak pada pemahaman tersebut, tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan bukti-bukti kedatangan budaya logam di Maluku Utara sebagai indikasi jaringan migrasi dan perdagangan masa lalu. Ekskavasi sebagai pendekatan penelitian dilakukan pada situs baru di Maluku Utara antara tahun 2012-2014. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa Situs terbuka Gorua di pesisir timur laut Pulau Halmahera (Kabupaten Tobelo) merupakan salah satu dari situs-situs tersebut yang berumur sekitar 2300-2000 tahun BP (atau 300-50 SM). Sekaligus menjadi penanda perkembangan pembuatan tembikar dan pola jaringan maritim di Kawasan Maluku Utara pada masa Paleometalik/Perundagian. Abstract. During the post Neolithic times or Early Metal Age, after 2300 to 2000 years BP, in Wallacea human migrations and maritime networks were more developed. Through linguistic evidence, for instance the trans-migration by Austronesian language speaking groups and Papuan language speaking groups, or archaeological evidences such as expansion and development of similar pottery, make the traditions a historical evidence for the spice trade with China, India, and further West for the Maluku case. The arrival of metal (both bronze and iron) and glass materials is also considered important due to the fact that it possibly shows further development of active human migrations and trade networks in that region. On the basis of such backgrounds and understanding, the aim of this research is to uncover evidences of the arrival of metal culture in Northern Maluku as an indication of migration and trade networks in the past. Excavations as research approach were carried out at some new sites in Northern Maluku during 2012-2014. Results show that an open site, Gorua, on the eastern coast of Halmahera Island (Tobelo Regency) is one of the sites, which dates to around 2300-2000 years BP (or 300-50 BC). It also marks the development of pottery-making and the pattern of maritime network within the Northern Maluku Islands during the Early Metal Age.

Geomaritime-Based Marine and Fishery Economic Development in Maluku Islands

The design of national economic development should never ignore three important aspects, namely integration, and sustainably and local contexts. Insufficient comprehension over these three aspects has caused delays of economic progress in several regions like Maluku. This region is characterized with archipelagic geo-profile where marine and fisheries resources are abundant but economic progress is sluggish. To catch up with the achievement shown by regions in the western part of the country, there must by effective efforts done in Maluku. This research is aimed at analyzing the three aspects mentioned above as related to acceleration of marine and fisheries economic development based on the region’s maritime geo-profile. In line with it, primary and secondary data were applied on a SWOT Analytical Approach. Based on the analysis, it was concluded that acceleration of marine and fisheries economic development in Maluku can be carried out through both local and national policies focused on facilitating prospective economic players in making massive investment in the marine and fisheries sector. Among others, this should be done by improving the capacity of Maluku marine ports and directing them to be local economic transmiters, through more effective functions as hubs for ships carrying commodities and products for both national and international markets. This research found that in line with it, a pre-requirement that has to be advanced by the government is detailed zoning of marine and fisheries resources, which is supported by a legal umbrella.