Male Witnesses Research Articles

Data-driven analysis identifies novel modulation of social behavior in female mice witnessing chronic social defeat stress

BackgroundChronic social defeat stress is a widely used depression model in male mice. Several proposed adaptations extend this model to females with variable, often marginal effects. We examine if the widely used male-defined metrics of stress are suboptimal in females witnessing defeat. MethodsUsing a data-driven method we comprehensively classified social interaction behavior in 761 male and female mice after chronic social witness/defeat stress, examining social modulation of behavior and associations with conventional metrics (i.e., social interaction (SI) ratio). ResultsSocial stress induces distinct behavioral adaptation patterns in defeated males and witness females. SI ratio leads to underpowered analyses in witness females with limited utility to differentiate susceptibility/resilience. Data-driven analyses reveal changes in social adaptation in witness females that are captured in attenuated velocity change from no target to target tests (ΔVelocity). We explore the utility of this metric in four female social stress models and in male witnesses. Combining SI ratio and ΔVelocity optimally differentiates susceptibility/resilience in witness females and reveals resilient-specific adaptation in a resilience-associated neural circuit in female mice. ConclusionsWe demonstrate that chronic witness stress induces behavioral changes in females that are qualitatively distinct from those observed in defeated males and not adequately sampled by standard male-defined metrics. We identify modulation of locomotion as a robust and easily implementable metric for rigorous research in witness female mice. Overall, our findings highlight the need to critically evaluate sex differences in behavior and implement sex-based considerations in preclinical model design.

Alasan Pembuktian Tindak Pidana Perzinahan Dengan Saksi Berjumlah 4 Orang Laki-Laki Dalam Hukum Pidana Islam

The issue regarding the number of witnesses in criminal cases of adultery according to Islamic law is still a deep problem regarding why 4 men are required, so in this research the author will examine this in more depth. By using 3 problem formulations related to this research to find answers to the evidentiary reasons why the crime of adultery requires 4 male witnesses. This research is qualitative in nature with a normative juridical legal approach using two data sources, namely primary and secondary. The results of the research show that the concept of witnesses according to positive law only requires general criteria without distinction of gender, while the Islamic law of the majority of ulama requires witnesses to be male, with at least four people witnessing directly, and there is a difference of opinion with Ibn Hazm in interpreting), he stated that women's testimony can be accepted provided that women's testimony is considered half that of men's testimony

Sex-specific behavioral, cardiac, and neuroendocrine responses to repeated witness social stress in adult rats

In humans, sex disparities exist in the prevalence of social stress-related disorders, yet our understanding of the predisposing factors and underlying mechanisms is still elusive. Also at the preclinical level, the investigation of sex differences in social stress responses is limited. In this study, adult male and female wild-type Groningen rats were repeatedly exposed to witness social defeat stress (WS) to assess sex-specific behavioral, neuroendocrine, and cardiac responses to the same social stress paradigm. Male and female rats bore witness to an aggressive social defeat episode between two males for nine consecutive days or were exposed to a control (CTR) procedure. Stress-related parameters were assessed in correspondence to the first and last WS/CTR exposure and also during subsequent exposure to the stress context alone in the absence of social defeat. During WS, rats of both sexes displayed larger amounts of burying behavior and smaller amounts of rearing and grooming behaviors, but with a greater extent in female witnesses. Cardiac autonomic responses to WS were similar between the sexes, yet only females displayed higher plasma corticosterone levels after the first WS exposure compared to CTRs, and had a larger corticosterone increase than male witnesses upon repeated WS. Exposure to the stress context alone (i.e., without the presence of the aggressive resident rat) elicited greater amount of burying behavior and more pronounced and persistent tachycardic responses in females than males with a history of WS. Our findings suggest sex-disparities in the response of adult rats to WS at multiple behavioral, cardiac, and neuroendocrine levels, highlighting the utility of this social stress paradigm for investigating predisposing factors and pathophysiological mechanisms underlying sex-specific vulnerabilities to stress-related pathologies.

STRATIFIKASI AKAD KEPEMILIKAN HARTA SEBAGAI SOLUSI PROBLEM PEMBAGIAN HARTA PASCACERAI

When a husband and wife are separated, either by way of divorce or one of the spouse died, one of the problems that arises is the dispute over the ownership of treasure. Because of these disputes, conflicts, quarrels, hostilities certainly occur, not even rarely to the point of having to be brought to justice. So, in this article will be presented the results of analysis related to the phenomenon and offer alternative solutions that can be used. This study uses a library research method, with a phenomenological qualitative approach. The result of the analysis is that the diversity of understanding of treasure after marriage, culture and customs in each family, makes a variety of understandings of the contract of ownership of treasure between husband and wife in society. The problems that arise are expected to be anticipated by using the contract stratification approach. For families that have no problem in harmony, the contract of ownership of treasure between husband and wife can use the usual contract, gestures, deeds and oral. For families that are considered prone to conflicts of treasure (have many assets, there are family members who are greedy with treasure, have few assets but are prone to conflict) can use a written contract. However, if you want to minimize the risk of problems or problems in the future, then the husband and wife can contract ownership of treasure through a notary or written by themselves with a stamp and signed by two male witnesses (under the hand), in accordance with QS. al-Baqarah verse 282. This is done as a precautionary step (ihktiyati). So that if unwanted things happen, the recording can be used as evidence of legally valid ownership

The Woman at the Well as a Witness in John Revisited

Abstract There is a major emphasis on testimony and witnesses in the Gospel of John, and scholars have analysed this trait in the context of a literary trial, or a cosmic lawsuit. The Samaritan woman (John 4) who testifies concerning Jesus is an unexpected witness. Could the author expect his contemporary readers to receive her testimony? This article surveys the status of women as witnesses in in the Graeco-Roman world in general and first-century Judaism in particular. There was a strong expectation that women should not testify in law-courts, where they were instead represented by male guardians with few exceptions. An analysis of John 4:4–42 gives further clues for the evaluation of the Samaritan woman as a legal witness. First, she expresses surprise that Jesus talks with her as a Samaritan. Second, the disciples are astonished that Jesus speaks to a woman. Third, the information about her previous marriages would likely further diminish her status as a witness. In conclusion, the presentation of the Samaritan woman as a key witness in John does not reflect the convention of contemporary culture, whether Graeco-Roman or Jewish. On the contrary, in regard to divine law, she is elevated to a status equal to male witnesses. A two-level reading of the Fourth Gospel further suggests that this feature reflects a different attitude toward women in early Christianity, if not a particular community connected with the Johannine writings.

Fair Criteria of Private Vocational School and Witnesses in the Perspective of Ushul Fiqh (Analysis Based on Istislahi and Ta'lili Reasoning)

The validity of a marriage, if it is equipped with several conditions, including a fair guardian and witnesses. This is as stated in several Hadith narrations, which clearly state that. However, in practice that is carried out by the community there is confusion regarding the fair requirements of guardians and witnesses. The proof is that all parents remain guardians in the process of their daughter's marriage and everyone can be witnesses in the marriage council. Among the scholars, there were disputes over this issue. The Ulama of the Hanafi School do not require fair guardians and witnesses in the marriage contract, even if a witness is allowed to be a man and two women. Meanwhile, for the other three schools, just guardians and witnesses in marriage are a condition for the validity of a marriage. It's just that there is a slight difference in this matter. The Ulama of the Maliki School, the two male witnesses who are just, may be presented after the marriage contract has taken place to testify that the couple is married. As for the Shafi'i School the requirements are rather strict because the fairness of guardians and witnesses must be clear inside and out. Meanwhile, according to the Hanbali School, it is a little light because the fairness of guardians and witnesses can be seen from the outside (mastur 'is). The condition for the fairness of guardians and witnesses based on istislahi theory of reasoning is to produce benefits in terms of hereditary purity. The purity of the offspring is only obtained through a marriage that is legal according to the rules of the Shari'a. The Sharia has established the validity of a marriage in between with a just guardian and witnesses. Based on the theory of ta'lili reasoning, the validity of the marriage contract is due to the existence of a just guardian and witnesses in the marriage.

In the office or at the gym: The impact of confronting sexism in specific contexts on support for confrontation and perceptions of others

ABSTRACT The current research investigated support for confronting a sexist comment and how responses in a work or social setting by a target or witness can influence actor perceptions. Across three studies, we demonstrated that although most people supported confrontation by a female target, she was evaluated less positively when confronting than passive, especially in a social versus professional context. In contrast, a male witness was evaluated more positively when confronting than passive, regardless of context. Notably, perceptions of the perpetrator of the comment were only influenced by the target’s response: with less positive evaluations when the target was confronting than passive, especially in the office. These findings contribute to understanding which responses and environments foster confrontation and reduce backlash.

Gendered Violence: Jewish Women in the Pogroms of 1917 to 1921 by Irina Astashkevich

Reviewed by: Gendered Violence: Jewish Women in the Pogroms of 1917 to 1921 by Irina Astashkevich Leona Toker Gendered Violence: Jewish Women in the Pogroms of 1917 to 1921. By Irina Astashkevich. Brookline, MA: Academic Studies Press, 2018. 170 pages. $35.00 (paper). From the fall of the Russian Empire in 1917 to the end of the Civil War in 1921, Ukraine was ravaged by an array of angry and usually undersupplied belligerents: the Ukrainian National Army that sought the independence of Ukraine; the Red Army; the anti-revolutionary White Volunteer Army and its allied Cossack forces; the Polish Army; and anarchist gangs like those of Petliura and Makhno, forming and changing alliances. Cities and small towns, the latter containing a large percentage of Jewish artisans, traders, and educational and medical professionals, were captured and recaptured, passing from one military force to another. Most of the changes of power were accompanied by pogroms. Irina Astashkevich's Gender Violence, based on the study of archival materials, is devoted to the inevitable feature of those pogroms—the mass rape of Jewish women. This specific issue has been understudied. The exact number of rape victims is not known—it was often a matter of hundreds in each specific location, and the locations were numerous. There are few recorded testimonies by surviving victims of rape—the phenomenon was mainly reported by male witnesses of the pogroms. "For obvious reasons" is a quoted phrase that recurs throughout the book: unbearable trauma, dishonor, cognitive dissonance (and, one might add, perhaps an unwillingness to verbalize the unthinkable and thus make it thinkable) prevented women from admitting, much less narrating, the sexual violence perpetrated on them. Judging by the women's narratives referred to in the book, the raped woman is usually another woman, whereas the speaker herself evades the issue by shifting the audience's attention to plunder of property, or presents herself as having had a lucky escape, or leaves lacunas in her narrative: "[t]hese stories," writes Irina Astashkevich, "are not merely evidence of traumatic experience, but rather are part of it" (90). She also points to the fact that rape survivors had no literary stencil to use for shaping their narratives. [End Page 403] It is also mainly from narratives of Jewish men that one learns about the outcomes of gang rape: venereal diseases, unwanted pregnancies, death after home-abortions, suicide attempts (often successful), and departure, with no return, from the scene of suffering. Some victims were mutilated or tormented with such sadistic intensity that they did not survive the rape. The study records two main waves of pogroms and mass rapes, one in 1918 and a much more intense one, especially because of the participation of the Cossacks, in 1919, when the Jewish community must have had too little time to recover from prior assaults, and there may have been less to loot. According to Astashkevich, the latter wave was practically genocidal. In addition to satisfying the basest instincts of the soldiers and other militants, rape targeted the honor and very life of Jewish communities. The book thus inscribes itself into the context of current studies of rape as a weapon of war, in which rapists deal a blow to the "social vitality" (xix) of the targeted community from which it can hardly recover. Gang rapes were often perpetrated in public, with Jewish men, prominently including family members of the victims, forced to watch and remain ashamed and humiliated for life. Through public gang rape the conquerors asserted their power and superiority by dehumanizing the Jewish victims (xiii) and reinforcing their own virile "bonding and camaraderie" (59)—the book notes that the rapes were mostly vaginal and cases of homosexual rape were unknown. Whereas the pogroms of the 1880s helped stimulate the Zionist movement, further reinforced by the Kishinev Pogrom of 1903, no Jewish attempts to actively resist the aggression are dealt with beyond noting that "Jewish self-defense units could not curb the violence and often became its first victims" (18). Astashkevich refers to Hayim Nahman Bialik's poem "In the City of Slaughter," written upon the poet's visit of inspection to Kishinev but does not mention the Zionist implications of...

Pembaruan Hukum Islam tentang Empat Saksi Laki-Laki Non-Muslim dalam Kasus Li'an

Changes in the field of law are important matters that cannot be prevented by anyone, including Islamic law related to civil and criminal law. Specifically, in the discussion of Islamic criminal law regarding allegations of adultery (li'an), the accuser who is obliged to bring four male Muslim witnesses can turn into four non-Muslim male witnesses, because it is based on strong arguments so that non-Muslims who were initially illegitimate as witnesses become allowed. The change in law became apparent when an argument that said anyone could be a witness provided that the terms and conditions were sufficient as a witness. The legality of the four non-Muslim male witnesses is very strong when there is an argument based on the word of God regarding four witnesses who are not clearly stated whether they are Muslims or non-Muslims. Likewise, the reason that today's society is a modern and pluralistic society can provide a view of freedom for non-Muslim communities to stand witnesses to defendants in li'an cases or accusations of adultery.

Sexual Harassment and Cardiothoracic Surgery: #UsToo?

Fifty-eight percent of women in science, engineering, and medicine report being affected by sexual harassment (SH). This study sought to determine the extent of SH in cardiothoracic surgery. The study developed a survey that was based on the Sexual Experience Questionnaire-Workplace, physician wellness, and burnout surveys. The survey was open to responses for 45 days and was disseminated through The Society of Thoracic Surgeons, Women in Thoracic Surgery, and Thoracic Surgery Residents Association listservs. A reminder email was issued at 28 days. Student t tests, Fisher exact tests, and χ2 tests were used to compare results. Of 790 respondents, 75% were male and 82% were attending surgeons. A total of 81% of female surgeons vs 46% of male attending surgeons experienced SH (P < .001). SH also was reported by trainees (90% female vs 32% male; P < .001). According to women, the most common offenders were supervising leaders and colleagues; for men, it was ancillary staff and colleagues. Respondents reported SH at all levels of training. A total of 75% of women surgeons vs 51% of men surgeons witnessed a colleague be subjected to SH; 89% of respondents reported the victim as female (male 2%, both 9%; P < .001). A total of 49% of female witnesses (50% of male witnesses) reported no intervention; less than 5% of respondents reported the offender to a governing board. SH was positively associated with burnout. SH is present in cardiothoracic surgery among faculty and trainees. Although women surgeons are more commonly affected, male surgeons also are subjected to SH. Despite witnessed events, intervention currently is limited. Policies, safeguards, and bystander training should be instituted to decrease these events.

Intimate Partner Violence: Childhood Witnessing and Subsequent Experiences of College Undergraduates.

Previous work links witnessing adult violence in the home during childhood ("witnessing") and adolescent relationship violence, but studies are limited to recent experiences with one or two outcomes, missing the holistic viewpoint describing lifetime experiences across multiple types of violence. We measured associations between witnessing and victimization (being harmed by violence) and perpetration (causing harm by violence) among males and females for the three most common types of adolescent relationship violence (physical, sexual, and emotional), and we assessed whether students experienced multiple outcomes ("polyvictimization/ polyperpetration"). We also compared sex-specific differences to assess for additive effect modification. We used an anonymous, cross-sectional survey with 907 undergraduates attending randomly selected classes at three urban East Coast colleges. Multiple logistic regression and marginal standardization were used to estimate predicted probabilities for each outcome among witnesses and non-witnesses; additive interaction by sex was assessed using quantifiable measures. 214 (24%) students reported witnessing and 403 (44%) students experienced adolescent relationship violence, with 162 (17.9%) and 37 (4.1%) experiencing polyvictimization and polyperpetration, respectively. Witnesses had higher risk than non-witnesses for physical, sexual, and emotional victimization and perpetration. Notably, witnesses also had higher risk for polyvictimization and polyperpetration. Additive effect modification by sex was insignificant at 95% confidence bounds, but distinct patterns emerged for males and females. Except for sexual victimization, female witnesses were more likely than female non-witnesses to experience all forms of victimization, including polyvictimization; they also had higher risk for perpetration, particularly physical perpetration. In contrast, victimization outcomes did not differ for male witnesses, but male witnesses were more likely than male non-witnesses to perpetrate all forms of violence, including polyperpetration.

Comparative Juridical Analysis Of Witness's Position In Notarial Agreement Making Based On Islamic Law And Public Notary Law (UUJN)

The problem of witnesses has been seen as a significant problem. It requires the reinterpretation of text messages that considered a male witness is equal to two women. The issues raised are: How is the position of witness when making notarial agreement in Islamic law, How is the position of witness when making notarial agreement according to UUJN (Public Notary Law), and What is the similarity and difference of witness position in making notarial agreement according to Islamic law and UUJN. The research method used was Juridical Normative with Regulations approach, Conceptual Approach, and case Approach. Research result found that Firstly, the witness is someone who can give a statement or information that he knows about what the actual events. Another meaning is that a witness is a person who is asked to be present to witness a legal event; Secondly, a witness is a person who can give a definite statement because the person knows the actual event, and even the other meaning of the witness is the person who is asked to attend to witness an event. The person who is asked to be a witness is a qualified person and considered to be well-informed of what he or she is witnessing. And Third, the equation has a purpose for justice and truth can be enforced by the presence of witnesses and the difference Act No.40 of 2014 on the position of a notary. It is originated from the rules of legislation and as evidence, as well as the differences in the conditions specified. On the other hand, Islamic law comes all source of regulations are from Al Quran and As-Sunnah.Keywords: Comparison; Position of Witnesses; Notarial Agreement; Islamic Law; Public Notary Law

‘The Poet Slanders’: Stevie Smith’s War Poetry

War poetry is commonly understood as combat poetry from a male witness. This article examines the poet Stevie Smith and her authoritative witness of the Second World War, from a female, non-combatant perspective. It begins by outlining critical responses to Second World War poetry, before offering detailed analysis of selected Smith works alongside their critical reception, and parsing Smith’s subversive tactics with reference to socio-historical as well as literary context. By analysing a handful of her poems in close readings, it becomes clear that Smith used a number of poetic devices to expose the artifice of literary responses to war. Smith's use of euphemism, rhyme schemes, illustrations, poetic self-reflexivity, and intertextual allusions to propaganda and poetry, affirms the importance and innovation of her voice in questioning the codification of ‘war poetry'. She slips between subjectivities, voices, and perceptions to emphasize and bourgeon her poetic self-fashioning. Her language is purposefully variable, ambivalent, sometimes contradictory, seeking always to undermine the concept of a single authoritative response to war.

ANALISIS PEMIKIRAN IBNU HAZM TENTANG KESAKSIAN WANITA DALAM PIDANA ZINA

Testimony is valid evidence to obtain legal certainty. Of proof in criminal adultery with a request for information made four male witnesses as represented in the texts of the Koran. Ibnu Hazm practice texts generality arba'ati syuhadâ include men and women and reject hadis munqathi’ basis for justification of testimony limited to the male gender only. This argument is the basis for Ibn Hazm allow women to testify in a criminal adultery while guided by the principle of equality of men and women. In addition, Ibnu Hazm also rejected the psychological condition of women as a reason for refusing the testimony of women in certain fields. This condition can be anticipated by the number of witnesses more women than men, because the Qur'an clearly define terms that are fair witness is owned by men and women.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords : Saksi, Wanita, Pidana Zina.

Male and Female Witnesses' Speech in Swedish Criminal Trials

The present quantitative study focuses on witnesses’ speech in Swedish criminal trials, more specifically on potential differences between men’s and women’s language styles. Since the 1970s, research on language and gender has been divided into three main approaches towards the relationship between men’s and women’s language use: the deficit approach, the dominance approach and the cultural approach. The present study uses the more recent dynamic approach to show how gender is acted out in each situation taking into account a number of factors, e.g. context. The aim of our work is first and foremost to study the possible correlation between the witnesses’ gender and language in the courtroom context and then to investigate if income and/or level of education provide better explanations for possible variation by looking at a broad range of linguistic variables. The results show no statistically significant gender or social status differences in the witnesses’ speech. However, when comparing the results of the testifying police officers accidentally included in the study with the rest of the witnesses, the differences turned out to be significant. This shows that, in this case, factors such as previous courtroom experience and familiarity with the context were probably more influential on the speech of the informants than gender, income and education, in conformity with the assumptions of the dynamic approach.

Pembuktian Perzinaan dalam Perceraian Menurut al-Qur’an dan Hukum Acara Perdata

Abstract: This article highlights about adultery as one of the strong reasons of divorce. The reason is however quite difficult to be legally proved. As mentioned in the Qur’an, verification of adultery is by presenting the four male witnesses. And it has been mentioned in the Qur’an chapter al-Nisa’, verse 15, 16, 25 and in chapter al-Nur, verse 2, 4, 13 that the four male witnesses should be Muslim. In addition, Another way to prove adultery is li’an as written in the Qur’an, chapter al-Nur, verse 6-9 that a husband who accuses his wife committing adultery while he does not have adequate evidence other than he himself, so he can prove it with a li’an oath. It is also clearly stipulated in article 88 of Undang-Undang No.7 tahun 1989. While the proofs of adultery under the civil law of Religious Court other than the testimony of the four male witnesses are also by letter, oath, recognition, and conjecture.Keywords: Verification, adultery, the Qur’an, the civil law

Gender, Smiling, and Witness Credibility in Actual Trials

It has been acknowledged that females exhibit more smiling behaviors than males, but there has been little attention to this gender difference in the courtroom. Although both male and female witnesses exhibit smiling behaviors, there has been no research examining the subsequent effect of gender and smiling on witness credibility. This study used naturalistic observation to examine smiling behaviors and credibility in actual witnesses testifying in court. Raters assessed the smiling behaviors and credibility (as measured by the Witness Credibility Scale) of 32 male and female witnesses testifying in trials in a mid-sized Southern city. "Credibility raters" rated the perceived likeability, trustworthiness, confidence, knowledge, and overall credibility of the witnesses using the Witness Credibility Scale. "Smile raters" noted smiling frequency and types, including speaking/expressive and listening/receptive smiles. Gender was found to affect perceived trustworthiness ratings, in which male witnesses were seen as more trustworthy than female witnesses. No significant differences were found in the smiling frequency for male and female witnesses. However, the presence of smiling was found to contribute to perceived likeability of a witness. Smiling female witnesses were found to be more likeable than smiling male and non-smiling female witnesses.

METHODS OF PROOF AND EVIDENTIARY REQUIREMENTS IN DIVORCE CASES: AN ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE

The bulk of Shariah Court cases nowadays involve matters pertaining to the dissolution of marriage. The most common ones are ṭalāq, taʿlīq and fasakh. The reason as to why the Shariah Courts are crammed with these cases is not merely due to the increasing number of divorce cases but can also be attributed to the difficulty in proving them. Today, as lifestyles become more complicated, ṭalāq is no longer the same as ṭalāq, previously understood. The husband no longer pronounces it openly or orally. Current technology such as SMS and email has overshadowed the sanctity of ṭalāq. The situation becomes worse when the sender, that is the husband, denies it. To obtain dissolution of marriage via taʿlīq or fasakh, in most cases, has proved to be a nightmare. There are many causes that contribute to it; ranging from the complexity of the subject itself, the provisions of the law and how to apply them, misconception on the methods of proof, and the wrong imposition of burden of proof. Due to all these factors, it is simply concluded by one section of the society as ‘gender discrimination’ and sometimes the blame has been put on the Shariah Court itself. This paper intends to provide some suggestions and solutions to the problems mentioned above. It is hoped that the courts and those involved in legal suits would be ready to accept the wider concept of evidence without confining themselves merely to the requirements of two male witnesses.

Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence

Youth who are exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV) between their parents may be at increased risk for a multitude of behavioral and emotional problems, including mental health problems such as depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and internalizing symptoms (Fergusson & Horwood, 1998; Finkelhor, Ormond, & Turner, 2009; Graham-Bermann, DeVoe, Mattis, Lynch, & Thomas, 2006; Zinzow et al., 2009). Research also suggests that males and females may react differently to being exposed to parental violence, although most of the findings in this area are mixed with regard to mental health outcomes. For instance, some evidence suggests that male witnesses are more likely to develop externalizing behaviors and females are more likely to suffer from internalizing disorders (Clements, Oxtoby, & Ogle, 2008; Kennedy, Bybee, Sullivan, & Greeson, 2010; Moylan et al., 2010; Yates, Dodds, Sroufe, & Egeland, 2003), whereas other studies have found that girls exposed to IPV are more likely than boys to demonstrate externalizing problems such as anger (Sigfusdottir, Farkas, & Silver, 2004). Yet others have found no gender differences in these outcomes (Fergusson & Horwood, 1998; Kitzmann, Gaylord, Holt, & Kenny, 2003; Sternberg, Baradaran, Abbott, Lamb, & Guterman, 2006). Like most other areas of research, though, the literature regarding exposure to IPV has methodological problems that somewhat weaken the validity of findings and may contribute to the mixed evidence regarding whether exposure to partner violence affects male and female youths differently. One avenue that has very rarely been examined but that may lead to a better understanding of the impact of IPV exposure among youth is whether the gender of the perpetrator (e.g., mother-perpetrated vs. father-perpetrated IPV) elicits differential effects on adolescents' mental health outcomes (e.g., Jankowski, Leitenberg, Henning, & Coffey, 1999). The current study attempts to … Keywords: Juvenile justice Language: en

Comment Women’s Testimony in Islamic Law and Misconceptions: A Critical Analysis

AbstractMost Qur’anic references to (witness) testimony do not make any reference to gender. Some references fully equate the testimony of males and females; however, one Qur’anic verse (2:282) has instructed that, as far as financial transactions are concerned, it is necessary to provide either two male witnesses or one male and two females. From this verse, it is generally contended that Islam renders two women equal to one man in matters of evidence. The question for consideration is whether or not, on the basis of the verse’s circumstantial context (‘illah), the testimony of one woman may nonetheless be accepted. The article focuses on principles of the Qur’an and the Sunnah as primary sources of Islamic law, particularly looking into the question of whether Islamic law of evidence is well equipped to meet and cater to the requirements of justice.