Male Wistar Albino Rats Research Articles

Effect of high-intensity interval training on self-care and anxiety-like behaviors in naive rats.

Self-care behavior covers individual's health, life and well-being to maintain the necessary activities. The aim of this study is to examine the self-care and possible anxiolytic effects of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIT). Eight-week-old Wistar Albino male rats were divided into Control (n = 8), and Exercise (n = 8). Rat exercised for 38min a day, 5days a week, for 8weeks The animals were then subjected to open field test and splash test, and the behaviors were video recorded. Student t test and Shapiro-Wilk test were used as statistical tests. In the exercise group, spray-induced grooming behavior increased significantly in terms of duration and frequency (p < 0.05), but no significant difference was observed in the latency of grooming (p > 0.05). In the open-field test, the total distance traveled, which is a locomotor activity parameter, did not change between the groups. Anxiolytic-like behaviors such as total rearing behavior, unsupported rearing, central time, and central region entries increased remarkably in the exercise group vs. control (p < 0.0001). Freezing as an anxiogenic behavior decreased in the exercise group positively (p < 0.0001). Intermittent high-intensity exercise improved and increased self-care behaviors. Further, the present study shows that HIIT has beneficial effects on different aspects of behaviors such as exploratory behaviors, increasing anxiolytic behaviors, and reducing anxiogenic behavior. The present study is a preclinical study that will pave the way for new studies.

HIGH DOSES OF KETAMINE INFLICT MYOCARDIAL INJURY AND CAUSE CHANGES IN THE RELATIVE BODY WEIGHT TO HEART OF ADULT ALBINO WISTAR RATS

Objective: Ketamine is widely used as an anesthetic agent in surgery and emergency medicine. It is also used for procedural sedation, treatment of depression, pain management, and sometimes as a recreational drug. These uses, however, have recommended doses to prevent myocardial injury. This study, therefore, was designed to investigate the level of injury on the myocardium following the administration of high doses of ketamine and to determine the relative body weight to heart weight of the experimental animals. Method: A total of 12 male albino Wistar rats were used and grouped into four including the control group. They were weighed daily and administered 100 mg, 150 mg, and 200 mg/kg/body weight of ketamine intraperitoneally for 2 weeks and weighed again. Experiment was terminated after 14 days and animals were sacrificed and the heart harvested for analysis. Results: Ketamine caused a significant myocardial injury with increase in the doses in different groups by causing inflammation, hypertrophy, vacuolar degenerative changes, atrophy, and extensive hemorrhage around the myocytes. Weight differentiation was noticed in all experimental groups with heart weight contributing to the total body weight by 1.63%, 1.7%, and 1.2% for the 100 mg, 150 mg, and 200 mg/kg/body weight of ketamine groups, respectively. Conclusion: Higher doses of ketamine cause significant myocardial injury as well as differential changes in body weight and heart weight in experimental animals.

High methionine diet mediated oxidative stress and proteasome impairment causes toxicity in liver

Methionine (Met) rich diet inducing oxidative stress is reported to alter many organs. Proteasome as a regulator of oxidative stress can be targeted. This study was performed to investigate if excessive methionine supplementation causes hepatotoxicity related to proteasome dysfunction under endogenous oxidative stress in rats. Male Wistar albino rats (n = 16) were divided into controls and treated groups. The treated rats (n = 08) received orally l-methionine (1 g/kg/day) for 21 days. Total homocysteine (tHcy), total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), hepatic enzymes levels: aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), with total bilirubin (TBil), albumin (Alb), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were determined in plasma by biochemical assays. Liver supernatants were used for malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyls (PC), glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), 20S proteasome activities and their subunits expression, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) evaluation by appropriate methods and light microscopy for liver histological examination. Methionine treatment increased homocysteine, TOS, oxidative stress index (OSI), MDA and PC but decreased TAS, GSH, CAT, SOD, GPx with the 20S proteasome activities and their β subunits expression. Liver proteins: AST, ALT, LDH, ALP, TBil and CRP were increased but Alb was decreased. Liver histology was also altered. An increase in liver TNF-α and IL-6 levels were observed. These findings indicated that methionine supplementation associated oxidative stress and proteasome dysfunction, caused hepatotoxicity and inflammation in rat. Further investigations should be to better understand the relation between methionine, oxidative stress, proteasome, and liver injuries.

Complex Hippocampal Response to Thermal Skin Injury and Protocols with Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy and Filipendula ulmaria Extract in Rats.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the alterations of the hippocampal function that may be related to anxiogenic response to thermal skin injury, including the morpho-functional alterations, and the effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) and Filipendula ulmaria (FU) extract in the treatment of anxiety-like behavior that coincides with thermal skin injury. A rat thermal skin injury experimental model was performed on 2-month-old male Wistar albino rats. The evaluated therapeutic protocols included HBO and/or antioxidant supplementation. HBO was applied for 7 days in the hyperbaric chamber (100% O2, 2.5 ATA, 60 min). Oral administration of FU extract (final concentration of 100 mg/kg b.w.) to achieve antioxidant supplementation was also applied for 7 days. Anxiety level was estimated in the open field and elevated plus-maze test, which was followed by anesthesia, sacrifice, and collection of hippocampal tissue samples. HBO treatment and FU supplementation significantly abolished anxiogenic response to thermal skin injury. This beneficial effect was accompanied by the reduction in hippocampal pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic indicators, and enhanced BDNF and GABA-ARα2S gene expression, previously observed in untreated burns. The hippocampal relative gene expression of melatonin receptors and NPY positively responded to the applied protocols, in the same manner as µ and δ opioid receptors, while the opposite response was observed for κ receptors. The results of this study provide some confirmations that adjuvant strategies, such as HBO and antioxidant supplementation, may be simultaneously applied in the treatment of the anxiety-like behavior that coincides with thermal skin injury.

The therapeutic effect of alcoholic extract of Fumaria parviflora on high-fat diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver in rats: an animal experiment.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a growing problem with a significant burden. Lifestyle modification is the recommended treatment, but researchers are exploring other options. This study focused on the effects of Fumaria parviflora (FP) extracts on NAFLD induced by a high-fat diet in rats. Thirty-five 10-week-old male Wister-Albino rats were divided into seven groups: normal diet control, high fat diet control, high fat diet with oral normal saline gavage, high fat diet with oral Atorvastatin gavage, and three groups receiving high fat diet with FP extract in 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg, and 700mg/kg.Blood samples of rats were used for the measurement of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglyceride (TG), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP).1×1cm Liver biopsies were taken, stained with Trichrome Stain (Masson) and Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain for evaluation by a pathologist. Lab results showed that FP extract inhibits weight gain, has positive effects on triglyceride and alkaline phosphatase levels, and reduces hepatocyte ballooning and inflammation in rats. FP extract may lower liver enzymes and have a positive impact on triglyceride, LDL, and HDL levels in rats with NAFLD.

The modulation effect of green tea and pumpkin oils on hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress, and hematological abnormalities in an experimental multiple sclerosis rat model

BackgroundMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory condition that can impair the body’s physiological functions. Although many diseases have been successfully treated with herbal treatments for a long time, the majority of the herbs utilized have unclear mechanisms. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the modulation effects of green tea oil (GTO) and pumpkin oil (PO) on hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress, and hematological abnormalities in an experimental multiple sclerosis rat model.MethodsForty albino male Wistar rats (weighing 120–140 g) were divided into four groups of six each: group 1, the control group; group 2, the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-injected group; and groups 3 and 4, the MOG-injected groups treated with GTO and PO at 5 mg/kg b.w., respectively. At the end of the experiments, animals were anesthetized with diethyl ether inhalation, and blood samples were collected from the jugular vein. A Beckman Coulter was then used to determine the differential complete blood counts. The obtained serum was rapidly collected and stored at 20 °C to assess the lipid profile and oxidative stress and antioxidant biomarkers.ResultsOur findings showed that GTO and PO treatment produced a significant reduction in total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-C) levels. Furthermore, GTO and PO treatment alleviated the elevated cardiovascular risk indices 1 and 2. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) concentration significantly decreased and glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels significantly increased in rats injected with MOG and treated with GTO and PO. Furthermore, after GTO and PO treatment, the reduced red blood cells (RBCs) count, hemoglobin content (Hb%), lymphocyte percentage, and hematocrit (HCT) of MOG-injected rats increased, while the elevated white blood cells (WBCs), platelet, and neutrophil percentage substantially declined.ConclusionCollectively, our research revealed that GTO and PO may be capable of modulating hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress, and hematological abnormalities in the MS rat model.

The Effects of Gluten on Weight Gain, Hematological, Biochemical, and Various Endocrinological Parameters.

This study is aimed to compare the effects of nutrition which has been enriched with different amounts of gluten to gluten-free diets on weight gain, diabetogenic state, hematological, and biochemical parameters. A total of 40 newly weaned male Wistar albino rats used in the study were randomized into 4 different groups based on the gluten rations they were given. Following 12 weeks of diet they were killed and intracardiac blood samples were collected. Groups were identified as group 1 (n = 10): control group; normal rat ration containing wheat, group 2 (n = 10): gluten-free diet, group 3 (n = 10): ration containing medium level of gluten (normal rat diet+6% vital gluten) and group 4 (n = 10): ration containing high level of gluten (normal rat diet+12% vital gluten). In groups 3 and 4, high-density lipoprotein was found to be higher than the other 2groups. However, when group 2 results were compared to the other groups; the highest T3, T4, creatinine and B12 levels and the lowest gluten-specific IgE level were observed. alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels were found to be higher in group 1 compared to the other 3 groups. No statistically significant difference was detected between the groups in terms of other parameters. This study provides evidence that a gluten-containing diet does not cause weight gain, has no diabetogenic effect, and also does not adversely affect general health in relation to hematological, biochemical, and various endocrinological parameters.

Is Jackfruit Holding the Key Answer to Male Infertility? Outcomes of a Preliminary Pre-clinical Study

Purpose: The antioxidant activity of jackfruit can be a potential treatment for male infertility. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the effect of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) extract on testicular dysfunction and cytogenetic changes induced by Chlorpyrifos in male Wistar albino rats by using sperm analysis, histopathologic analysis of testis, biochemical analyses, and cytogenetic studies; and to determine if these were dose-dependent. Methods: Ethanolic extract of jackfruit (JFE) (450mg/kg, 600mg/kg) and Chlorpyrifos (CPF) (17.5mg/kg) were used. Thirty male rats grouped into control, toxic (CPF), jackfruit, treatment-1 and -2 received distilled water+corn oil, chlorpyrifos, JFE, CPF 17.5mg+JFE 450mg/kg, and CPF 17.5mg+JFE 600mg/kg, respectively. Network pharmacology was used to track, and identify the active ingredients and target pathways. Results: Treatment groups particularly treatment 1 displayed greater weight gain. JFE was associated with an increased testicular weight (p&lt;0.05). Sperm motility significantly increased in the jackfruit, control, and treatment groups, particularly treatment 2. The increase in sperm count and motility were dose-dependent. There was a significant decrease in the DNA damage with JFE. There was an increase in the total protein in the treatment groups. Sperm motility, vitality, and total proteins are significantly reduced with CPF. There was a reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) and an increase in catalase activity in the jackfruit treatment groups. Network analysis analysed 50 active compounds in JFE, and identified 12 potential targets. Conclusion: JFE has a positive impact on sperm count, motility, vitality, and chromatin integrity demonstrated by decreased DNA damage. Antioxidant assays, MDA, and catalase indicated strong antioxidant activity of JFE.

Oral Safety Evaluation of the Aqueous Fruit Extract of Annona Muricata in Wistar Rats

Annona muricata fruit (i.e. Soursoup or custard apple a tropical plant species known for its edible fruit)has been attributed with numerous medicinal benefits (including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-protozoan, antioxidant, anxiolytic, anti-stress, anti-ulcerogenic, wound healing, hepato-protective, anti-icteric, hepatoprotective, anticancer and antihyperglycemic activities) as well as some toxicological effects (neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration). Despite its ancestral use and wide applications in human health, scientific information on its oral safety remains scanty. In this study, the oral safety of 100 mg/kd/day, 200 mg/kg/day and 400 mg/kg/day of the aqueous fruit extract of Annona Muricata (AFAM) was evaluated in young adult, male and female white albino Wistar rats using standard acute and 42-days sub-chronic oral toxicity testing guidelines on anthropometric, biochemical, hematological and histo-pathological endpoints. In addition, preliminary qualitative and quantitative analyses of AFAM were undertaken using standard procedures. Results of the study showed that the estimated LD50 value for the acute oral toxicity study of AFAM calculated to be greater than 5 g/kg body weight/oral route although the testing was associated with transient but reversible behavioral toxicities. For its sub-chronic oral toxicity testing, AFAM treatment resulted in profound %weight gain, decreases in the serum triglycerides and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol and liver enzymes. Similarly, prolonged oral AFAM treatments caused significant decrease and increase in the differential neutrophils and platelet counts, respectively while the hist-opathological features of hepatic steatos is and renal tubule collapse in the AFAM-treated livers and kidneys, respectively suggested possible increased intrahepatic lipids biosynthesis and nephrotoxicity. The preliminary phytochemical analyses of AFAM showed the presence and relative amount of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannin, glycosides, saponin, and reducing sugars while the Gas Chromatography-Mass spectroscopy showed the relative abundance of thirteen compounds. Composite analyses conducted on the extract showed the presence of carbohydrate (64.65%), protein (2.14%), moisture content (8.07%), ash value (6.73%), lipid (14.22%) and fiber (4.19%). Overall, the study suggested that the prolonged AFAM oral treatments could predispose to the development of fatty liver disease from de novo intrahepatic biosynthesis of triglycerides, nephrotoxicity and hematotoxicity. In conclusion, the results of this study showed that prolonged consumption of AFAM should be with a great caution as it could pose serious health concerns.

Cardioprotective effects of p-coumaric acid on tachycardia, inflammation, ion pump dysfunction, and electrolyte imbalance in isoproterenol-induced experimental myocardial infarction.

Cardiovascular diseases cause a large number of deaths throughout the world. No research was conducted earlier on p-coumaric acid's effect on tachycardia, inflammation, ion pump dysfunction, and electrolyte imbalance. Hence, we appraised the above-said parameters in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarcted rats. This investigation included 24 male albino Wistar rats in 4 groups. Normal control Group 1, p-coumaric acid (8 mg/kg body weight) alone treated Group 2, Isoproterenol (100 mg/kg body weight) induced myocardial infarcted Group 3, p-coumaric acid (8 mg/kg body weight) pretreated isoproterenol (100 mg/kg body weight) induced Group 4. After 1 day of the last dose of isoproterenol injection (day 10), rats were killed and blood and heart were taken and inflammatory markers, lipid peroxidation, nonenzymatic antioxidants, ion pumps, and electrolytes were measured. The heart rate, serum cardiac troponin-T, serum/plasma inflammatory markers, and heart proinflammatory cytokines were raised in isoproterenol-induced rats. Isoproterenol also enhanced plasma lipid peroxidation, lessened plasma nonenzymatic antioxidants, and altered heart ion pumps and serum and heart electrolytes. In this study, p-coumaric acid pretreatment orally for 7 days to isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarcted rats prevented changes in the above-cited parameters. p-Coumaric acid's anti-tachycardial, anti-inflammatory, anti-ion pump dysfunction and anti-electrolyte imbalance properties are the mechanisms for these cardioprotective effects.

Accelerating Healing of Excisional Wound with a Hydrogel Containing Hyacinth Bean (Dolichos lablab) Extract in a Rat Model

Introduction: Medicinal plants are essential in the treatment of a wide range of illnesses. Dolichos lablab, also known as Hyacinth Bean, is a popular legume crop in India that is rich in natural bioactive compounds. In recognition of its importance in many skin therapies, a hydrogel was prepared. The primary goal of topical formulations is to provide drug contact with the skin while reducing overall absorption. The aim of this study was to evaluate the healing effect of Dolichos lablab extract hydrogel on full-thickness wounds in rats. Method: Wounds were created on the dorsal surface of Male Albino Wistar rats. Next, the animals were divided into four groups (n = 12). Each group was treated with 200 mg of the allotted topical treatment of blank gel, Dolichos hydrogel and marketed betadine gel. The treatments were applied immediately after the injury and twice daily for up to 14 days. Animals were euthanized on day 14 and some parameters were analyzed such as wound closure rate, Inflammatory cytokines level, oxidative stress profile, collagen hydroxyproline and hexosamine concentration, macroscopic and histopathological evidence. Results: The findings indicate that Dolichos lablab extract has potent wound healing ability, as evidenced by improved wound closure and tissue regeneration, as well as histopathological parameters. Dolichos hydrogel increased the skin's hydroxyproline level, antioxidant potential, wound contraction, and anti-inflammatory activity by modulating the production of the cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. This affirms the potency of the wound-healing properties of Dolichos lablab extract. Conclusion: Dolichos lablab hydrogel is a low-cost herbal medicine which can aid in tissue repair.

Asprosin improved neuronal survival by suppressing apoptosis and enhancing the activity of the autophagy pathway in the MCAO model in rats.

Cerebral ischemia (CI) is a condition in which metabolic stress increases when blood flow is interrupted in a part of the brain, resulting in oxygen and glucose deprivation. It is known that asprosin (Asp), secreted from adipose tissue during fasting, has an effect on some metabolic processes such as apoptosis, autophagy, and glucose metabolism. This study aimed to explain which of the cell death/survival Asp induces in the CI/reperfusion model. In the study, 48 male Wistar Albino rats were divided into 6 groups: Sham, CI, Asp+CI, CI+Asp, CI+Asp+3-MA, and Asp+CI+3-MA (n=48). CI was created using the intraluminal filament technique for 60 minutes, autophagy inhibitor 3-MA (15 mg/kg/day) and Asp (1 µg/kg/day) injections were administered 3 days before or 3 days during reperfusion. Beclin-1, ATG5, ATG7, p62, Bcl-2, Bax, active-caspase-3, and active-caspase-9 protein levels from brain tissues were determined by the Western-Blot method. The infarct area was determined by triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. The Kruskal-Wallis' test was used to compare differences between groups. p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Compared to the Sham group, the increase in ischemic area and the decrease in Beclin-1, ATG-5, ATG-7, Bcl-2, Bax, active-caspase-3 and active-caspase-9 levels in the CI groups are statistically significant (p<0.05). The increase of Beclin-1, ATG-7, Bcl-2, and Bax levels in the Asp groups is statistically significant compared to the CI group (p<0.05). When Asp+CI groups and CI+Asp groups are compared, an increase in Beclin-1 levels in the Asp+CI group and the increase in Bcl-2, Bax, active-caspase-3/9 and ATG-5 levels in the CI+Asp groups are statistically significant (p<0.05). Asp has protective and therapeutic effects against CI/R damage. While applying Asp before ischemia activates the autophagy pathway more, applying it after ischemia protects the neuronal death/survival balance by activating the apoptosis pathway more.

Central MOTS-c infusion affects reproductive hormones in obese and non-obese rats

MOTS-c, a mitochondrial-derived peptide, acts as a systemic hormone and MOTS-c level is inversely correlated with markers of obesity. Obesity is a risk factor for male reproductive physiology and is expressed as an important cause of infertility. In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of MOTS-c, which has been proven in the hypothalamus and testicles, on the actors involved in the reproductive axis.In the study, 80 male Wistar-Albino rats were divided into two main groups, obese and non-obese (n = 40). Rats in the first main group were fed with fatty diet feed and obesity was induced. The second main group was fed with normal diet feed. Each main group was divided into 4 subgroups (Control, Sham, 10 and 100 µM MOTS-c). The lateral ventricles of the animals in the treatment groups were infused with 10 and 100 µM MOTS-c (solvent in Sham group) for 14 days. At the end of the experiment, hypothalamic Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) gene expression level, serum testosterone, Luteinizing hormone (LH) and Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were determined.MOTS-c infusion caused an increase in GnRH mRNA, protein expression levels and serum testosterone, LH and FSH levels in obese and non-obese rats (p < 0.05). MOTS-c administration more significantly upregulated hormone levels in non-obese rats (p < 0.05). MOTS-c administration increases these hormones, suggesting that MOTS-c may stimulate the reproductive axis.Our results reveal that MOTS-c plays a role in the central regulation of reproduction, as well as causes increased LH, FSH and testosterone release.

Effect of thymol on oxidative stress and reelin signaling pathway in Alzheimer's disease model.

The purpose of this study was to investigate how thymol affects cognitive functions and the levels of MDA, GSH, Aβ1-42, ApoE, reelin, and LRP8 in an AD model induced in male Wistar albino rats with the application of D-galactose (D-gal) and aluminum chloride (AlCl3). In this work, 3-month-old male Wistar albino rats were used. Group 1 served as the Control, Group 2 received 0.5 mL/day saline + 0.5 mL/day sunflower oil, Group 3 was administered 200 mg/kg/day AlCl3 + 60 mg/kg/day D-gal, Group 4 received 30 mg/kg/day thymol, and Group 5 was administered 200 mg/kg/day AlCl3 + 60 mg/kg/day D-gal + 30 mg/kg/day thymol. At the end of the 10-week experimental period, behavioral and memory tests were performed. GSH and MDA levels were measured in the obtained serum and brain tissue samples, while Aβ1-42, ApoE, reelin, and LRP8 levels were measured in brain tissue samples. Statistical analyses were performed using ANOVA test in Graphpad Prism V8.3 program. A p-value <0.05 was considered significant in intergroup analyses. When the novel object recognition test (NORT) results were evaluated, the Alzheimer + thymol (ALZ+TYM) group showed a significant increase in the recognition index (RI) and discrimination index (DI) compared to the Alzheimer (ALZ) group at the 24th hour. Thymol reduced working memory errors (WME), reference memory errors (RME), and maze completion time at 48, 72, and 96 hours when evaluated in terms of spatial memory in rats with Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, Aβ1-42 and ApoE levels were increased in the ALZ group compared to the control (C), while reelin and LRP8 levels were decreased in the ALZ group compared to the C group. The data we obtained suggest that thymol may play an effective role in cognitive processes against AD and have an anti-Alzheimer's disease effect.

Investigation of the protective effects of piceatannol on experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is one of the most prevalent brain injuries in humans which has poor prognosis and high mortality rates. Due to several medical or surgical treatment methods, a gold standard method doesn't exist for SAH treatment. Piceatannol (PCN), a natural analog of resveratrol, was reported to reduce inflammation and apoptosis promising a wide range of therapeutic alternatives. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of PCN in an experimental SAH model. The alleviating effects of PCN in the hippocampus in an experimental SAH model were investigated for the first time. In this study, 27 Wistar Albino male rats (200-300g; 7-8week) were used. Animals were divided into three groups; SHAM, SAH, and SAH + PCN. SAH model was created with 120µl of autologous arterial tail blood to prechiasmatic cisterna. 30mg/kg PCN was administered intraperitoneally at 1st h after SAH. Neurological evaluation was performed with Garcia's score. RT-PCR was performed for gene expression levels in the hippocampus. Pyknosis, edema, and apoptosis were evaluated by H&E and TUNEL staining. Our results indicated that PCN administration reduced apoptosis (P < 0.01), cellular edema, and pyknosis (P < 0.05) in the hippocampus after SAH. Moreover, PCN treatment significantly decreased the expression levels of TNF-α (P < 0.01), IL-6 (P < 0.05), NF-κB (P < 0.05), and Bax (P < 0.05) in the hippocampus. Our results demonstrated that PCN might be a potential therapeutic adjuvant agent for the treatment of early brain injury (EBI) following SAH. Further studies are required to clarify the underlying mechanisms and treatment options of SAH.

Morphometric investigation of the effects of Azoxymethane, Diallyl disulfide and corn oil use on humerus and femur development in rats

The study aimed to examine the effects of Azoxymethane (AOM), Diallyl Disulfide (DADS), and corn oil on the humerus and femur in rats. In the study, 40 male Wistar Albino rats, 12 weeks old, were used. The animals were divided into four different groups (Control, AOM, DADS and Corn oil). After the experimental period, all animals were anesthetized and sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Humerus and femur from long bones resected from all animal groups. The maximum length, proximal width, distal width, diaphysis diameter, cortex thickness and cavum medullare diameter of the bones were measured. After the morphometric measurements index 1, index 2, robusticity index, and bone weight/bone length index were calculated for the bones. No difference was observed in the morphometric measurements and indices performed on the humerus. A statistical difference in proximal width and robusticity index was detected between the groups in the femur. A difference was observed between the AOM group and the Control/corn oil groups in proximal width. A difference was detected between the AOM group and the Control group in the robustness index, and it was determined that AOM caused a decrease in density and strength in bones. It is thought that the findings obtained in this study will contribute to the evaluation of the effects of cancer research using AOM on bones in rats.

Hypolipidemic and Hypoglycemic Effects of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.(Milk Thistle) Ethanol Seed Extract in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetes in Rats

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is considered a challenging health problem worldwide. However, the search for alternative treatments to alleviate MS is lacking. Purpose: This study defines Silybum marianum (milk thistle) ethanol seed extract (SMESE) in terms of polyphenol and flavonoid content, antiglycation effect, α-amylase activity, and hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: S. marianum seeds were collected, ground, and extracted with 80% ethanol. The α-amylase inhibitory activities of 10, 30, and 100 µg/mL SMESE were evaluated using spectrophotometric methods. The inhibitory activity of SMESE against advanced glycation end-product formation was evaluated using fluorescence spectrophotometry. In vivo, 48 Wistar male albino rats were used. Eight animals served as the normal control (group 1), and 40 rats were injected with 60 mg/kg STZ to induce diabetes. Diabetic rats were divided into five groups: diabetic control (group 2) and positive control that received the hypoglycemic reference drug metformin at 100 mg/kg (group 3). Groups 4, 5, and 6 were administered the seed extract orally at 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg, respectively. Body weight, serum glucose, lipid profile, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured weekly for five weeks after SMESE administration. Results: SMESE administration inhibited BSA glycation and α-amylase activity. In vivo, SMESE administration increased body weight (BW), decreased serum glucose levels, and reduced triglyceride, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, very low-density lipoprotein, and MDA levels but increased high-density lipoprotein levels. Conclusion: Data indicate the beneficial hypoglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects of SMESE, suggesting its potential use in controlling lipid metabolism.

Protective effects of Helicteres isora L. fruit extract on phenylhydrazine-induced hemolytic anemia in rats

BackgroundAnemia is a serious global public health problem that affects young children and pregnant women with an increased risk of maternal and child mortality. Helicteres isora L. (Family: Malvaceae) has significant antioxidant properties responsible for its medicinal properties. The present study was conducted to investigate the protective effects of aqueous fruit extract of Helicteres isora L. (AEHI) on phenylhydrazine-induced hemolytic anemia in rats. MethodsThe fruits of Helicteres isora L. (H. isora L.) were extracted with distilled water to obtain the AEHI. The AEHI was subjected to preliminary phytochemical analysis, iron estimation and in-vitro antioxidant assay. The HPTLC fingerprinting followed by HR-LCMS analysis of the isolated HPTLC fraction of AEHI was carried out to investigate the phytoconstitutents. Male Wistar albino rats were administered phenylhydrazine (40 mg/kg, i.p.) for two consecutive days to induce anemia. The effects of AEHI were investigated at three oral doses viz. 250, 500 and 750 mg/kg once daily for 13 days by estimating blood parameters and pathological changes in the liver, heart, spleen, kidney, lungs and bone marrow. ResultsThe phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, phenolic compounds, carbohydrates and steroids in the AEHI. The iron content of AEHI was found to be 208 µg/ml. In-vitro antioxidant assays, the IC50 value of AEHI was found to be 90.01 µg/ml. Phenylhydrazine administration caused a significant decrease in red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels. These decreased levels were significantly improved by AEHI in a dose-dependent manner. Pathological changes in the liver, heart, spleen, kidney, lungs and bone marrow were prevented by AEHI treatment. ConclusionIt is concluded that the AEHI provides significant protection against phenylhydrazine-induced hemolytic anemia.

Intra-accumbal orexinergic system contributes to the stress-induced antinociceptive behaviors in the animal model of acute pain in rats.

Stress and pain are interleaved at numerous levels - influencing each other. Stress can increase the nociception threshold in animals, long-known as stress-induced analgesia (SIA). Orexin is known as a neuropeptide that modulates pain. The effect of stress on the mesolimbic system in the modulation of pain is known. The role of the intra-accumbal orexin receptors in the modulation of acute pain by forced swim stress (FSS) is unclear. In this study, 117 adult male albino Wistar rats (270-300 g) were used. The animals were unilaterally implanted with cannulae above the NAc. The antagonist of the orexin-1 receptor (OX1r), SB334867, and antagonist of the orexin-2 receptor (OX2r), TCS OX2 29, were microinjected into the NAc in different doses (1, 3, 10, and 30 nmol/0.5 µl DMSO) before exposure to FSS for a 6-min period. The tail-flick test was carried out as an assay nociception of acute pain, and the nociceptive threshold [tail-flick latency (TFL)] was measured for 60-minute. The findings demonstrated that exposure to acute stress could remarkably increase the TFLs and antinociceptive responses. Moreover, intra-accumbal microinjection of SB334867 or TCS OX2 29 blocked the antinociceptive effect of stress in the tail-flick test. The contribution of orexin receptors was almost equally modulating SIA. The present study's findings suggest that OX1r and OX2r within the NAc modulate stress-induced antinociceptive responses. The intra-accumbal microinjection of orexin receptors antagonists declares inducing antinociceptive responses by FSS in acute pain. Proposedly, intra-accumbla orexinergic receptors have a role in the development of SIA.

Behavior, antioxidant, and metabolomics effects of Allium tuncelianum.

Allium species are consumed extensively as folkloric medicine and dietary elements, but limited studies have been conducted on them. In this study, the effects of an ethanol-water extract obtained from the underground bulb of Allium tuncelianum (Kollmann) Özhatay, B. Mathew & Şiraneci (AT) on the behavioral, antioxidant, and metabolite parameters in rats were evaluated. AT was administered orally once a day at doses of 100 and 400 mg/kg to male Wistar albino rats for 10 consecutive days. The elevated plus maze, rotarod, and hotplate tests were used to examine anxiety-like behaviors, locomotor activities, and pain perception in the rats, respectively. Additionally, untargeted metabolomic analyses were performed on plasma samples and AT extracts using two orthogonal analytical platforms. The phenolic components, mainly fumaric acid, malic acid, vanillic acid, quercetin-3-arabinoside, hydrocinnamic acid, and gallocatechin, were determined in the extract. In addition, arbutin, salicylic acid, trehalose, and nicotinic acid were analyzed in the extract for the first time. The AT extract did not decrease the catalase, glutathione peroxidase, or superoxide dismutase levels; however, diazepam decreased some of those parameters significantly in the brain, liver, and kidney. Although both the AT and diazepam treatments resulted in an increase in anxiolytic-like effects compared to the control group, no significant differences were observed (p > .05). In the metabolomic analysis, significant changes were observed in the rats treated with AT and diazepam, and they caused significant changes in some metabolic pathways, including amino acid and fatty acid metabolism, compared to the control.