Male Victims Research Articles

The Role of Identity and Gender Beliefs in Self-Identification of Abuse for Male Victims of IPV.

Men experience numerous barriers in seeking help or resources after intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization, with one barrier being a reluctance or lack of ability to identify that they have been victims of IPV. This study examines factors relating to male victims of IPV self-identification of abuse. Using a gender socialization approach, demographics and facets of masculine honor ideology were tested to see whether they were significantly related to self-identifying as experiencing abuse in their relationship. Using a sample of 289 men, the frequency of individuals who self-identified as someone who had been in an abusive relationship was compared to the number of individuals who indicated IPV victimization on the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS2), and percentages of correct identification were calculated. In addition, a binary logistic regression was run to examine factors that were related to someone identifying as a victim of IPV compared to those that were not. When directly asked if they had ever experienced abuse in a romantic relationship, a total of 41 (14.2%) men self-identified as having been a victim of IPV. However, when examining scores on the CTS2, 69 (23.9%) reported some sexual IPV, 201 (69.6%) indicated psychological abuse, and 59 (20.4%) indicated physical abuse. Subscales of the Masculine Honor Belief Scale were not found to have a significant relationship with self-identification, but differences were found among types of IPV and demographics. Specifically, men who identify as LGBTQ+ were significantly more likely to identify when they experienced IPV victimization. Barriers to male self-identification and treatment are discussed.

How Do Intimate Partner Violence, Outness, and Community Connection Relate to Minority Stressors for Men Who Have Sex with Men?

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a pervasive issue among men who have sex with men (MSM). However, IPV has long been conceptualized as abuse between a male perpetrator and a female victim, leaving gaps in the literature on the unique impacts IPV victimization has for both male victims and victims in same-sex relationships. This study examines relationships between IPV and negative minority stress experiences specific to LGBTQ individuals: overt experiences of homophobia, sexual orientation microaggressions, and internalized homophobia. Participants (N = 168) were recruited through three popular MSM networking applications (i.e., Grindr, Jack'd, and Scruff. Most were recruited from one state in the southeastern United States. Ordinary Least Squares regressions were used to examine IPV as a predictive factor in three separate models, all of which controlled for age, race, outness, and gay community connection (GCC). IPV victimization is associated with increased levels of experiences of overt homophobia, homophobic microaggressions, and internalized homophobia for MSM. Outness, or being open with the people in one's life about one's MSM identity, is associated with lower levels of both sexual orientation microaggressions and internalized homophobia. GCC is also associated with lower levels of internalized homophobia. Results from this study show that IPV victimization is related to minority stressors for MSM. These findings support the existence of unique elements of IPV for LGBTQ victims, specifically MSM. Implications for IPV researchers and service providers are discussed, including the importance of the protective role of outness and GCC against some minority stressors.

“She Punched, Punched, and Scratched Me While I Was Holding My Children After We Broke Up”: Men’s Experience of Postseparation Domestic Abuse

There is a paucity of literature relating to male victims of intimate partner violence and their experiences postseparation. This study explored men’s experiences of abuse after the end of a relationship using an anonymous online survey distributed via social media. The survey included questions of a demographic nature followed by a series of open-ended questions. A hundred and thirty men aged between 18 and 68 years participated. All participants were reporting on their experiences within opposite sex relationships. A thematic analysis identified four master themes (preseparation abuse, postseparation abuse, abuse impact, and help-seeking). The analysis revealed significant experiences of abuse occurring preseparation, followed by accounts of postseparation abuse and the challenges men faced in terms of help-seeking. The collection of preseparation data helped to situate the postseparation experiences in the wider context of an existing abusive relationship and illustrated the impact of this across a range of experiential domains. We conclude that men’s experiences of physical abuse as well as coercive and controlling behavior that exist preseparation often continue postseparation, albeit changing and escalating through different mechanisms. Suggestions for future research and recommendations for practice have been identified.

Intimate Partner Violence Risk Factors: A Vulnerability-Adaptation Stress Model Approach.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) disproportionally affects women. Using the vulnerability-adaptation stress model, we examined adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), self-esteem, and hope as vulnerability indicators and relationship status and length, positive and negative affect, and socioeconomic status (SES) as stressors to ascertain the risk for IPV. Women (N = 491, M = 37.15, standard deviation = 12.51) completed an online survey comprised of the Positive and Negative Affect Scale, Rosenberg's Self-esteem Scale, Snyder's Hope Scale, ACE questionnaire, Composite Abuse Scale Revised-Short Form, and demographic questions. Factor analysis identified four ACE factors of sexual abuse, physical or psychological abuse, witnessing domestic violence, and household dysfunction. A five-step hierarchical multiple regression identified that greater exposure to physical or psychological child abuse was associated with an increased risk of IPV (Step 2), B = 0.73 [0.16, 1.34]. Lower self-esteem, B = -0.30 [-0.47, -0.14] predicted IPV (Step 3). Age B = 0.07 [0.01, 0.13], negative affect, B = 0.39 [0.19, 0.59], and relationship length, B = -1.24 [-2.16, 0.41] were associated with a higher risk of IPV (Step 4). In Step 5, previous variables attenuated to non-significance while age, B = 0.07 [0.01, 0.13], negative affect, B = 0.39 [0.19, 0.59], and relationship length B = -1.25 [-2.16, 0.41] remained significant. While the key findings of this study were inconsistent with some commonly reported findings (e.g., ACEs, self-esteem, hope, relationship status, SES, age), these inconsistencies are important to highlight given the factorial approach to examining ACEs, the comprehensive analyses conducted, and our examination of these variables' direct relationship to IPV. The study was limited by its cross-sectional nature, higher prevalence of IPV victims, and not examining IPV sub-types. Similar studies need to be conducted for other relationship types and victimized individuals (e.g., same-sex relationships and male victims) to provide a complete picture of risk factors for IPV.

Orthopaedic Injury Patterns in Intimate Partner Violence: Defensive Wounds and Fracture Patterns: A Systematic Literature Review.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a prevalent issue in the United States, despite universal screening measures for women of reproductive age. Orthopaedic surgeons have a unique opportunity to intervene in cases of IPV as musculoskeletal injuries, including fractures, are the second most common type of injury seen in IPV patients. This systematic literature review aims to identify patterns in musculoskeletal injuries caused by IPV to increase identification of patients afflicted by IPV. A comprehensive search of PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science yielded 316 articles. Included were cohort studies and literature reviews of patients with an IPV-associated orthopaedic injury. Excluded were case studies, perspective articles, material predating 2003, and studies with pediatric or elderly populations. Sixteen articles met criteria. Data supported historical findings that musculoskeletal injury is the second most common injury in patients with IPV, with upper extremity fractures prevailing. Minimally displaced phalanges fractures were most common (9.9%-64%), and isolated ulnar fractures had significant relative risk of IPV association (8.5-12.8). Patients with multiple fractures of varying chronicity were more likely to be victims of IPV (sensitivity 25.2%, specificity 99.2%, positive predictive value 96.2%), and these chronic fractures matched patterns of acute injury caused by IPV. New findings in male victims included a higher proportion of lower extremity and pelvic fractures seen in male cohorts. This study synthesizes evidence of IPV-related orthopaedic injuries, offering objective criteria for identifying victims. Despite limitations in fracture descriptions, the findings aid various physicians in recognizing IPV victims. Considering ongoing IPV prevalence and screening challenges, further research on injury patterns is recommended. Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

The Influence of Race on Detected and Undetected Sexual Offense Histories: A Comparison of White and Black Men Committed as Sexually Violent Persons.

Understanding the difference between the proportion of sexual offenses that are officially detected versus the total number of sexual crimes that occur has been of interest to decision makers for some time. Previous studies have not considered possible racial differences. More aggressive responses by police and the criminal justice system as well as cultural differences in victim type/reporting rates may result in differences between detection rates of Black versus White men. In the current study (N = 190), we examined the difference between Black (n = 51) and White (n = 139) men committed to a forensic hospital as a Sexually Violent Person on factors that could impact the detected rate. Overall, we found that White men had significantly more total victims, undetected victims, undetected and detected child victims, total male victims, undetected male victims, undetected acquaintance victims, and total (detected and undetected) acquaintance victims than Black men. Black men had significantly more detected adult victims, but this difference did not remain when accounting for undetected victims. We explore reasons for these differences as well as provide recommendations for practice.

Examining Failings in Criminal Justice Responses to Sexual Offenses: Focus on Male Victims and Impact of Operation Bluestone

This article highlights the failings of the criminal justice system in offering support to the victims of sexual violence, and keeping the focus particularly on male victims of sexual abuse. The article also investigates the overall experiences of all victims and the current procedures and policies in place. Men are treated as non-deserving victims, because the definition of rape under the Sexual Offences Act 2003 defines rape as “penetration with penis” and does not take male victims into account. Male victims are also not treated the same way as female victims, however both experience rape myths such as males not being ‘man enough’ and females with vulnerabilities, such as alcohol consumption, not being believed. Furthermore, it is increasingly difficult to bring forward rape charges by the crown prosecution service and the victims withdrawal rate in 2019-20 remains at 57%, indicating failings within CJS. Moreover, the negative attitudes of officers dealing with rape cases, and officers abusing their powers to sexually assault victims, raised serious questions around the systematic failure within the CJS. There is a lack of support for rape victims, and the impact of Operation Bluestone, which was created to improve rape case procedures, shows that the number of cases making it to court has increased with the project, but conviction rates remain very low. This was impacted by rape myth culture, which was a consistent theme throughout the research.

Exploring the Role of Women in Gender-Based Violence: Deconstructing the One-sided Narrative in Bityi, Eastern Cape, South Africa

The study addresses the critical and pervasive issue of gender-based violence (GBV), a universal human rights violation affecting individuals across the globe, irrespective of cultural, socioeconomic, or religious backgrounds. While GBV predominantly impacts women, this research sought to highlight the often-overlooked fact that men can also be victims, challenging the one-sided narrative that typically surrounds this issue. Conducted in Bhityi, Eastern Cape, South Africa, the study employed a qualitative approach, collecting data from 12 participants through semi-structured interviews. The study was framed by the Person-In-Environment theory and aimed to understand the role of women in perpetrating GBV against men. The findings revealed that men experience various forms of GBV at the hands of women, including emotional, physical, verbal, financial, and sexual abuse. However, such incidents are rarely reported, attributed to cultural norms, the fear of secondary victimisation, and a lack of support and protection for male victims. To address this gap, the study recommended the development of programs to raise awareness about male victimisation and to foster open dialogue among men about their experiences with GBV. This research contributes significantly to the field of social work by offering insights into the experiences of male victims of GBV, thereby enriching the body of knowledge with a largely absent perspective. It informs officials and practitioners about enhanced intervention skills and strategies and influences legislators to develop policies that protect the rights of both women and men. By acknowledging men as victims, the study not only challenges the prevailing narrative about GBV but also provides a platform for male victims to seek help and support, adding depth and nuance to societal understanding of GBV. Keywords: Human Rights, Gender-based violence, Gender-bias, the role of women in gender-based violence, Person-In-Environment theory

“We have to fight for our existence in the system”: exploring service providers’ experiences with male victims and female perpetrators of intimate partner violence

Purpose This study aims to investigate the experiences of service providers supporting male victims and female perpetrators of intimate partner violence (IPV). The study explored the drivers, methods and treatments of female-perpetrated IPV, the nature and impact of abuse towards male victims, the barriers and facilitators to service provision and the impact on the practitioners themselves. Design/methodology/approach The study used a qualitative approach, using reflexive thematic analysis to analyse semi-structured interviews with 13 experienced service providers. Findings Two overarching themes were identified: systemic issues in service provision, including challenges with multi-agency approaches, funding and availability of services and the impact on practitioners; and gender stereotypes, which created barriers to male victims' help-seeking and influenced the treatment of female perpetrators. Practical implications The findings suggest the need for a multi-level approach, addressing gendered inequalities in IPV policy and funding, implementing gender-inclusive, evidence-based and trauma-informed practices, and raising public and professional awareness to challenge the dominant “domestic violence stereotype”. Originality/value This study provides a detailed, in-depth exploration of the experiences of service providers supporting “non-typical” populations in IPV, revealing the complex, multi-faceted challenges they face within a system that is inherently designed to support female victims of male perpetrators.

Whom Would You Help? The Impact of Perpetrator and Victim Gender on Bystander Behavior During a Sexual Assault.

We examined the impact of perpetrator and victim gender on bystander helping choices and assault perceptions. Participants (32 females, 37 males) read about two simultaneously occurring sexual assaults, indicated which victim they would help, and gave their perceptions of the assaults. We used a within-participants design that fully manipulated the perpetrator and victim gender for both assaults. Results showed female victims of male perpetrators and male victims of female perpetrators were most and least likely to be chosen for help, respectively. Cognitive networks derived from open-ended responses provided insight into the rationale used by participants to make helping decisions in ways that differed by perpetrator and victim gender.

Take the Red Pill, Blame Feminism: Victimization Narratives Across the Manosphere

Male supremacist online communities have been linked to a number of negative outcomes over the last decade, including alt-right mobilizations, digitally-mediated campaigns of harassment against prominent feminist figures, and incidents of mass violence. These digital spaces are aligned in their commitment to narratives of male victimization at the hands of women and feminism, but are somewhat heterogenous in their topical foci and applications of male supremacist ideologies. Such variation reflects both differences in how groups conceive of the problems of facing men, and potentially contributes to the different types of harm wrought by these communities.

Suicidal Ideation Among Male Victim-Survivors of Financial Sextortion

ABSTRACT Financial sextortion is a specific form of image-based sexual abuse (IBSA) in which an offender threatens to publicly distribute a victim’s intimate images or videos unless the victim pays a ransom to the offender. While other forms of IBSA predominately impact women, financial sextortion is unique in that adult men and minor boys are most at risk for victimization. Incidents of financial sextortion have increased globally in the last five years, yet there is limited empirical research on the psychological outcomes for victim-survivors. However, recent media reports highlight several tragic cases in which financial sextortion victims, especially minor boys, have taken their own lives in response to these coercive scams. The purpose of this study is to understand the prevalence and predictors of suicidal thoughts and ideation among male victims of financial sextortion. Using a sample of 215 victim-survivors of financial sextortion, the results indicate that suicidal thoughts are common for this group. In addition, victims who experience concurrent self-conscious emotions (such as shame, guilt, embarrassment, and humiliation) and hypersensitivity are more likely to endorse suicidal ideation. The results also indicate that among participants who do endorse suicidal ideation, depressed mood significantly predicted severity of suicidal thoughts.

Interactions Between Forced Sexual Intercourse Victimization and Gender on Violent Behaviors: Youth Risk Behavior Survey 2017-2019.

In recent years, the United States has seen an increase in gun-related violence and school shootings. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that the incidence of gun carrying among high-school students has declined. Nevertheless, an examination of the underlying factors that increase the risk of violence-related behaviors is necessary to develop interventions to decrease gun use among high-school students. General Strain Theory (GST) predicts that victims of violence are (a) significantly more likely to engage in violent behaviors and (b) the increased risk of violent behavior by persons who experience violence is significantly greater among male victims. This research aims to test these predictions of the strain theory with data from the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS). To that end, it investigates whether the relationship between forced sexual intercourse victimization (FSIV) and gun or weapon carrying or physical fighting is significantly greater among male students. Using R and pooled data from the nationally representative YRBS (2017 and 2019), additive interactions were estimated according to Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines to determine the association between FSIV and weapon carry, gun carry, or physical fighting. Multiplicative interactions and odds ratios were also estimated for comparison. Results show a high risk of gun and weapon carrying and physical fighting among both male and female students who experience FSIV and a significant relationship between FSIV and increased risk of these violence-related behaviors. Additive interactions show that the relationship between FSIV and these violent behaviors is significantly greater among male students than female students. Results confirm the predictions of GST and show that FSIV significantly increases the risk of gun carrying and other violence-related behaviors among male and female U.S. high-school students; the increased risk is significantly greater among male students.

Perseverance reduces whereas impulsivity increases the risk of reoffending

By law, every criminal verdict describes the norm violation in question. To date, the use of this information for prognostic purposes has been standardized only for sex offenses. This study presents a content-analytic approach to the material. A theory-based coding system allows for systematic tracing of the offender’s affective and regulatory processing during norm violation, targeting the entire action sequence: initial activation affect (positive vs. negative), impulsivity vs. intentionality, affect regulation, and coping with intention-implementation difficulties. In a sample of N = 304 males convicted of violent and/or sexual offenses, the processing variables were investigated with respect to (a) objective measurability, (b) relationships with established reoffending risk markers, and (c) their (incremental) performance in predicting reoffending. With respect to objectivity (a), the inter-rater agreement (n = 111) varied widely among the variables (intraclass correlation range 0.03–0.62). Regarding risk markers (b), significant associations were found with the Level of Service Inventory–Revised (LSI-R) subscales criminal history, alcohol/drugs, emotional/personal, and attitudes/orientation. The Crime Scene Behavior Risk Measure for sexual offenses (n = 106) correlated with psychological processing variables for the items multiple juvenile offenders and male victim. Two variables emerged as relevant for predicting recidivism (c): negatively motivated impulsivity predicted violent reoffending, while persistence when coping with implementation difficulties negatively predicted sexual and general reoffending. These relationships statistically mediated the predictive contribution of actuarial risk tools (LSI-R/crime scene behavior risk). Psychological processes during norm violation as reported in verdicts appear to represent underexploited information within risk assessment and beyond.

A Multi-Level Analysis of Help-Seeking Behaviour of Male Victims of Intimate Partner Violence

Globally, many men are victims of intimate partner violence but not many seek help to stop the violence. This study sought to identify the factors associated with the help-seeking behavior of male victims of intimate partner violence (IPV) in Uganda. This was done using ordinary and mixed-effects regression models with logit, probit, and complementary log-log link functions and secondary data from the 2016 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey. Most males (70.6 percent) never sought help after experiencing intimate partner violence. Marital status, listening to the radio, physically hurt partner, experienced physical injury, number of control issues, father ever beat mother, and severity of violence were significantly associated with the help-seeking behavior of male victims of IPV. There is a need to come up with interventions that encourage males to report IPV, especially among the married, and also sensitize males not to wait until they have experienced physical injuries or any other severe violence before they seek help. Given that the sampling methodology used in demographic and health surveys introduces nesting in the data, researchers should consider using multilevel models.

Walk the walk, slowly and carefully when centering women and survivors in the Perpetrator Work of Coercive Control: In conversation with Jo Todd

With decades of knowledge within the domestic abuse sector, Jo Todd is the leader of one of the UK’s most respected organisations in the Work With Perpetrators sector: Respect. Established as a membership organisation, Respect sums more than 23 years of promoting “safe, effective work with perpetrators, male victims and young people who use violence” with the aim of tackling domestic abuse and centering the victim-survivor experience.Recently, Jo Todd was awarded with the “Commander of the British Empire” (CBE) medal for her highly-distinguished, innovative contribution around services to victims of domestic abuse. The award though, has not removed any humility from Jo. In early September, I happily engaged in a rich conversation with a strong, grounded woman that I am sure more than one can find inspiration from. For this special issue, our discussion delved into the role and actuality of work with perpetrators and coercive control, highlighting the significance for the victims-survivors, the meanings of justice regarding coercive control and the implications of its criminalisation. Finally, we ended our conversation imagining the dreamt, but also the real, future of the issue.Mónica Sánchez Hernández:Thank you very much Jo for joining me today to talk about your experience and your thoughts about coercive control. You must be really proud of your recent award. Regardless of any colonial/imperial connotations that the CBE medal might have, it must be good to have your work acknowledged — especially in the current times.Well, I’d like to begin the interview by asking you what triggered your interest to move from supporting survivors to the “dark side” of working with perpetrators. Is there any particular moment, any experience that you remember?

Sex Differences in the Etiology of Victimization in Adulthood.

Until relatively recently, the study of victimization has been largely outside the purview of behavioral geneticists and evolutionary psychologists. Recent victimology research, however, has shown that genetic and evolutionary forces are connected to the risk of victimization. The current study expands on these findings by examining whether genetic influences differentially explain victimization in males and females. To do so, we use a sample of sibling pairs drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health; N = 4,244). The analyses revealed no significant quantitative sex differences in the etiology of adult victimization. However, the results of this study do highlight the importance of accounting for genetic factors when studying the etiology of specific types of adult victimization. We conclude by discussing the implications of the current study for future research.

Incidence of animal bite and risk for rabies in Kaduna State, Nigeria – public health implication

This study focused on the incidence of animal bite (n=50) reported in Kaduna State, Nigeria, between January and April 2024, focusing on factors such as the type of biting animal, sex of the victims, geographical distribution, temporal trends, and the nature of the bites. The data were sourced from weekly reports submitted by Area Veterinary Officers to the Department of Veterinary and Livestock Services and were supplemented with rabies test results from the National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom, Plateau State. Results revealed that dogs were responsible for 96% of the biting incidents, while cats accounted for 4%. Male victims were more frequently bitten, and the highest incidence was reported in Kaduna Central (Zone 2) with 44% and Zaria being the lowest (12%). Most incidents occurred in February (38%) and March (34%). Provoked bites constituted 52% of the cases, and 86% of the dogs involved were not vaccinated against rabies. Rabies test results showed that 94% were negative, while 6% tested positive, all of which were reported in Kaduna South (Zone 3). A significant association (p=0.034) between senatorial zones and rabies test results was observed, indicating a need for targeted public health interventions in specific zones. The study underscores the need for improving vaccination coverage and implementing educational campaigns to mitigate risk of rabies and reduce the incidence of animal bites. Enhanced public health strategies, community engagement and one health approach should be implemented to address the multifaceted challenges posed by dog bites and rabies in Kaduna State.

Ban on New year's Fireworks Reduces Severe Hand Injuries: A Nationwide Multicentre Study On The Prohibition Of Pyrotechnics Due To Covid-19 Restrictions

Injuries caused by explosions or pyrotechnic devices can lead to severe hand injuries with potential long-term consequences for both the affected individual and the healthcare system. The implementation of a nationwide ban on fireworks during the New Year festivities was only temporarily enforced as part of the protective measures during the Covid-19 pandemic. These two exceptional years provide an opportunity for evaluation as a model experiment to demonstrate the impact of a fireworks ban on the frequency of explosion-related hand injuries. In a multicentre study, five German hand trauma centres retrospectively collected and analysed all pyrotechnic-related injuries that occurred within seven days around the New Year celebration between 2017 and 2023. Severe hand injuries from explosions were significantly less frequent at New Year celebrations during the pandemic period compared with data collected in the years before and after Covid-19. After the return to regular sales laws and celebrations in December 2022, a significant increase in injuries was observed, surpassing even the pre-Covid period. Epidemiological data confirmed a high proportion of minors and male victims. The highest number of injuries was observed on New Year's Eve and the first day of January, with adults mainly being injured during the festivities, while children and adolescents were mainly injured during the first days of January. A national ban proved to be an effective method to prevent severe hand injuries caused by explosive devices and their lifelong consequences. The data obtained in this multicentre study can serve as a basis for informed policy action.

Road Traffic Accident and its Characteristics in Kathmandu Valley

Road Traffic Accident (RTA) is defined as an accident, which takes place on the road between two or more objects, in which one is any kind of moving vehicle and the other is another vehicle, pedestrian, animal, or stationary object. The major scope of this study is to analyze factors influencing road accident in Kathmandu Valley (i.e. Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and Lalitpur district), Nepal. Data used in this research were collected from Kathmandu Valley Traffic Police for FY 2070/71 to 2079/80 of the Nepalese Calendar. Both quantitative and qualitative analysis of data was performed. There were several variables used to analyze the collected data including age of driver, gender of driver, fatality rate, time of accident, reason of accident, type of vehicle involved in an accident. The result of analysis shows that 76752 accidents took place in FY 2070/71 to 2079/80. Vehicles most involved in accidents were motorcycle/scooters (54675) followed by car/jeep/van (46928) (both combining, contributing total of almost 75%). The number of male deaths was three times more than that of female death, (i.e. male death victims were 1360 and female were 409). Based on the age, 55% of total death victims were of age group 16-35 i.e. 969 deaths were of this age group. Largest number of accidents (31473) took place during 12:00-18:00 and the major cause of accidents was reckless driving. Other cause of road accident includes over speeding, alcohol consumption, pedestrian’s carelessness, road condition, physical and mental condition of driver. The objective of this research is to identify the trend of accident, investigate the possible causes of accidents, and suggest countermeasures for reducing road traffic accident.