Trained Males Research Articles

Priorities for professionalism: what do surgeons think?

To gain an understanding of the relative importance of the nine surgical competencies and their 27 attributes defined by the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons (RACS), which together provide the curriculum framework for today's surgeons. Between 9 August and 30 September 2010, trainees and Fellows of the RACS across Australia and New Zealand actively involved in educational activities rated, via questionnaire, the importance of the RACS competencies (technical expertise, communication, professionalism, medical expertise, judgement and decision making, scholarship and teaching, collaboration and teamwork, management and leadership, and health advocacy) and associated attributes. Importance ranking of competencies and their attributes for surgical education and training. Of 3054 questionnaires distributed, 1834 (60%) were returned. We identified clear priorities in the perceived relative importance of the nine competencies and 27 attributes. The most important attributes were competence, insight, and recognising conditions amenable to surgery; least important were responding to community and cultural needs, supporting others, and maintaining personal health and wellbeing. Key differences were noted for the competency of collaboration and teamwork, which was ranked as more important by trainees than by Fellows. Female trainees and Fellows regarded all attributes as more important than did male trainees and Fellows. In a complex environment with multiple pressures, the priorities of the competencies are important. Trainees and Fellows had a very similar approach to the prioritisation of the attributes. Of concern is the lesser importance given to attributes beyond individual expertise.

The Correlation between Firefighters’ Fitness and Air Consumption of Using Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)

In such high risk environment firefighters work on the disaster site were full of uncertain factors. Such that they need to wear heavily equipment with life-support equipment and life-saving tool as required. Past literatures have revealed the significantly correlated between anaerobic exercise and maximal oxygen uptake. Meanwhile, the correlation between maximal oxygen uptake and upper limb muscle strength, grip, and duty time were also reported. Whether any simple exercise test could predict the firefighters’ work efficiency is an important issue. However very few study had focus on it. PURPOSE: This study was aimed to investigate the correlation between firefighters’ physical fitness and their work efficiency evaluated by the air consumption of using self contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). METHODS: Forty-two Taiwanese male firefighter trainees whose receiving fire-rescue training course were recruited and requested to wear all the firefighters’ equipment and use the SCBA to complete stepping, biking at the first station and darkroom searching, and space searching at the second station. The SCBA’ air consumption pre minute and duty time represented the work efficiency were recorded. Pearson correlation coefficient (r) statistical test was used to analyze the correlation between physical fitness and work efficiency variables. RESULTS: Duty time in first station significantly correlated (p<0.05) with right grip strength by r =0.31, left grip strength by r =0.34, and standing long jump distance by r = 0.39. Meanwhile, duty time in second station had significantly correlation (p<0.05) with chin up times by r = −0.38) and left grip strength by r = −0.32. CONCLUSION: Among the firefighters, the work efficiency during using SCBA on fire-rescue mission was more correlated with the capacity of muscular strength, endurance and power.

Primary selection into shift work and change of cardiovascular risk profile.

A potential "healthy shift worker effect" may bias the studied effect of shift work on health. The observed differences among shift and day workers in health behavior and health outcomes can be caused by: (i) primary selection, (ii) the influence from the shift work-related environment, and (iii) the impact of shift work. We aimed to study these potential sources. A cohort of 4754 male trainees who had finished their professional training and started their career in production in a chemical company between 1995 and 2012 was identified. Among them, 1348 (28%) were involved in rotating shift work and 3406 (72%) in day work. Information on health behavior and risk factors for cardiovascular diseases was retrieved from the medical examinations. This information was then compared (i) at the beginning of training, (ii) at the end of training, and (iii) 3 years after the employment, in relation to the working time. At the beginning of the training, the prevalence of smokers was higher among future shift workers (26% versus 21%), from 1995 to 2012. During the training and the first three years of employment, a marginal decline of systolic blood pressure and an elevation of triglyceride were related with shift work. No difference was found with respect to other risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Our findings do not support a primary selection in favor of shift workers. An impact of shift work on the risk profile of cardiovascular diseases was not indicated in the observation period.

Comparison between Salivary Cortisol Release in Rest and Training Days in Male Fitness Trainee

Background: The aim behind the current study was a comparison between salivary cortisol release in rest and training days in male fitness trainers. Methods: In such balanced crossover research, 15 healthy fitness-trained participants (with the mean age, weight and Height of 20.35 ± 1.20 years, 74.15 ± 3.20 kg and 177.30 ± 3.45 cm, respectively) who had a four-year-previous experience in fitness exercise were chosen. While performing the research, the subjects were involved in a fitness training. The protocol contained three times of fitness training in a week, which would totally be alternative days of “rest” and “exercise” in the period of training. It means that they did training on Monday, Wednesday and Friday, and rested on the other days. To ensure the validity of this study, the participants were selected randomly, in both control and experimental groups. In the meantime, the protocol for fitness exercise was made up of four sets of 15 repetitions utilizing 65% of 1 repetition maximum (1 RM). Within each testing time, saliva samples were taken once in two hours for a maximum of 16 hours. In this study, the ANOVA was followed by a Post-hoc LSD test. Also, the significance level was deemed as (P≤0.05). Results: It was shown that there was a statistically significant addition in the salivary cortisol level right away after the fitness exercise session (P ≤ 0.05). However, no statistically significant difference was observed between exercise and control days in the circadian rhythm of salivary cortisol (P &gt; 0.05). Conclusion: The present research demonstrated that while there was a significant influence of fitness exercise on cortisol right away after exercise, no statistically significant effect has been observed on the circadian secretion of cortisol in fitness sportsmen.

Celebrity chefs and masculinities among male cookery trainees in vocational education

The purpose of this article is to examine how media-generated professional identities in the culinary sector are reflected in Danish male cookery students’ narratives about their own identity, experiences and expectations about the trade. Hence, this study takes its starting point in studies that show how the broad popularity of the culinary profession – almost exclusively through male chefs – seems to be attracting more male students to the cooking programme. The previous research indicates, however, that there is a risk of unfulfilled expectations when cookery students realise the hard work involved in working in a professional kitchen. It is this contrast between the media presentation and the practical reality of a profession like cookery that we wish to explore from the students’ perspective.

Survey of the incidence and effect of major life events on graduate medical education trainees

PurposeThis study aims to assess the incidence of major life events during graduate medical education (GME) training and to establish any associations with modifiable activities and career planning.MethodsThe authors surveyed graduating GME trainees from their parent institution in June 2013. Demographic information (clinical department, gender, training duration) and major life events (marriage, children, death/illness, home purchase, legal troubles, property loss) were surveyed. Respondents were queried about the relationship between life events and career planning. A multivariable logistic regression model tested for associations.ResultsA total of 53.2% (166/312) of graduates responded to the survey. 50% (83/166) of respondents were female. Major life events occurred in 96.4% (160/166) of respondents. Male trainees were more likely (56.1% [46/82] vs. 30.1% [25/83]) to have a child during training (p=0.01). A total of 41.6% (69/166) of responders consciously engaged or avoided activities during GME training, while 31.9% (53/166) of responders reported that life events influenced their career plans. Trainees in lifestyle residencies (p=0.02), those who experienced the death or illness of a close associate (p=0.01), and those with legal troubles (p=0.04) were significantly more likely to consciously control life events.ConclusionMajor life events are very common and changed career plans in nearly a third of GME trainees. Furthermore, many trainees consciously avoided activities due to their responsibilities during training. GME training programs should closely assess the institutional support systems available to trainees during this difficult time.

Marines, medics, and machismo: lack of fit with masculine occupational stereotypes discourages men's participation.

Women have made substantial inroads into some traditionally masculine occupations (e.g., accounting, journalism) but not into others (e.g., military, surgery). Evidence suggests the latter group of occupations is characterized by hyper-masculine 'macho' stereotypes that are especially disadvantageous to women. Here, we explore whether such macho occupational stereotypes may be especially tenacious, not just because of their impact on women, but also because of their impact on men. We examined whether macho stereotypes associated with marine commandos and surgeons discourage men who feel that they are 'not man enough'. Study 1 demonstrates that male new recruits' (N=218) perceived lack of fit with masculine commandos was associated with reduced occupational identification and motivation. Study 2 demonstrates that male surgical trainees' (N=117) perceived lack of fit with masculine surgeons was associated with reduced identification and increased psychological exit a year later. Together, this suggests that macho occupational stereotypes may discourage the very men who may challenge them.

Injury during U.S. Army basic combat training: a systematic review of risk factor studies.

Approximately one quarter of men and half of women in U.S. Army basic combat training experience an injury. Preventing basic combat training-related injuries would reduce associated human and economic costs and discharges from the Army. Identification of risk factors for such injuries is a crucial step toward their prevention. Although some research has begun to address this need, prior studies of risk factors for training-related injury have not been reviewed systematically. This study systematically reviews the literature on risk factors for injury during U.S. Army basic combat training. Original studies of risk factors for injury during U.S. Army basic combat training published since 1990 in peer-reviewed journals were identified using PubMed and manual searches of reference lists. This search was last performed in May 2013. Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Methodologic quality and potential for bias were assessed. The findings of 11 studies deemed to be of high or medium quality were synthesized to determine the level of evidence supporting the association between each risk factor studied and risk of injury during basic combat training. Quality assessment and evidence synthesis were performed from June to September 2013. There is strong or moderate evidence supporting association of older age, history of smoking, and self-rated low physical activity level prior to basic combat training with increased risk of training-related injury among male trainees. There is limited, mixed, or insufficient evidence to identify risk factors for injury among female trainees.

Achilles tendon strain energy in distance running: consider the muscle energy cost.

The return of tendon strain energy is thought to contribute to reducing the energy cost of running (Erun). However, this may not be consistent with the notion that increased Achilles tendon (AT) stiffness is associated with a lower Erun. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to quantify the potential for AT strain energy return relative to Erun for male and female runners of different abilities. A total of 46 long distance runners [18 elite male (EM), 12 trained male (TM), and 16 trained female (TF)] participated in this study. Erun was determined by indirect calorimetry at 75, 85, and 95% of the speed at lactate threshold (sLT), and energy cost per stride at each speed was estimated from previously reported stride length (SL)-speed relationships. AT force during running was estimated from reported vertical ground reaction force (Fz)-speed relationships, assuming an AT:ground reaction force moment arm ratio of 1.5. AT elongation was quantified during a maximal voluntary isometric contraction using ultrasound. Muscle energy cost was conservatively estimated on the basis of AT force and estimated cross-bridge mechanics and energetics. Significant group differences existed in sLT (EM > TM > TF; P < 0.001). A significant group × speed interaction was found in the energy storage/release per stride (TM > TF > EM; P < 0.001), the latter ranging from 10 to 70 J/stride. At all speeds and in all groups, estimated muscle energy cost exceeded energy return (P < 0.001). These results show that during distance running the muscle energy cost is substantially higher than the strain energy release from the AT.

A regional training day increases foundation doctors' confidence in managing orthopaedic patients

A regional training day increases foundation doctors' confidence in managing orthopaedic patients

Personality Differences Among Junior Postgraduate Trainees in the United Kingdom

An early understanding of the personality profiles of junior trainees may be valuable for supporting the professional and educational development of tomorrow's doctors. This study aims to describe the personality profile of junior trainees and to explore whether the personality profiles differed according to the level of training, specialty choice, or gender. The Mental Muscle Diagram Indicator was distributed electronically. South West London, Health Education England South London. A total of 157 junior trainees completed the personality questionnaire. Specifically, there were core surgical (n = 40), core medical (n = 24), and foundation trainees (n = 93). The preferential profile across all groups was Extroversion (E), Sensing (S), Feeling (F), and Perception (P). More foundation doctors favored an extrovert and sensing personality when compared with core trainees (72% vs 60.4% and 77.4% vs 57.5%, respectively). More core surgical trainees appeared to prefer Extroversion when compared with their medical counterparts (66.7% vs 54.2%). More core medical trainees favored an intuitive behavior when compared with their surgical colleagues (50% vs 35%). Significantly, more female trainees (83.3%) displayed an extrovert personality than male trainees (66.7%) did. According to the Mental Muscle Diagram Indicator analysis, this work shows that the more junior the trainees are in their career, the more they tend to enjoy human interaction and to favor acting before thinking. The most junior trainees tend to be slightly more interested in dealing with facts rather than ideas and favor a flexible approach of life. The reducing ratio of Extroversion and Sensing in the core trainees when compared with foundation doctors may suggest that clinical experience has an effect on personality. As trainees begin to progress, they may tend to reflect more on their practice and to start thinking about more long term. These results suggest that a greater understanding of their personality preferences and how they might change with experience may help trainees to develop a greater personal and professional insight.

Survey of academic field experiences (SAFE): trainees report harassment and assault.

Little is known about the climate of the scientific fieldwork setting as it relates to gendered experiences, sexual harassment, and sexual assault. We conducted an internet-based survey of field scientists (N = 666) to characterize these experiences. Codes of conduct and sexual harassment policies were not regularly encountered by respondents, while harassment and assault were commonly experienced by respondents during trainee career stages. Women trainees were the primary targets; their perpetrators were predominantly senior to them professionally within the research team. Male trainees were more often targeted by their peers at the research site. Few respondents were aware of mechanisms to report incidents; most who did report were unsatisfied with the outcome. These findings suggest that policies emphasizing safety, inclusivity, and collegiality have the potential to improve field experiences of a diversity of researchers, especially during early career stages. These include better awareness of mechanisms for direct and oblique reporting of harassment and assault and, the implementation of productive response mechanisms when such behaviors are reported. Principal investigators are particularly well positioned to influence workplace culture at their field sites.

The effect of gender medicine education in GP training: a prospective cohort study.

The purpose of this study is to compare the change in general practitioner (GP) trainees’ gender awareness following a modular gender medicine programme or a mainstream gender medicine programme. In 2007, a prospective study was conducted in three cohorts of in total 207 GP trainees who entered GP training in the Netherlands. The outcome measure was the Nijmegen Gender Awareness in Medicine Scale and a 16-item gender knowledge questionnaire. Two gender medicine teaching methods were compared: a modular approach (n = 75) versus a mainstream approach (n = 72). Both strategies were compared with a control cohort (n = 60). Statistical analysis included analysis of variance and t-tests. The overall response rates for the modular, mainstream and control cohort were 78, 72 and 82 %, respectively. There was a significant difference in change in gender knowledge scores between the modular cohort compared with the mainstream and control cohort (p = 0.049). There were no statistical differences between the cohorts on gender sensitivity and gender role ideology. At entry and end, female GP trainees demonstrated significantly higher gender awareness than male GP trainees. A modular teaching method is not a more favourable educational method to teach gender medicine in GP training. Female GP trainees are more gender aware, but male GP trainees are not unaware of gender-related issues.

0435 Primary Selection and Impact of Shift Work on Cardiovascular Risk Factors

ObjectivesA potential "healthy worker effect" may bias the studied effect of shift work on health. The observed differ-ences in health behaviour and health outcomes might be caused by: (i) primary...

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The response rate of 65.9% (337 trainees were sent the survey) was lower than 74.9% in 2001. Although not statistically significant, 52% of female trainees felt inadequately prepared for this operation compared with 42% of male trainees. In their earlier study, trainees were more likely to perform this procedure in their second year, but latterly found this is more likely to be done in the first year.

Users’ perspectives on tour-guide training courses using 3D tourist sites

&lt;p&gt;Taiwan is currently attempting to develop itself into a twenty-first century tourist hub to take advantage of today’s thriving global tourism economy. In the coming years, Taiwan anticipates an urgent demand for tour guides, and there is a clear need for training solutions that can serve a rapidly growing population. Computer-mediated virtual 3D situated tourist sites (3D-STS) may provide an efficient solution. This study investigates users’ perspectives on a specially developed tour-guide training course employing 3D-STS technology. After participants completed the course, their responses to a survey questionnaire and follow-up interviews were compiled for statistical analysis. The results indicated that the overall experience of 3D-STS was satisfactory for trainees and showed a significant difference in the perspectives on 3D-STS of male and female trainees. However, one essential limitation of the study, that is, insufficient familiarity with the multiple advanced technologies, must be acknowledged. This could be a major obstacle for some users, interfering with their ability to access and process e-learning content. For more effective training outcomes for tour guides, the dynamic nature of 3D-STS as well as the characteristics of course content for tour guides should be considered carefully.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;

An Exploratory Study of Death Anxiety and Trainees' Choice of Theoretical Orientation

This study investigated the association between therapist-trainees' death anxiety and their preference for "objective" (i.e., quantitative and rational) over "subjective" (i.e., experiential and symbolic) theoretical orientations. In this correlational investigation, 303 clinical psychology and counseling trainees at a Midwestern school of professional psychology completed instruments assessing their fear of personal death and their endorsement of superordinate dimensions of psychotherapy orientations. As hypothesized, trainees who reported higher levels of death anxiety displayed a stronger preference for objective over subjective orientations, a relationship that was found in post-hoc analyses to be particularly salient for male trainees. These findings suggest that trainees' death anxiety, and their attempts to control it, could influence their choice of a theoretical orientation. Potential implications for training institutions are discussed.

Efeito agudo dos exercícios resistidos sobre o desempenho da amplitude articular

Objetivo: Comparar o efeito de diferentes intensidades de exercícios resistidos sobre o desempenho da amplitude articular de jovens treinados. Métodos: Após a realização dos testes iniciais (força e flexibilidade), os voluntários foram divididos aleatoriamente nas seguintes condições experimentais: (a) protocolo de força com 100% 1RM + teste de flexibilidade (G100); (b) protocolo de força com 80% 1RM + teste de flexibilidade (G80); (c) protocolo de força com 60% 1RM + teste de flexibilidade (G60) e (d) protocolo de força com 40% 1RM + teste de flexibilidade (G40). Para determinar os efeitos das quatro condições experimentais sobre a variável dependente (amplitude articular), foi realizada a análise de variância de um fator (one-way ANOVA). Para determinar as diferenças específicas foi realizado o teste post hoc de Bonferoni. Resultados: Dentre todas as análises, a condição G80 foi a que promoveu maiores alterações significativas sobre o desempenho da amplitude articular. Conclusão: Diferentes intensidades de exercícios resistidos provocam aumentos significativos sobre a resposta da amplitude articular em indivíduos jovens treinados.

Effects of Addition of Sprint, Strength and Agility Training On Cardiovascular System in Young Male Field Hockey Players: An Echocardiography Based Study

To find training related physiological and cardiovascular changes and adaptations in field hockey players, this interventional study was conducted with 30 male field hockey trainees (age: 15.7±1.55 years, range: 13-20 years) undergoing training in preparation phase. In addition to the their usual routine of 2 hours per day, 6 times a week of aerobic, anaerobic and skill training session of field hockey; a specialized additional training of 2 hours per day- 3 times a week, consisting of sprint, strength-power and agility was incorporated in the schedule. Selected variables measured before and after the 6 week training were compared with paired t test. Upon analysis we found that lean body mass (LBM) of the participants showed significant improvement (P<0.05) after the 6 week training. Significant reduction (P<0.05) was observed in resting heart rate, resting systolic blood pressure, resting diastolic blood pressure, resting double product or rate pressure product. We also found significant changes (P<0.05) in the echocardiographic parameters - increase in left ventricular posterior wall thickness, left ventricular ejection fraction; and decrease in left ventricular end-systolic volume. However when these parameters were expressed relative to LBM, no significant change was seen. Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter and volume, body weight and body mass index too did not change significantly after the training. This 6 week specialized additional training resulted in improvement of body composition and cardiovascular functions of the participants, indicating favorable physiological, morphological and functional adaptations.

An Exploratory Study of Death Anxiety and Trainees' Choice of Theoretical Orientation

This study investigated the association between therapist trainees' death anxiety and their preference for "objective" (i.e., quantitative and rational) over "subjective" (i.e., experiential and symbolic) theoretical orientations. In this correlational investigation, 303 clinical psychology and counseling trainees at a Midwestern school of professional psychology completed instruments assessing their fear of personal death and their endorsement of superordinate dimensions of psychotherapy orientations. As hypothesized, trainees who reported higher levels of death anxiety displayed a stronger preference for objective over subjective orientations, a relationship that was found in post hoc analyses to be particularly salient for male trainees. These findings suggest that trainees' death anxiety, and their attempts to control it, could influence their choice of a theoretical orientation. Potential implications for training institutions are discussed.