Male Friends Research Articles

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy counseling in developing Cross-Gender Friendship in adolescents

Cross-Gender Friendship (CGFs) is a platonic relationship between men and women who are not bound. From observations at high schools in Bali. There are some teenagers that show an attitude of being able to get along with the opposite sex, while some others show attitudes such as keeping a distance, avoiding and withdrawing from their friends. In adolescent girls, some of them keep their distance from male friends. Then in men, some of them withdraw from female friends. Seeing the low phenomenon of Cross-Gender Friendship, it is necessary to provide counseling guidance by using Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT). This research is a quasi-experimental study, in which the research design uses an experimental group and a control group. The populations in this study were high school adolescents in Denpasar. Sampling was done by the purposive random technique in which the characteristics of adolescents who have low Cross-Gender Friendship. The number of samples included in the criteria was 50 respondents. Data collection was performed using a Cross-Gender Friendship questionnaire. The data analysis technique used is the t-test. T-test results show that Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy is effectively used in developing Cross-Gender Friendship in adolescent boys and girls. The low Cross-Gender Friendship in adolescents is developed using Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT). It is recommended for counselors that Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) can be used as an alternative providing counseling services in the development of Cross-Gender Friendship in adolescents.

Baboon thanatology: responses of filial and non-filial group members to infants' corpses.

What do animals know of death? What can animals' responses to death tell us about the evolution of species’ minds, and the origins of humans' awareness of death and dying? A recent surge in interest in comparative thanatology may provide beginnings of answers to these questions. Here, we add to the comparative thanatology literature by reporting 12 cases of group members' responses to infants’ deaths, including 1 miscarriage and 2 stillbirths, recorded over 13 years in wild Namibian chacma baboons. Wild baboons' responses to dead infants were similar to other primates: in general, the mother of the infant carried the infants’ corpse for varying lengths of time (less than 1 h to 10 days) and tended to groom the corpses frequently, though, as in other studies, considerable individual differences were observed. However, we have not yet observed any corpse carriage of very long duration (i.e. greater than 20 days), which, though rare, occurs in other Old World monkeys and chimpanzees. We hypothesize this is due to the costs of carrying the corpse over the greater daily distances travelled by the Tsaobis baboons. Additionally, in contrast to other case reports, we observed male friends' ‘protection’ of the infant corpse on three occasions. We discuss the implications of these reports for current questions in the field.

Gender differences in using humor to respond to sexist jokes

AbstractWe examine the degree to which women and men use humor to confront sexist jokes. We also test the social benefits and perceived effectiveness of confronting with humor. One-hundred-sixty-four (46% female) participants read about a male coworker who made a sexist joke and reported how they would respond in an open-ended format. Women were more likely than men to say they would respond with humor. Specifically, 16% of women, compared to 4.5% of men, spontaneously provided a humorous confrontation. Participants then read a second scenario that asked them to imagine a male friend making a sexist joke. We manipulated the confronter’s gender and the type of confrontation (humorous versus serious) in the scenario. Confronters who used a humorous (versus serious) response were rated as more likeable but less effective. People often hesitate to confront sexism for fear of social repercussions. Given that humorous confrontation reduces social backlash, it might be worth slightly lower perceived effectiveness to increase overall rates of confronting sexism.

Women in the shadows in the movies of yavuz turgu

One of the most basic aspects of storytelling is «conflict”. This aspect is considered, while telling a story in a movie. The conflict between men and women is often used. However, even though there are many movies where the protagonist is a woman, usually the main part of the story and the conflict is a man. The movies of Yavuz Turgul, one of the most successful directors in Turkish cinema, both with their stories and the detailed characters in those stories, have earned are preferred by Turkish audience. Turgul generally portrayed subjects, such as a longing for the past, friendship, change in the society though his characters, who we can never forget and while doing this he has used a male main character in every movie, leaving the female characters more in the background. Since these are what come to mind when the movies of Yavuz Turgul are mentioned, the studies that have been made have been about this too. However, in addition to this, the existence of female characters, who try to make themselves heard thought their silence, play a big part in the broader story and must be also studied. This study will focus on some of the main topics of Turgul such as male friendship and manhood, and specifically on the cause of the silent women and through historical and feminist methods, using the movies Muhsin Bey, Eşkiya, Gönül Yarası, attepmt to find out where women belong in the stories of Yavuz Turgul.

Elective egg freezing and male support: a qualitative study of men’s roles in women’s fertility preservation

How do men participate in women’s fertility preservation decisions and procedures? This binational, qualitative study assessed whether men play supportive roles either before, during or after women’s elective egg freezing (EEF) cycles. From June 2014 to August 2016, 150 women (114 in the USA and 36 in Israel) who had completed at least one cycle of EEF were interviewed by two medical anthropologists, one in each country. The majority (85%) of women in the study identified the lack of a male partner as their main reason for pursuing EEF. However, nearly two-thirds (63%) of women relied on some form of male support during their EEF decision making processes and procedures. Five categories of men, in order of support, included: (i) fathers (or other male father figures), (ii) male partners (past or present), (iii) male friends, (iv) brothers and (v) male judges (some of whom supported EEF in divorce settlements). More than a dozen different forms of assistance were offered by men in four major categories: (i) instrumental, (ii) financial, (iii) physical and (iv) psychological. Although one-third (37%) of women went through EEF alone or with only female support, this study reveals the ‘hidden’ roles men play in supporting the reproductive aspirations of women.

Finding the ‘Herstorical’ Narrative in Angie Thomas’s The Hate U Give

In this article I use Angie Thomas’s popular young-adult novel The Hate U Give as a lens through which to explore how young adult fiction, produced by African American writers, can serve to facilitate social activism and change. In the novel, Thomas’s Black teenage protagonist, Starr Carter, undergoes a transformation from victim and witness to activist after she sees her Black male friend murdered by a white police officer. As I will demonstrate, the novel is guided and shaped by the ideologies of the Black Lives Matter Movement as it explores the complexities of Blackness in both post-racial and communal spaces. By drawing on these ideologies and employing the perspective of a Black teenage girl, Thomas engages her Black female readers in a readerly process in which they reflect on how Starr’s narrative relates to their own lives. In doing so, I argue, she encourages these readers to explore ways in which their own narratives can be used to instigate social activism and change.

The Intimate Frontier: Friendship and Civil Society in Northern New Spain by Ignacio Martínez

Reviewed by: The Intimate Frontier: Friendship and Civil Society in Northern New Spain by Ignacio Martínez Jean A. Stuntz The Intimate Frontier: Friendship and Civil Society in Northern New Spain. By Ignacio Martínez. (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2019. Pp. 240. Notes, index.) Scholars of the Spanish Borderlands have long used societal relationships to analyze public behavior in New Spain. These relationships could be built on blood kinship or the powerful godparent/godchild relationship. Spaniards also had to abide by a strict code of honor in their public activities. Ignacio Martínez seeks to reframe these male relationships as friendships. He does not include female friendships and public actions. [End Page 88] The first chapter is an intellectual history of male friendships in the classical Mediterranean world, beginning with the Epic of Gilgamesh. Martínez then uses the Las Siete Partidas, a never-adopted law code sponsored (not written) by the Spanish king Alphonso X to show how male friendships were part of idealized Spanish society. To show that medieval Spaniards had a concept of amicable relations, he includes other legal documents, novels, and a variety of other ephemera that mention friendships. In New Spain, Spanish administrators referred to Native Americans as either “Friendly Indians” or “Hostile Indians.” Martínez interprets this to mean that Indians were operating under Spanish ideals of friendship. However, recent scholarship has shown that each Indian group reacted to the Spanish in ways that were most beneficial to themselves and that these Indians might sometimes be amenable to Spanish proposals but at other times were not. Martínez does not take into account that Indians acted in their own best interests but instead tries to impose this idea of friendship (under Spanish definitions) on Native groups. Arguing that the best way to define male friendships was in the breach, Martínez uses two case studies of Father Eusebio Kino. In the first example, Father Kino destroyed the career of a Mexican academic by not treating him with sufficient respect in his publications. In the second, Kino’s feud with Francisco Xavier Mora is presented as a betrayal of their supposed friendship. In neither of these cases does Martínez make a compelling argument that true friendship had actually existed or that Kino’s actions constituted betrayal. The author examines the actions of Spaniards and Native Americans during and after the Pueblo Revolt of 1680, again framing events in terms of friendship and betrayal. The final chapter looks at the ways that unequal social relationships caused and affected the Pima Uprising of 1781. In both of these revolts, Indians had, unsurprisingly, pretended to be friendly to their Spanish overlords before the uprising. Martínez concludes that the Spanish, expecting the Pueblos and Pimas to obey the Spanish and to adopt Spanish codes of honor and friendship, saw these rebellions as betrayals of friendship. However, this conclusion is not supported by the evidence presented. Readers, even scholars of the Spanish borderlands, may have difficulty following the book’s argument because it lacks sufficient transitions and explanations. Most information comes from secondary sources, and the absence of a bibliography leaves unclear how much original research was conducted. Events, ascribed motivations, and official documents are applied to the author’s thesis that friendship was the most important factor in New Spain’s society, while other types of relationships or causal factors are ignored. In addition, Martínez does not reference much recently [End Page 89] published material that counters his argument. Overall, those studying the Spanish Borderlands would do best to rely on more traditional interpretations. Jean A. Stuntz West Texas A&M University Copyright © 2020 The Texas State Historical Association

Sense and Sensibility: The Theme of Friendship in the Russian Portrait Painting of the Enlightenment Era

In the policed society of the 18th century, the phenomenon of friendship, as M. W. Reddy asserts, evolved into a new form of sociability which offered an emotional refuge from the code of honor and became central for the culture of the Enlightenment. Although there was no necessary contradiction between reason and emotion, sense and sensibility were understood as opposite poles and the concept of friendship was oscillating between them. The present paper reveals the peculiar features of perception of friendship in the second halfof the 18th century in Russia when its importance for culture rapidly increased on the material of double portrait painting. The specifics of the Russian Enlightenment defined by V. Zhivov as “primarily mythological performanceof the state power” were expressed in the idea of the state. This was reflected in male double portraitpainting developing the traditions of parallel depiction and the iconography of gestures which first emerged in the Russian art of the first half of the 18th century in allegorical compositions celebrating peace treaties. In contrast, the European understanding of male friendship visualized in portrait painting was broader, embracing emotional aspects as well (creative friendship, admiration of art). While male friendship in Russia was understoodas a political union or collaboration, the notion of sensibility, i.e. friendship as union of hearts, was usuallyassociated with the female portrait. Models for female friends portraits were always unmarried young ladies: the family life was perceived as dominated exclusively by the responsibilities of a caring wife and mother. Overall, both the female and male friends portrait painting in Russian art, in contrast with European, appears to be inseparable from the family portrait painting in its reduced variant, i.e. portraits of brothers or sisters. The few exceptions are connected with the corporate friendship of young people inside closed educational institutions established by the will of Catherine II in order to breed “an ideal man and a perfect citizen”.

История появления в русском языке дружеских обращений старина и старик

This article explores when and under what circumstances the words starik and starina emerged as terms of friendship in standard Russian language. These terms were often used by male characters in the prose of the Khrushchev Thaw — students, scientists, and engineers. It was initially assumed that these words had become forms of address at that time. Analysis of data from the Russian National Corpus shows that these terms of friendship date back earlier than that. Starik was used to address a male friend in the 19th century and starina in the 1920s—30s. Decades apart, the two words started to function as terms of friendship in a very similar way. Both were used at first to address an elderly stranger. At some point, they turned into means of language play and speech stylisation to finally lose their connection to folk speech and the semantics of age. The first one to complete the transformation was the word starina. As to starik, it apparently began to be used as a term of friendship in lan­guages of groups.

Identities of Svanibor Pettan

Without doubt every individual has multiple identities. In our longstanding friendship I have witnessed some of Svanibor’s: ethnically Slovenian as well as Croatian, ethnomusicologist, engaged activist, ICTM official, white male, caring son, loving husband and loyal friend. And there would be many more to mention. Here I want to concentrate on some of his outstanding characteristics in his professional career. My thoughts are based on my personal perceptions.

Language choice and identity construction of Azerbaijani bilinguals in family and friendship domains

ABSTRACT This study investigates Azerbaijani bilinguals’ language choice and identity construction processes in family and friendship domains. Individual interviews were conducted with 19 (11 male, 8 female) participants. The emerged themes were classified under three categories, i.e. age, gender and language ideologies. The findings revealed that language attitudes and ideologies are the main reason for Azerbaijani bilinguals’ language choice in family and friendship domains. Farsi as the national language and the only language of education is considered important symbolic power compared to Azerbaijani Turkish language. The findings of the study also showed that age and gender in family domain and gender in friendship domain are influential factors in Azerbaijani bilinguals’ language choice. Azerbaijani bilingual females use Azerbaijani Turkish to speak to their older family members while they choose Farsi to speak to other family members. Azerbaijani bilingual males choose Azerbaijani Turkish to speak to their older family members, their brothers and their male friends but they speak in Farsi to their female family members and female friends as well as their children. The findings and implications are discussed in detail.

In or Out? The Existential Dilemma of Homosexuals in Iris Murdoch’s A Fairly Honorable Defeat

A Fairly Honorable Defeat is one of Iris Murdoch’s best acclaimed novels. Critics generally regard it as a triumph of the evil over the good, as embodied in characters Julius King and Tallis Browne. It could also be read from a different perspective as a fairly honorable defeat of the heterosexual love by the homosexual love. But Simon and Axel only win a narrow victory. Their non-normative sexuality still entangles them in gender, social and moral dilemmas. A detailed and close reading of the novel shows Murdoch’s concern not only about how the existential dilemma of homosexuals has shaped their gender identity and limited their moral vision and choice, but also about the underlying social problems of power and violence. By bringing into conversation Goffman’s theory of stigma, Butler’s theory of gender performance and Foucault’s view of male friendship, the article argues that Simon and Axel have to struggle between secrecy and disclosure of their sexual identity because of the large homophobic social environment. The insecurity and anxiety engendered by their sexual identity makes it difficult for them to associate with others in sincerity. Their moral weakness and failures are largely occasioned by the social environment.

The Power of Bromance in BL Fiction: A Homosexual Narrative in Chai Jidan’s Addicted

Male friendship has been an intriguing topic since ancient times. The relationship between two men with emotionally intense bonding or special intimacy has long been considered brotherhood. In respect of modern terminology, such friendship can be termed bromance. In human history, bromance used to be praised and documented in literature. Numerous examples can be found in both the West and the East. As time went by, bromance came to be regarded as an act of committing homosexuality. In this paper, I would like to discuss two major protagonists, Bai Luo Yin (Yin Zi) and Gu Hai, in Addicted by a Chinese female writer, Chai Jidan. This novel, also adopted for a TV drama, aroused dispute in China because of its controversial topic. As slash fiction, or so called Boys Love (BL), Addicted has triggered the issue of homosexuality since its first release. Though banned from airing on TV, the audience’s awareness of homosexuality awoke because of the admiration of the fearless love between these two protagonists. In this regard, this paper will begin with an analysis of sexuality, and then will further explain why 

PERAN PEREMPUAN SHAHABIYAH DALAM PERIWAYATAN HADITS

Women in the early days of Islam were given the opportunity as given to mento gain knowledge. To them the Messenger of Allah taught science in the form of his traditions, and they were also permitted to narrate the hadith that they received to others. Women narrated traditions directly from the Prophet, or through friends, both male friends and female friends. The hadiths that they have narrated are many and quite varied, concerning issues of faith and Islam in general, the problem of muamalah, especially matters related to women's issues, family life and household

Avenue (rue) Coloniale

This prose-poem is part of a larger critical-creative project on Montreal, which mixes memoir, feminist theory and literature. A key intertext is Nicole Brossard’s French Kiss, a celebration of language and desire. In Brossard’s counter-cultural novel, Marielle/Elle drives across Montreal from a French-speaking east side to English-speaking west side and back again. At the same time—a time outside patriarchal time—a francophone and anglophone woman engage in a lengthy kiss which is projected across urban space. Other moments see the women hang out with Marielle and two male friends, exploring and enjoying the pleasures of the city. My prose-poem is a tribute to Brossard’s novel, Montreal, and the feminist writer, Martine Delvaux, who lives in, and has written about, a neighbourhood featured in French Kiss.

WOMEN RESISTANCE IN EKA KURNIAWAN’S CORAT-CORET DI TOILET SHORT STORY COMPILATION BOOK

<p>Eka Kurniawan's Corat-coret di Toilet short stories compilation book contains twelve short stories that tell about light stories everyday but full of social criticism. Some of the short stories that portrayed female characters presented women who were not free in their lives, one of which was titled Dongeng Sebelum Bercinta and Si Cantik yang Tak Boleh Keluar Malam. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the position of women and their resistance toward patriarchal domination. This is interesting to be studied further by using feminist theory to find the position of women in literary works written by male writers. This research will focus on the actions of female characters which shape their position in the story. The data used in this study are in the form of words, sentences or expressions from short stories that show the dominance of patriarchy towards women and their efforts to get out of domination. From research using feminist theory it was found that patriarchal domination arises in the closest male characters to female characters such as fathers, male friends and husbands. Women resistance in the story was a form of false resistance which in turn strengthened the dominance of patriarchy and the dichotomy between men and women. This was found based on the fact that every resistance made by women turned to weaken women themselves.</p><p> <em> </em></p>

Men’s Perceptions and Emotional Responses to Becoming a Caregiver Father: The Role of Individual Differences in Masculine Honor Ideals and Reputation Concerns

Despite the rising number of men and women in counter-stereotypical roles, it is rare for men to serve as primary caregivers in families with dependent children. In two studies, we examined how British men and women perceive and emotionally react to primary caregiver (vs. breadwinner) fathers, whether their perceptions and reactions are contingent upon individual differences in masculine honor endorsement, and the potential mediators in these relationships. Results showed that both men and women perceived the primary caregiver fathers more positively – warmer and not less competent – than the primary breadwinner fathers, yet endorsement of masculine honor ideals increased men’s (but not women’s) tendency to attribute less positive emotions (e.g., proud and satisfied) and more negative emotions (e.g., ashamed and resentful) to the primary caregiver (vs. breadwinner) fathers. Mediated moderation analyses showed that for men with high masculine honor orientation, their less positive and more negative emotional attributions were driven by perceived loss of reputation among male friends, whereas for men with low masculine honor orientation, their more positive and less negative emotional attributions were driven by perceived gain of wife’s and children’s admiration. By shifting the focus to men’s individual differences and motives, these findings offer nuanced explanations for why some men may feel eager about serving as caregiver fathers, whereas others may feel reluctant to do so.

Dostlar ve Hizipler Üzerine: Shakespeare’in Tarih Oyunları

In the Late Elizabethan Period, factionalism complicated the notion of, especially, male friendship. The scarcity of financial resources of the royal patronage, the arbitrary distribution of favours, and bottom-up pressures of patronees further problematized a healthy relationship among patrons and patronees and among friends. The horizontal and vertical social relations were to be conducted within theatricality; by performing a certain social role, while keeping one’s real ideas as confidential as possible. Deception and hypocrisy were necessary in order to survive verbal and non-verbal means of factionalism, which targeted, especially one’s reputation. This, however, problematized the perception of the reality of social behaviour. Friendship should be about sincerity. Yet, that sincerity was usually nonexistent in the overall pattern of Late Elizabethan theatrical behaviour that lacked demarcated lines between essence and appearance in a clear-cut way. Published or unpublished examples of advice literature, therefore, urged a thorough analysis of the behaviours of friends to instrumentalise them in utilitarian ways. One ought to be careful in choosing friends, who should both give support and provide advice. One should also be careful in rejecting double-dealers and flatterers. The problems to meet practice and theory led to many shifts of allegiance, double-dealings, and the lack to differentiate between advice and flattery. In Shakespeare’s Elizabethan history plays, the reign of King John, the Hundred Years War, and the Wars of the Roses found in chronicles provided several conflicting sets of values about the notions of friendships that were adapted to contemporary phenomena in the Post-Armada Period. Whether seen as plays or read in quarto versions, the plays reinforced the perception of friendship as performance liable to be a matter of appearance rather than essence. Therefore, this article will analyse the notions of friendships in the Late Elizabethan Period in Shakespeare’s history plays and illustrate how factionalism problematized those notions.

Youth Suicide Rate Climbed After Debut of ‘13 Reasons Why’

Youth Suicide Rate Climbed After Debut of ‘13 Reasons Why’

What are the motivations and barriers to pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use among black men who have sex with men aged 18–45 in London? Results from a qualitative study

BackgroundBlack men who have sex with men (BMSM) have higher HIV incidence and prevalence when compared with other men who have sex with men, despite similar risk profiles. New prevention...