Male Society Research Articles

Exploring Female Hadith Transmitters: A Gender Perspective as a Modern Women’s History Lesson through Intelligent Ṣaḥabiyyāt

Islam encourages women to achieve the highest intellectual and spiritual abilities and does not prioritize men over women. The early generation of Islam, known as the Ṣaḥabiyyah (companions of the Prophet), played a significant role in narrating hadith from the first to the next generation. This study explores the role of the Ṣaḥabiyyāt (female companions of the Prophet) in narrating the greatest source of Islam, especially the hadith. The study uses a qualitative method, collecting data and inventorying female narrators from Jawāmi’ul Kālim software. The results show that over 160 female narrators from the time of the the Ṣaḥabat or Tābi’in played an active role in the transmission of hadith to the next generation. The intelligence of the Ṣaḥabiyyat not only became teachers but also of prominent male companions. The study can motivate females to be at the forefront of education and scientific transformation without fear of gender differentiation.

تغیرِ زمانہ اور تغیرِ حال کے سبب ظنی احکام اور فتاوی میں تبدیلی کے اصول و ضوابط اور عصر حاضر میں ان کی تطبیق

Issuing a verdict on a current situation and event in the light of Allah’s commands is called a fatwā. In Sharī‘ah, there is room for change in the fatwā due to the changes in the circumstances, which is clearly indicated by various definitive texts of the Qur’ān and Sunnah. The change in the fatwā means that the reasons for which a certain legal ruling was acted upon have changed, so the fatwā has also changed. That is, something that the early jurists had declared unlawful by their own reasoning, but later jurists declared it permissible due to the change of circumstances. There are countless examples in front of us in which the previous ruling of something has been abandoned and a new ruling has been issued. And this change has been going on from the era of the Prophet to the present era. There are four reasons on the basis of which change can be made in the fatwā: ratio-legis, custom, necessity, and blocking the means. It has always been the opinion of Muslim jurists that a woman cannot perform Ḥajj without a maḥram (a male family companion with whom marriage is prohibited), however, the scholars of the present era have given this fatwā that if a woman’s husband or maḥram gives her permission to go on the journey of Ḥajj without a maḥram, then it is permissible. The reason for this change in the fatwā is that the cause of the prohibition of traveling without a maḥram, i.e., the fear of corruption, is no longer found. A woman can safely perform the obligatory Ḥajj by choosing modern means of travel and secure accommodation without a maḥram. Those fatwās that are based on the Qur’ān, Sunnah and consensus of the Ummah, there is no room for change in them. However, only those fatwās that are based on analogy, reasoning, custom and habit, etc., can be changed according to the changing circumstances, which is in accordance with the Sharī‘ah. Therefore, it is the duty of the scholars and intellectuals to examine the new issues arising in their era in the light of these four cases of change in the fatwā and issue such a fatwā that makes things easier.

Is there a right time for dairy Alpine goat kid weaning: How does the weaning age of dairy Alpine goat kids affect their growth and behavior?

In dairy goat kids, weaning is often associated with poor growth leading to a decline in welfare and performance; however, little is known about optimal weaning practices. This study aimed to determine the optimal weaning age for dairy goat kids to maximize outcome measures of welfare related to growth, feed intake, and behavior. Thirty-six newborn female Alpine kids were blocked by weight and birth date, paired with a similar male companion and randomly allocated to one of the three weaning age treatments: 6 (6W), 8 (8W), and 10wk (10W). Kids had ad libitum access to acidified milk replacer refilled twice daily, concentrates, hay, and water. Milk consumption was measured daily, and concentrate consumption, weekly. Ten behaviors were live observed on days -8, -4, 0, 6, and 12 relative to weaning (i.e., weaning day = 0). Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to assess differences from baseline between the 6W, 8W, and 10W treatments. Post hoc analysis using the Dwass, Steel, Critchlow-Fligner (DSCF) multiple comparison analysis was used to evaluate pairwise treatment differences based on two-sample Wilcoxon comparisons. Kids weaned at 10wk had the greatest increase compared to baseline in concentrate consumption (P = 0.0160), and greatest decrease compared to baseline in vocalization (P = 0.0008) while both 8- and 10- wk kid's groups had the greatest increase compared to baseline in self-grooming time (P < 0.0001), and cross-sucking time (P = 0.0006). Kids weaned at 6wk of age were found to have the smallest increase compared to baseline in concentrate consumption (P = 0.0160) and self-grooming time (P < 0.0001), and the greatest increase compared to baseline in allogrooming time (P = 0.0032) and in redirected behaviors aimed towards the environment (biting and licking time [P = 0.0173]; displacement at the nipple frequency [P = 0.0236]). No negative impact of weaning on growth of either group was identified. Overall, our results tend towards a higher degree of discomfort behaviors (allogrooming, biting/licking, displacement, and vocalizations) in kids weaned earlier compared to later weaning, while kids weaned later showed higher levels of positive behaviors (lying time and self-grooming).

Evliya’s Song: Listening to the Early Modern Ottoman Court

Abstract This article discusses the relationship between music, sound, writing, and power in the early modern Ottoman Empire. It focuses on a description of a musical gathering at the court of Murad IV (r. 1623–40) in the Seyahatnâme (Book of travels), written by the courtier and musician Evliya Çelebi (1611–ca. 1685). The article draws on literature from historical anthropology, sound studies, and Ottoman cultural history to produce a multilayered reading that underscores the importance of music and other sonic practices in Ottoman courtly culture. Shifting between micro and macro perspectives, the article discusses the role of ceremonial music, Qur’anic recitation, the call to prayer, and patronage networks in the projection of imperial power. It then discusses the social implications of debates about the religious permissibility of music and the distinction between elites and commoners. Elite music-making is situated within a larger context of kin relations, patronage networks, and intimate male companionship. Themes of sensual pleasure, intoxication, and eroticism are discussed as poetic and philosophical tropes that are embodied in the intersubjective space of musical performance. Finally, the article highlights the role of textual practices in the construction of Ottoman music as a discursive formation. A situating of Evliya’s writing practices within the larger textual archive of Ottoman music raises methodological and epistemological questions about the relationship between aural experience and inscription, and about notions of historiographic and ethnographic truth. These questions are connected to current disciplinary debates about writing, sound, and power, particularly in the context of empire.

Firearm Homicides of US Children Precipitated by Intimate Partner Violence: 2003-2020.

Examine characteristics associated with firearm homicides of children aged 0-17 years precipitated by intimate partner violence (IPV). Data were from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention's National Violent Death Reporting System (49 states, District of Columbia, Puerto Rico; 2003-2020). Logistic regression was used to examine associations between various characteristics and IPV among child firearm homicides. From 2003-2020, a total of 11 594 child homicides were captured in the National Violent Death Reporting System, of which 49.3% (n = 5716) were firearm homicides; 12.0% (n = 686) of child firearm homicides were IPV-related. Among IPV-related child firearm homicides, 86.0% (n = 590) were child corollary victims (ie, children whose death was connected to IPV between others); 14.0% (n = 96) were teens killed by a current or former dating partner. Child firearm homicides had greater odds of involving IPV when precipitated by conflict, crises, and cooccurring with the perpetrator's suicide compared with those without these characteristics. Over half of IPV-related firearm homicides of child corollary victims included homicide of the adult intimate partner, of which 94.1% were the child victim's mother. Child firearm homicides perpetrated by mothers' male companions (adjusted odds ratio, 6.9; 95% confidence interval, 3.9-12.1) and children's fathers (adjusted odds ratio, 4.5; 95% confidence interval, 3.0-6.8) had greater odds of involving IPV compared with those perpetrated by mothers. Multiple factors were associated with greater odds of child firearm homicides being IPV-related. Strategies promoting healthy intimate partner relationships starting at a young age; assessment of danger to children in IPV situations; strengthening economic supports for families; creating safe, stable, and nurturing relationships and environments for children; and addressing social and structural inequities are important for preventing firearm homicides of children, including those involving IPV.

Adults Together

Americans who spend time with common mammalian companion animals do not typically spend much time around reproductively mature animals, as laws and cultures support the widespread spaying and neutering of pets (with some significant exceptions). However, one important population of humans and animals does not entirely match this trend: horse people. While male companion horses are very commonly castrated, or “gelded,” female horses are almost universally allowed to mature into fully reproductive individuals. For many animal enthusiasts, mares are the only reproductively mature mammals other than humans that they ever spend time with. This lack of experience with full animal maturity, in its physical and behavioral senses, has shaped human paradigms for relating to mares. The female body of the companion horse, then, because it is at once fully chaste and also fully sexualized unlike any other nonhuman body most humans are exposed to, is both a body to be managed and a uniquely effective screen on which to project complex cultural values and gendered anxieties. Starting with an interdisciplinary examination of the veterinary practice of pharmaceutically regulating mares’ hormones, followed by analysis of public discourses in art, literature, and social media that interpellate relationships between mares and women, this essay argues that contemporary techniques of disciplining the sexual maturity of mares have deep historical and cultural roots. This essay also expands a growing body of work that includes material multispecies relationships within sexuality studies. By attending to the strategies through which full adulthood and maturity are not afforded to companion animals, we can see how stubborn patriarchal patterns become persistently embedded in familial multispecies relationships.

The Types of Masculinity in "Me Before You" (2012) by Jojo Moyes

This research is an analysis of the novel by Jojo Moyes entitled Me Before You (2012). The objective of this research is to find out the forms of masculinity depicted in this novel. This study employs masculinity theory to analyzed the novel and supported by feminist theory and patriarchy theory. This a qualitave descritipve by using masculinity theory which supported by feminist literary theory and patriarchy ideologies. The results of this study shows there are several forms of masculinity depicted in this novel which are; strength, power, stoicism, action, control, independence and self-sufficiency. The result of this research shows that disability is the opposite of what is called masculine. A masculine man must have strength, power, stoicism, action, control, independence, self-sufficiency, male companionship, mateship and work.

Child abuse-related homicides precipitated by caregiver use of harsh physical punishment

BackgroundPhysical punishment (PP), which may involve the use of physical force, has been linked to negative effects in children and can escalate to abusive or harsh PP, resulting in injury or death. ObjectiveTo examine characteristics associated with fatal abuse involving caregiver use of harsh PP. MethodsData were from the National Violent Death Reporting System in 40 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico for years 2012–2018. Qualitative analysis was used to code textual material into categorial data, and logistic regression was used to examine associations between various characteristics and harsh PP. ResultsApproximately 4 % (n = 87) of the 2414 abuse-related homicides were known to have been precipitated by caregiver use of harsh PP. In adjusted models, homicides had greater odds of being harsh PP-related when incidents involved mothers' male companions (versus fathers), victims had a previous nonfatal injury (versus no previous nonfatal injury), and another adult participated in the fatal incident or had awareness of prior abuse/neglect (versus those without this characteristic). Two common precipitators of caregivers' use of harsh PP were: 1) child had a bathroom-related accident/soiled clothes (23.0 %; n = 20), and 2) child disobeyed a directive given by the perpetrator (17.2 %; n = 15). ConclusionsThis study highlights characteristics associated with fatal abuse precipitated by caregiver use of harsh PP. Children were physically punished for developmentally normative behaviors. Ensuring caregivers are aware of and use effective parenting practices that focus on use of nonphysical discipline and promote healthy child development, may help decrease harsh PP and physical abuse-related homicides among children.

PSXIII-B-15 Late Weaning Improves Growth and Reduces the Breeding age in Alpine Dairy Goats

Abstract The aim was to evaluate the effect of weaning age on growth in Alpine dairy goats. Thirty-six female kids were randomly assigned to one of 3 treatments: 1) early weaning at 6 wk of age (6-wk), 2) weaning at 8 wk of age (8-wk), and 3) late weaning at 10 wk of age (10-wk). Treatments were blocked by BW and birth date, and each female kid was housed with a male companion of similar age and BW. Kids had ad libitum access to acidified milk replacer (ME=4.7 Mcal/kg DM), kid starter (ME=2.35 Mcal/kg DM), hay (ME=1.26 Mcal/kg DM) and water. Weaning was performed progressively over 7 d. For the 12 wk period, feed intakes for 6-wk, 8-wk and 10-wk were respectively: 135, 201 and 287 g/d for milk replacer; 90, 68, 54 g/d for hay; 25, 19 and 13 g/d for starter feed. Total ME intake was higher when increasing weaning age (6-wk, 281 kcal/d; 8-wk, 303 kcal/d; 10-wk, 371 kcal/d, P&amp;lt; 0.05). Interestingly, at weaning, total ME intake dropped more markedly when weaning was early (6-wk, 95 kcal/d; 8-wk, 297 kcal/d; 10-wk, 451 kcal/d, P&amp;lt; 0.05). 10-wk had higher BW at 12 wk of age (23.9 kg), compared with 6-wk (21.2 kg, P=0.004), and a trend was observed with 8-wk (22.2 kg, P=0.059). This effect of weaning age on BW was prolonged over time with heavier BW in 10-wk at 8 months (36.1 kg), compared to 6-wk (33.6 kg, P=0.04), and a trend was observed with 8-wk (34.0 kg). Using growth curves, extending the weaning age of dairy goats allowed to reach the breeding BW target of 32 kg sooner (6-wk, 191 d; 8-wk, 188 d; 10-wk, 161 d, P&amp;lt; 0.05). Overall, weaning kids at 10 wk limited the negative impact of earlier weaning on growth in the Alpine breed.

Review: Traveling Black: A Story of Race and Resistance, by Mia Bay

Review: <i>Traveling Black: A Story of Race and Resistance</i>, by Mia Bay

Forecasting analysis of COVID-19 cases in eastern Visayas, Philippines

The disease caused by the novel coronavirus was named by the World Health Organization as COVID-19. COVID-19 has a basic reproduction number of 2 – 2.5, indicating that two to three people will contract the virus from a single patient. The first case in the Philippines was reported on January 30, 2020 when a Chinese woman arrived via Hong Kong from Wuhan, China. Her male companion died a few days later, the first known death outside of China. The Eastern Visayas region of the Philippines also felt the impact of the virus and had community-level transmissions. In this study, the researchers used ARIMA to forecast the COVID-19 cases of the provinces/cities in the region, namely, Biliran, Eastern Samar, Northern Samar, Samar, Leyte, Southern Leyte, Tacloban City, and Ormoc City, from September 5, 2021 to October 30, 2021. The dataset for this study where the official COVID-19 cases dataset from March 1, 2020 to October 30, 2020 provided by the Regional Epidemiology & Surveillance Unit of the Department of Health (DOH) – Eastern Visayas Center for Health and Development. Based on the results, it was found that all provinces/cities will have different developments in their COVID-19 cases. The results can be used in making strategic decisions in terms of planning, managing, procuring facilities, and other relevant mechanisms to address COVID-19 and similar healthcare operations in time of the pandemic.

Karakteristik Responden Selama Pengambilan Darah Vena terhadap Tekanan Darah pada Anak

This study aims to describe the characteristics of respondents during venous blood sampling on blood pressure in children. This type of research is observational research with a descriptive approach. The study results showed that the respondents who had normal blood pressure were school-age children, female, and the companion education was primary education (SD-SMP). Meanwhile, the pre-hypertension blood pressure of most school-age children of male and female gender with accompanying education is primary education. In conclusion, the description of respondents' characteristics during venous blood sampling on blood pressure in children is the majority of normal blood pressure with school-age children of male sex and companion education is primary education (SD-SMP).&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Children, Gender; Venous Blood Draw, Blood Pressure

Use of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound of the Testes after Non-Surgical Sterilization of Male Dogs with CaCl2 in Alcohol.

Simple SummaryThe uncontrolled stray dog population presents a serious threat to public health due to the increased risk of transmitting zoonotic diseases and inflicting human injury. There is a growing interest in non-surgical chemical sterilization via intratesticular injection of chemical neutering agents such as calcium chloride, which causes sterility due to azoospermia. In this study, we monitored immediate vascular alterations in dogs from chemical sterilization, using contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) before and after intratesticular inoculation with calcium chloride. The CEUS is an imaging technique used to obtain a quali-quantitative assessment of tissue perfusion by intravenously injecting gas-filled microbubble contrast agent. The CEUS evaluation was performed in canine testes before and after intratesticular inoculation with calcium chloride. Our results showed that the hardening agent caused a drastic reduction of the intratesticular blood flow, which was reflected by sonographic findings. CEUS can help clinicians define immediate testicular vascular alterations achieved by chemical castration. Nevertheless, more studies are required to apply this methodology to more subjects in a broader weight range among stray dogs.Sterilization by intratesticular injection of chemical agents is a non-surgical alternative to neutering male companion animals. We used contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) to monitor vascular alterations to testes immediately after the intratesticular injection of CaCL2 in alcohol. We evaluated the CEUS features of normal and damaged testes in 20 dogs after the intratesticular injection of CaCl2. The CEUS evaluation was performed at the site of the chemical agent inoculation. In treated testes, qualitative CEUS showed a lower intensity enhancement of the parenchyma than pre-treatment normal testes with a predominantly anechoic pattern and only a few hyperechoic vascular focal spots. Quantitative CEUS showed significantly lower values of time-intensity curve (TIC) parameters, including signal intensity (Peak: 4.72 ± 2.1), regional blood volume (RBV: 134.3 ± 63.7), and regional blood flow (RBF: 4.36 ± 2.18) than normal testes (p < 0.001). Sonographic findings from CEUS showed hypovascularization of the canine testicular parenchyma caused by the hardening agent. This diagnostic technique helps clinicians define testicular vascular alterations achieved by chemical castration more efficiently. Nevertheless, more studies are required to apply this methodology to more subjects with a broader weight range and stray dogs.

Exploring the Discrimination Factors of Marine Women Officers Onboard

Seafaring is a challenging working environment for women. For the last two decades, mainly in western countries, women have been showing their existence in the fleet, but as the chief marine, women officers such as captain, executives, or leader posts aboard are very poor with respect to other services. In practice, women continuously face many problems from working environments, and it may be very high in seafaring. The current article aims to determine the factors related to discrimination of women officers (DOWO) onboard based on a data set containing 149 female officers’ responses from 18 different countries. The aimed response DOWO is marked as heteroscedastic. It is derived that the mean (or average) of DOWO is directly linked to women nationality (Spanish = 1; Others = 2) (P=0.0022), while it is reciprocally linked to her professional qualification (P=0.0290) and their male companion’s support (P&lt;0.0001). The DOWO’s variance is reciprocally linked to women nationality (P= 0.0356), while it is directly and partially linked to their age (P=0.1343) and contract’s type (P=0.0799). It is observed that women officers with Spanish nationality, higher qualifications and their male companion’s support can reduce the degree of discrimination against women.

Reunion with Self in Terry McMillan’s I Almost Forgot About You

The novel I Almost Forgot About You by Terry McMillan, which deals with the problem of finding your own identity by studying the components of personality and the context in the formation of identity, is examined. African American feminist literature consists of common themes like sense of being different, managing multiple selves and quest for identity. Terry McMillans works represent African American female characters struggle for self-realization that help them in better understanding of the present and planning for the future by reestablishing their identity. The predicament of Georgia, protagonist of the novel, is that she has lost selfhood after subsequent divorces. In due course of time, her role in the family becomes diminished; also she loses interest in the professional life. Her aimlessness and strong desire to restore self leads her to search for male companion among her old boyfriends. She believes that self-satisfaction is possible with exploration of self for that she decides to go on a train trip and tries to focus on nurturing the hobby of woodwork. It helps her in regaining her internal and external self. Thus, the leitmotif of the novel is the search for your own identity as an attempt of inquiry for the destined future.

Postface

Postface

Addressing the Trajectory of Cultural and Gender Discrimination among Marine Women Officers

Seafaring is openly challenging working circumstances for females. For the last twenty-two years, females in western countries have been interested in joining the fleet, but as the captaincy roles aboard, their numbers are minimal compared to other jobs. In every working place, females always face many unusual problems, which are more in seafaring. The manuscript derives the discrimination factors of marine women officers (MWOs) onboard due to cultural (or racial) or being a woman using the experiences of 149 women officers from 18 different countries. Two experiences such as onboard discrimination due to cultural reasons (DDCR) and not being promoted in the company as being women (NPCW) for MWOs are considered the responses in the present study. It was found out that mean DDCR is positively associated with age (P=0.0313), nationality (P=0.0047), current position onboard (P=0.1051), while it is negatively associated with cohabitation (P=0.0137) and type of contract (P=0.0719). Variance of DDCR is negatively associated with male companions' support (P=0.1432). Also, mean NPCW is negatively associated with her male companions' support (P&lt;0.0001), while its variance is positively associated with professional qualification (P=0.1317). It was found out herein that MWOs from other nations (except Spanish) at older ages, second class officers, staying single with temporary contracts are highly discriminated against based on cultural (or racial) reasons. In addition, MWOs with higher male companions' support are very rarely promoted in the company.

Taking offense: An emotion reconsidered

Taking offense: An emotion reconsidered

Fraternelle mélancolie: Melville et Hawthorne, une passion

Fraternelle mélancolie: Melville et Hawthorne, une passion

An intersectional approach to hegemonic masculinity and internal hegemony: a thematic analysis in South African men

ABSTRACT Using an intersectional framework, our study investigated social categories that intersect with hegemonic masculinities and internal hegemony. A South African context was chosen due to its recent Apartheid history of assigning racial hierarchical privileges between men, and the subsequent encouragement to amalgamate that has brought differences in masculinities to the surface. Fifteen newly enrolled participants in a ‘community of practice’ were interviewed before and after a specific programme. Using thematic analysis, our study concludes that cultural identity is profound in defining hegemonic masculine identity for South African men, while race continues to play a decisive role for internal hegemony. Additionally, social categories of sexuality, marital status, and the number of wives and children signal external hegemony to other men, and these have an amplified effect on internal hegemony. Despite continued racial hierarchy, our research participants showed their admiration of aspects of indigenous African cultures and their approach to manhood including rites of passage, the role of elders, and male companionship. We conclude that race and cultural awareness of other masculinities exacerbate internal hegemony.