Male Cancer Mortality Research Articles

All-Cause and Cancer Mortality Trends in Macheng, China (1984⁻2013): An Age-Period-Cohort Analysis.

The aim was to study the variation trends of all-cause and cancer mortality during 1984–2013 in Macheng City, China. The mortality data were collected from Macheng City disease surveillance points system and Hubei Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The model life table system was used to adjust mortality rates due to an under-reporting problem. An age-period-cohort model and intrinsic estimator algorithm were used to estimate the age effect, period effect, and cohort effect of all-cause mortality and cancer mortality for males and females. Age effect of all-cause mortality for both sexes increased with age, while the age effect of cancer mortality for both sexes reached a peak at the age group of 55–59 years old and then decreased. The relative risks (RRs) of all-cause mortality for males and females declined with the period and decreased by 51.13% and 63.27% during the whole study period, respectively. Furthermore, the period effect of cancer mortality in both sexes decreased at first and then increased. The cohort effect of all-cause and cancer mortality for both sexes born after 1904 presented the pattern of “rise first and then fall,” and decreased by 82.18% and 90.77% from cohort 1904–1908 to 1989–1993, respectively; especially, the risk of all-cause and cancer mortality for both sexes born before 1949 was much higher than that for those born after 1949.

Smoking, alcohol and cancer mortality in Eastern European men: Findings from the PrivMort retrospective cohort study.

Eastern European men have among the highest cancer mortality rates globally. Prevalence of smoking and alcohol intake in this region is also high. The aim of our study was to calculate population attributable risk fraction (PARF) of cancer deaths from smoking and alcohol in Russia, Belarus and Hungary, and to examine the contribution of these lifestyle factors to differences in male cancer mortality in the three countries. Data were collected as part of the PrivMort retrospective cohort study. Randomly selected participants living in mid-size towns in Russia, Belarus and Hungary provided information on smoking habits, alcohol consumption, vital status and cause of death (if applicable) of male relatives (fathers, siblings and partners). PARF of cancer deaths (age 35-79) due to smoking, alcohol consumption and both combined was estimated between 2001 and 2013. Among 72,190 men, 4,702 died of cancer. Age standardized cancer mortality rates were similar to official data in all three countries. The estimated PARF (95% CI) associated with measures of smoking, alcohol consumption, both combined, and overall smoking or drinking were 25% (19-30), 2% (0-4), 29% (19-39), 43% (32-53) in Russia, 18% (8-28), 2% (-1 to 6), 28% (20-35), 38% (25-50) in Belarus and 17% (13-20), 1% (0-3), 25% (20-30), 35% (28-42) in Hungary, respectively. These results suggest that in Eastern Europe, at least one third of cancer deaths in males may have been attributable to smoking and/or alcohol consumption in recent years. Health policies targeting these lifestyle factors can have a major impact on population health.

Actein inhibits cell proliferation and migration and promotes cell apoptosis in human non-small cell lung cancer cells.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of death in smokers and the most common cause for cancer mortality in both males and females in the United States. Predisposition of this malignancy to distant metastasis leads to poor prognosis; therefore, it is urgent to discover novel therapeutic agents for metastatic NSCLC. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of actein treatment on NSCLC cell growth and migration. Cell viability assays demonstrated that administration of actein markedly inhibited NSCLC cell proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Transwell assays demonstrated that actein treatment suppressed cell migration and invasion in two NSCLC cell lines, A549 and 95D. Furthermore, treatment with actein remarkably increased the activities of caspase-3 and -9 in NSCLC cells. The protein expression levels of cytoplasmic BCL2 apoptosis regulator (Bcl-2) and BCL2 associated X (Bax) were markedly decreased, while the protein expression levels of mitochondrial Bax, caspase-3, -9 and cytochrome c were upregulated following actein treatment, as evidenced by western blot analysis. The present results demonstrated that actein inhibited cell proliferation and metastasis and promoted cell apoptosis in NSCLC cells, which indicated that actein administration might serve as a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of NSCLC in the clinic.

Abstract 5143: Fusogenic targeted liposomes: novel nanotherapy for specific treatment of prostate cancer

Abstract Metastatic or castrate-resistant prostate cancer is the second-leading cause of cancer mortality in males. In the past 3 years, chemotherapies have extended survival, but efficacy is limited by dose-limiting toxicities due to suboptimal biodistribution. Here, we have addressed the lack of specificity and accumulation in Castrate Resistant Prostate Cancer (CRPC) by developing a unique nano-carrier for drug delivery: molecular targeted fusogenic liposomes. Previously, we have developed a platform whereby lipid nanoparticles are formulated with fusion associated small transmembrane (FAST) protein p14. The p14 protein catalyzes mixing of the nanoparticle lipids with target plasma membrane to deliver the cargo directly into the cytoplasm. In this study, we have engineered the p14 protein to incorporate the prostate cancer targeting ligand bombesin, which binds specifically to the Gastrin-releasing Peptide (GRPR) that is overexpressed in prostate cancer. We hypothesized that this novel targeted fusogenic liposome formulation would significantly improve the biodistribution and efficacy of chemotherapy. A clinical liposomal doxorubicin formulation (DOXIL) was modified to incorporate targeted fusogenic p14 protein, and the efficacy and biodistribution of these new formulations was evaluated using in vitro and in vivo models of CRPC. In PC3 cells, compared to conventional liposomes, intracellular levels of doxorubicin are increased by 15 and 25 times when p14 or p14-bombesin liposomes are used. Additionally, the IC50 is reduced from 85mM to 2mM. In mice bearing PC3 tumors treated with targeted fusogenic liposomal doxorubicin, we observed improved tumor growth inhibition by 57% (vs control) and 1.5 fold increased accumulation in tumors within 24h after administration. These proof of concept experiments indicate that molecular targeted fusogenic nanomedicines can improve both the intracellular delivery and tumor accumulation of chemotherapy, improving outcomes in this preclinical model. This highlights the potential for improved outcomes in patients with CRPC through the enhancement of approved drugs. Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Jihane Mriouah, Rae Lynn Nesbitt, Susan Richter, Melinda Wuest, Desmond Pink, Deborah Sosnowski, Roy Duncan, Frank Wuest, Andries Zijlstra, John Lewis. Fusogenic targeted liposomes: novel nanotherapy for specific treatment of prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5143. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-5143

Abstract 1279: A polymorphism of VEGF -2489C/T is associated with prostate cancer susceptibility in Mexicans

Abstract Introduction: Prostate cancer (CaP) encompasses a range of malignant prostate tissue dysplasias that primarily affects men over 50 years, is the second leading cause of cancer mortality in males. VEGF expression is associated with tumor progression and metastasis in patients with CaP. The SNP -1154 G/A is associated with the severity of CaP populations in Tunisia and the United Kingdom while -634 G/C alone has been associated in Tunisian population. It is unknown whether these polymorphisms could serve as biomarkers in the Mexican population. Aim: To associate VEGF polymorphisms -1154 G/A and - 634 G/C with the severity of prostate cancer in patients of western Mexico. Materials and methods: The gDNA was analyzed a total of 525 men of whom 301 are presented HBP and 224 patients with clinical diagnosis of prostate cancer. For association with severity they were subclassified into high (≥7) and low grade (≤6) following the Gleason scale. Genotyping was performed by Real Time PCR using TaqMan probes system. Results. When we compare the allelic frequencies in the control group, they are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. However, no significant association of the disease with polymorphisms or severity or progression was found. Conclusions: There is no association between prostate cancer and genetic polymorphisms at -634 and -1154 position of the promoter region of VEGF. Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Abril Martínez-Rizo, Xavi Casillas-Rangel, Cuerpo Académico Investigación Bioquímica (UAN-CA-266), Hilda Andrade-Madrid, Veronica Benites-Godinez, Nallhely Rodríguez-Ocampo. A polymorphism of VEGF -2489C/T is associated with prostate cancer susceptibility in Mexicans [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1279. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-1279

Residential radon exposure and brain cancer: an ecological study in a radon prone area (Galicia, Spain)

We aimed to know if radon concentration is associated with municipal mortality due to brain cancer in Galicia, Spain. We designed an ecological study taking as study unit Galician municipalities. To be included, municipalities had to have at least three radon measurements. We correlated radon concentrations with municipal mortality due to these malignant tumors during the period 1999–2008. We calculated the relative risk of dying of brain cancers for each municipality and correlated this value with municipal radon concentration using Spearman’s Rho. 251 municipalities were included, with close to 3,500 radon measurements and an average of 14 radon measurements at each municipality. We observed a significant correlation between residential radon with brain cancer mortality for males and females and the intensity of the correlation was higher for females. These results were reinforced when the analysis was restricted to municipalities with more than 5 radon measurements: Spearman’s Rho 0.286 (p-value < 0.001) and Spearman’s Rho 0.509 (p-value < 0.001) for males and females, respectively. These results suggest an association between residential radon and brain cancer mortality. More research using more robust epidemiological designs is needed to confirm these findings.

Spatial Analysis of Ambient PM2.5 Exposure and Bladder Cancer Mortality in Taiwan.

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is an air pollutant that is receiving intense regulatory attention in Taiwan. In previous studies, the effect of air pollution on bladder cancer has been explored. This study was conducted to elucidate the effect of atmospheric PM2.5 and other local risk factors on bladder cancer mortality based on available 13-year mortality data. Geographically weighted regression (GWR) was applied to estimate and interpret the spatial variability of the relationships between bladder cancer mortality and ambient PM2.5 concentrations, and other variables were covariates used to adjust for the effect of PM2.5. After applying a GWR model, the concentration of ambient PM2.5 showed a positive correlation with bladder cancer mortality in males in northern Taiwan and females in most of the townships in Taiwan. This is the first time PM2.5 has been identified as a risk factor for bladder cancer based on the statistical evidence provided by GWR analysis.

Incidence and mortality from colon and rectal cancer in Midwestern Brazil.

To describe the incidence and mortality rates from colon and rectal cancer in Midwestern Brazil. Data for the incidence rates were obtained from the Population-Based Cancer Registry (PBCR) according to the available period. Mortality data were obtained from the Mortality Information System (SIM) for the period between 1996 and 2008. Incidence and mortality rates were calculated by gender and age groups. Mortality trends were analyzed by the Joinpoint software. The age-period-cohort effects were calculated by the R software. The incidence rates for colon cancer vary from 4.49 to 23.19/100,000, while mortality rates vary from 2.85 to 14.54/100,000. For rectal cancer, the incidence rates range from 1.25 to 11.18/100,000 and mortality rates range between 0.30 and 7.90/100,000. Colon cancer mortality trends showed an increase among males in Cuiabá, Campo Grande, and Goiania. For those aged under 50 years, the increased rate was 13.2% in Campo Grande. For those aged over 50 years, there was a significant increase in the mortality in all capitals. In Goiânia, rectal cancer mortality in males increased 7.3%. For females below 50 years of age in the city of Brasilia, there was an increase of 8.7%, while females over 50 years of age in Cuiaba showed an increase of 10%. There is limited data available on the incidence of colon and rectal cancer for the Midwest region of Brazil. Colon cancer mortality has generally increased for both genders, but similar data were not verified for rectal cancer. The findings presented herein demonstrate the necessity for organized screening programs for colon and rectal cancer in Midwestern Brazil.

Abstract 2192: Fusogenic targeted liposomes as next-generation nanomedicine for prostate cancer

Abstract Metastatic or castrate-resistant is the second-leading cause of cancer mortality in males. In the past 3 years, chemotherapies have extended survival, but efficacy is limited by dose-limiting toxicities due to suboptimal biodistribution. We address the lack of specificity and accumulation in Castrate Resistant Prostate Cancer (CRPC) by developing a unique nano-carrier for drug delivery: targeted fusogenic liposomes. We have developed a platform whereby liposomes are formulated with fusion associated small transmembrane protein p14 displaying targeting ligands. The p14 protein catalyzes mixing of the liposomal bilayer with cell membranes to deliver the cargo directly into the cytoplasm, while the targeting ligand bombesin, allows for targeting to the Gastrin-releasing Peptide (GRPR) that is overexpressed in prostate cancer. We hypothesized that this novel targeted fusogenic liposome formulation would significantly improve the biodistribution and efficacy of chemotherapy. A clinical liposomal doxorubicin formulation (DOXIL) was modified to incorporate targeted fusogenic p14 protein. We then evaluated the efficacy and biodistribution of these new formulations using in vitro and in vivo models of CRPC. In PC3 cells, compared to conventional liposomes, intracellular levels of doxorubicin are increased by 15 and 25 times when p14 or p14-bombesin liposomes are used. Additionally, the IC50 is reduced from 85mM to 2mM. In mice bearing PC3 tumors treated with targeted fusogenic liposomal doxorubicin, we observed tumor growth inhibition of 57% (vs control). This establishes a proof of concept for an innovative targeted drug delivery system that may improve the outcome of patients with CRPC by enhancing the effect of approved drugs. Citation Format: Jihane M. Mriouah, Rae Lynn Nesbitt, Deborah Sosnowski, Desmond Pink, Roy Duncan, Andries Ziljstra, John D. Lewis. Fusogenic targeted liposomes as next-generation nanomedicine for prostate cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 2192.

Male Breast Cancer Incidence and Mortality Risk in the Japanese Atomic Bomb Survivors - Differences in Excess Relative and Absolute Risk from Female Breast Cancer.

Background:There are well-known associations of ionizing radiation with female breast cancer, and emerging evidence also for male breast cancer. In the United Kingdom, female breast cancer following occupational radiation exposure is among that set of cancers eligible for state compensation and consideration is currently being given to an extension to include male breast cancer.Objectives:We compare radiation-associated excess relative and absolute risks of male and female breast cancers.Methods:Breast cancer incidence and mortality data in the Japanese atomic-bomb survivors were analyzed using relative and absolute risk models via Poisson regression.Results:We observed significant (p ≤ 0.01) dose-related excess risk for male breast cancer incidence and mortality. For incidence and mortality data, there are elevations by factors of approximately 15 and 5, respectively, of relative risk for male compared with female breast cancer incidence, the former borderline significant (p = 0.050). In contrast, for incidence and mortality data, there are elevations by factors of approximately 20 and 10, respectively, of female absolute risk compared with male, both statistically significant (p < 0.001). There are no indications of differences between the sexes in age/time-since-exposure/age-at-exposure modifications to the relative or absolute excess risk. The probability of causation of male breast cancer following radiation exposure exceeds by at least a factor of 5 that of many other malignancies.Conclusions:There is evidence of much higher radiation-associated relative risk for male than for female breast cancer, although absolute excess risks for males are much less than for females. However, the small number of male cases and deaths suggests a degree of caution in interpretation of this finding.Citation:Little MP, McElvenny DM. 2017. Male breast cancer incidence and mortality risk in the Japanese atomic bomb survivors – differences in excess relative and absolute risk from female breast cancer. Environ Health Perspect 125:223–229; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP151

Birth rates among male cancer survivors and mortality rates among their offspring: a population-based study from Sweden

BackgroundWith improvements in treatment of cancer, more men of fertile age are survivors of cancer. This study evaluates trends in birth rates among male cancer survivors and mortality rates of their offspring.MethodsFrom the Swedish Multi-generation Register and Cancer Register, we identified 84,752 men ≤70 years with a history of cancer, for which we calculated relative birth rates as compared to the background population(Standardized Birth Ratios, SBRs). We also identified 126,696 offspring of men who had cancer, and compared their risks of death to the background population(Standardized Mortality Ratio, SMRs). Independent factors associated with reduced birth rates and mortality rates were estimated with Poisson modelling.ResultsMen with a history of cancer were 23 % less likely to father a child compared to the background population(SBR 0.77, 95 % Confidence Interval[CI] 0.75–0.79). Nulliparous men were significantly more likely to father a child after diagnosis (SBR 0.81, 95 % CI 0.79–0.83) compared to parous men (SBR 0.68, 95 % CI 0.66–0.74). Cancer site(prostate), onset of cancer during childhood or adolescence, parity status at diagnosis(parous), current age(>40 years) and a recent diagnosis were significant and independent predictors of a reduced probability of fathering a child after diagnosis.Of the 126,696 children born to men who have had a diagnosis of cancer, 2604(2.06 %) died during follow up. The overall mortality rate was similar to the background population(SMR of 1.00, 95 %CI 0.96–1.04) and was not affected by the timing of their birth in relation to father’s cancer diagnosis.ConclusionMale cancer survivors are less likely to father a child compared to the background population. This is influenced by cancer site, age of onset and parity status at diagnosis. However, their offspring are not at an increased risk of death.

Regional Inequalities in Lung Cancer Mortality in Belgium at the Beginning of the 21st Century: The Contribution of Individual and Area-Level Socioeconomic Status and Industrial Exposure.

Being a highly industrialized country with one of the highest male lung cancer mortality rates in Europe, Belgium is an interesting study area for lung cancer research. This study investigates geographical patterns in lung cancer mortality in Belgium. More specifically it probes into the contribution of individual as well as area-level characteristics to (sub-district patterns in) lung cancer mortality. Data from the 2001 census linked to register data from 2001–2011 are used, selecting all Belgian inhabitants aged 65+ at time of the census. Individual characteristics include education, housing status and home ownership. Urbanicity, unemployment rate, the percentage employed in mining and the percentage employed in other high-risk industries are included as sub-district characteristics. Regional variation in lung cancer mortality at sub-district level is estimated using directly age-standardized mortality rates. The association between lung cancer mortality and individual and area characteristics, and their impact on the variation of sub-district level is estimated using multilevel Poisson models. Significant sub-district variations in lung cancer mortality are observed. Individual characteristics explain a small share of this variation, while a large share is explained by sub-district characteristics. Individuals with a low socioeconomic status experience a higher lung cancer mortality risk. Among women, an association with lung cancer mortality is found for the sub-district characteristics urbanicity and unemployment rate, while for men lung cancer mortality was associated with the percentage employed in mining. Not just individual characteristics, but also area characteristics are thus important determinants of (regional differences in) lung cancer mortality.

An ecological analysis of PM2.5 concentrations and lung cancer mortality rates in China

ObjectiveTo explore the association between Particulate Matter (PM)2.5 (particles with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm) and lung cancer mortality rates and to estimate the potential risk of lung...

Effect of exposure to alpha blockers on cancer-specific and overall mortality in men with prostate cancer: a population-based cohort study

BackgroundProstate cancer is the second most common cause of deaths from cancer in men in the UK, accounting for 13% of male cancer mortality in 2010. Conventional treatment results in cure for some patients but does not prevent the metastasis that occurs frequently in others. Radical new therapies are needed to tackle this cancer progression. Alpha blockers are often given for cardiovascular indications and benign prostatic hyperplasia. In mouse models, they reduce angiogenesis and suppress metastasis. This study aimed to determine the effect of alpha blockers on mortality outcomes in a population-based cohort of men with prostate cancer. MethodsThis cohort study used data on 18 654 men with incident prostate cancer from linked UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink, Hospital Episode Statistics, and the National Cancer Intelligence Network between 1998 and 2010. All alpha blocker use in the 6 months after diagnosis of cancer was determined and its effect on all-cause and cancer-specific mortality assessed. Data were analysed with Cox proportional hazards modelling and adjusted for confounding by age, sex, cancer stage, grade, and important comorbidities and coprescriptions. A sensitivity analysis in patients with an indication of hypertension, interaction by dose, and prediagnosis exposure were also considered. FindingsMedian follow-up was 4·5 years (IQR 2·2–7·3). Crude mortality rate was 42·2/1000 per year in patients exposed to alpha blockers and 49·6/1000 per year in those unexposed, equivalent to a decreased all-cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio 0·839, 95% CI 0·776–0·908); crude cancer mortality rate was 20·7/1000 per year and 23·3/1000 per year, respectively, equivalent to a decreased prostate cancer mortality (0·874, 0·781–0·978). In men taking alpha blockers to treat hypertension the effect on all-cause mortality became non-significant (0·857, 0·728–1·217), but a significant decrease in prostate cancer mortality remained (0·692, 0·534–0·897) with a crude cancer mortality rate of 18·5/1000 per year and 27·7/1000 per year in those exposed and unexposed, respectively. No modifying effects were observed by dose and prediagnosis exposure. InterpretationAlpha blocker use was associated with decreased cancer-specific mortality in men with prostate cancer. FundingFunding for this project was obtained from the Rosetree Trust, Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC), and the University of Nottingham. The funders had no involvement in the concept, design, protocol, analysis, or the writing up of this study.

Time trends in avoidable cancer mortality in Switzerland and neighbouring European countries 1996-2010.

What are the trends in avoidable cancer mortality in Switzerland and neighbouring countries? Mortality data and population estimates 1996-2010 were obtained from the Swiss Federal Statistical Office for Switzerland and the World Health Organization Mortality Database (http://www.who.int/healthinfo/mortality_data/en/) for Austria, Germany, France and Italy. Age standardised mortality rates (ASMRs, European standard) per 100 000 person-years were calculated for the population <75 years old by sex for the following groups of cancer deaths: (1) avoidable through primary prevention; (2) avoidable through early detection and treatment; (3) avoidable through improved treatment and medical care; and (4) remaining cancer deaths. To assess time trends in ASMRs, estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated. In Switzerland and neighbouring countries cancer mortality in persons <75 years old continuously decreased 1996-2010. Avoidable cancer mortality decreased in all groups of avoidable cancer deaths in both sexes, with one exception. ASMRs for causes avoidable through primary prevention increased in females in all countries (in Switzerland from 16.2 to 20.3 per 100 000 person years, EAPC 2.0 [95% CI 1.4 to 2.6]). Compared with its neighbouring countries, Switzerland showed the lowest rates for all groups of avoidable cancer mortality in males 2008-2010. Overall avoidable cancer mortality decreased, indicating achievements in cancer care and related health policies. However, increasing trends in avoidable cancer mortality through primary prevention for females suggest there is a need in Switzerland and its European neighbouring countries to improve primary prevention.

Text Mining Approach to Analyse the Relation between Obesity and Breast Cancer Data

Biomedical research needs to leverage and exploit large amount of information reported in scientific publication. Literature data collected from publications has to be managed to extract information, transforms into an understandable structure using text mining approaches. Text mining refers to the process of deriving high-quality information from text by finding relationships between entities which do not show direct associations. Therefore, as an example of this approach, we present the link between two diseases i.e. breast cancer and obesity.Obesity is known to be associated with cancer mortality, but little is known about the link between lifetime changes in BMI of obese person and cancer mortality in both males and females. In this article, literature data for obesity and breast cancer was obtained using PubMed database and then methodologies which employs groups of common genes and keywords with their frequency of occurrence in the data were used, aimed to establish relation between obesity and breast cancer visualized using Pi-charts and bar graphs. From the data analysis, we obtained 1 gene which showed the link between both the diseases and validated using statistical analysis and disease-connect web server. We also proposed 8 common higher frequency keywords which could be used for indexing while searching the literature for obesity and breast cancer in combination.

Text Mining Approach to Analyse the Relation between Obesity and Breast Cancer Data

Biomedical research needs to leverage and exploit large amount of information reported in scientific publication. Literature data collected from publications has to be managed to extract information, transforms into an understandable structure using text mining approaches. Text mining refers to the process of deriving high-quality information from text by finding relationships between entities which do not show direct associations. Therefore, as an example of this approach, we present the link between two diseases i.e. breast cancer and obesity.Obesity is known to be associated with cancer mortality, but little is known about the link between lifetime changes in BMI of obese person and cancer mortality in both males and females. In this article, literature data for obesity and breast cancer was obtained using PubMed database and then methodologies which employs groups of common genes and keywords with their frequency of occurrence in the data were used, aimed to establish relation between obesity and breast cancer visualized using Pi-charts and bar graphs. From the data analysis, we obtained 1 gene which showed the link between both the diseases and validated using statistical analysis and disease-connect web server. We also proposed 8 common higher frequency keywords which could be used for indexing while searching the literature for obesity and breast cancer in combination.

Crude extract of Euphorbia formosana induces apoptosis of DU145 human prostate cancer cells acts through the caspase-dependent and independent signaling pathway.

Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy in men and the second highest contributor of male cancer mortality. The crude extract of Euphorbia formosana (CEEF) has been used for treatment of different diseases but the cytotoxic effects of CEEF on human cancer cells have not been reported. The purpose of the present experiments was to determine effects of CEEF on cell cycle distribution and induction of apoptosis in DU145 human prostate cancer cells in vitro. Contrast-phase microscope was used for examining cell morphological changes. Flow cytometric assays were used for cell viability, cell cycle, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species, and Ca2+ production and mitochondria membrane potential (ΔΨm ). Western blotting was used for examining protein expression of cell cycle and apoptosis associated proteins. Real-time PCR was used for examining mRNA levels of caspase-3, -8, and -9, AIF, and Endo G. Confocal laser microscope was used to examine the translocation of AIF, Endo G, and cytochrome in DU145 cells after CEEF exposure. CEEF-induced cell morphological changes, decreased the percentage of viable cells, and induced S phase arrest and apoptosis in DU145 cells. Furthermore, CEEF promoted RAS and Ca2+ production and reduced ΔΨm levels. Real-time QPCR confirmed that CEEF promoted the mRNA expression of caspase-3 and -9, AIF and Endo G and we found that AIF and Endo G and cytochrome c were released from mitochondria. Taken together, CEEF-induced cytotoxic effects via ROS production, induced S phase arrest and induction of apoptosis through caspase-dependent and independent and mitochondria-dependent pathways in DU245 cancer cells. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1600-1611, 2016.

Trend Analysis of Cancer Mortality in the Jinchang Cohort, China, 2001-2010

ObjectiveTo describe the baseline data of cancers in the Jinchang Cohort, this paper examined trends in cancer mortality among adults investigated in Jinchang, Gansu province from 2001 to 2010. MethodsMortality data were collected from company departments through administrative documents, death certificates, etc. Trend analyses of cancer mortality were performed on the basis of 925 cancer deaths between 2001 and 2010. ResultsThe crude mortality rate of cancer continuously increased from 161.86 per 100,000 in 2001 to 315.32 per 100,000 in 2010, with an average increase of 7.69% per year in the Jinchang Cohort (16.41% in females compared to 6.04% in males), but the age-standardized mortality rate increased only in females. Thirteen leading cancers accounted for 92.10% of all cancer deaths. The five leading causes of cancer mortality in males were lung, gastric, liver, esophageal, and colorectal cancer, whereas those in females were lung, liver, gastric, breast, and esophageal cancer. ConclusionThe overall cancer mortality rate increased from 2001 to 2010 in the Jinchang Cohort, with greater rate of increase in females than in males. Lung, breast, and gastric cancer, in that order, were the leading causes of increased cancer mortality in females.

Black/White Disparities in Receipt of Treatment and Survival Among Men With Early-Stage Breast Cancer.

To examine the extent of black/white disparities in receipt of treatment and survival for early-stage breast cancer in men age 18 to 64 and ≥ 65 years. We identified 725 non-Hispanic black (black) and 5,247 non-Hispanic white (white) men diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer from 2004 to 2011 in the National Cancer Data Base. We used multivariable logistic regression and calculated standardized risk ratios to predict receipt of treatment and a proportional hazards model to estimate overall hazard ratios (HRs) in black versus white men age 18 to 64 and ≥ 65 years, separately. Receipt of treatment was remarkably similar between blacks and whites in both age groups. Black and white older men had lower receipt of chemotherapy (39.2% and 42.0%, respectively) compared with younger patients (76.7% and 79.3%, respectively). Younger black men had a 76% higher risk of death than younger white men after adjustment for clinical factors only (HR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.11 to 2.78), but this difference significantly diminished after subsequent adjustment for insurance and income (HR, 1.37; 95% CI, 0.83 to 2.24). In those age ≥ 65 years, the excess risk of death in blacks versus whites was nonsignificant and not affected by adjustment for covariates. The excess risk of death in black versus white men diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer was largely confined to those age 18 to 64 years and became nonsignificant after adjustment for differences in insurance and income. These findings suggest the importance of improving access to care in reducing racial disparities in male breast cancer mortality.