Makati City Research Articles

Smart Cities and Social Inclusion: Analyzing the Equitable Distribution of Digital Resources and Services

The main objective of this study is to determine whether residents’ access and utilization of digital resources and services significantly differ according to the selected demographic profile of residents within smart cities. A sample of 150 Metro Manila residents was chosen to participate in the research. Using the stratified sampling approach, these participants were selected from Quezon City, Makati City, and Manila City in order to create a sample population that best represents the whole population of Metro Manila. According to the study's findings, the majority of the respondents were female, in their young adulthood, and had low-level monthly family income while being graduates of high school. The majority of residents claim they are satisfied with the digital resources and services included in their city, finding that they enhance their quality of life. Residents' access and utilization of digital resources and services has no significant differences according to sex. However, age and monthly family income have significant differences between availability and accessibility while high educational attainment significantly influences accessibility. Additionally, residents collectively recognize potential challenges and barriers to achieving an equal distribution of digital resources and services.

Green Washing and Consumer Trust Practices of Selected Eco-Friendly Products: A Proposed Sustainability Action Plan

The rising demand for sustainable products has led to increased greenwashing, where companies make deceptive environmental claims, undermining consumer trust. This study examines greenwashing's impact on trust in Makati City's food and beverage industry. Using a quantitative approach, it found that misleading labels, environmental imagery, and hidden trade-offs harm trust, with misleading labels being the most damaging. Consumers value transparency and authenticity, but greenwashing does not enhance perceptions of company ability, benevolence, or integrity. To rebuild trust, companies should provide clear, evidence-based claims, use third-party certifications, and educate consumers on identifying greenwashing.

#916 Outcomes of renal replacement therapy in ICU adult patients with acute kidney injury: a retrospective cohort study

Abstract Background and Aims Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) and sustained low-efficiency dialysis (SLED) are usually used for critically ill patients with acute kidney injury when indicated. Most studies done throughout the years showed no statistically significant difference in outcomes between the two modalities. Thus, this study aims to determine the outcomes and associated factors of both CRRT and SLED in patients with AKI. Hence, this will allow us to determine our competency as an institution in using CRRT and SLED to formulate recommendations and protocols in the future. Method We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients who developed acute kidney injury and underwent either SLED or CRRT in the ICU of a tertiary hospital in Makati City, Metro Manila. Patients who are on maintenance hemodialysis, who underwent both sustained low-efficiency dialysis and continuous replacement therapy, and who did not complete or tolerate 1 session of SLED or 24 hours of CRRT were excluded in the study. Key outcomes investigated were all-cause mortality at 30 days and dialysis dependence at 30 days after initiation of treatment. Results Eighty-four patients who were initiated with either SLED (N=48) or CRRT (N=36). There was a significant difference in terms of all-cause mortality between modalities 20 (42%) for SLED and 33 (92%) for CRRT, p-value=0.000). Among variables used in the study, higher vasopressor requirement (aOR 2.78, 95% CI: 1.47-5.25, p=0.002) and age (aOR 2.21, 95% CI: 1.13-4.33, p=0.021) at initiation were associated with higher likelihood of mortality across modalities. Thirteen patients (28%) who underwent SLED were dependent on dialysis at 30 days. Baseline serum creatinine (aOR 3.21 95% CI: 1.17-8.79, p=0.023) and serum creatinine at initiation (aOR 4.11, 95% CI: 1.43-22.56, p=0.014) were identified to be associated with dialysis dependence. Sub-analysis of the CRRT group showed continuous veno-venous hemodialysis (CVVHD) (aOR 16.57, 95% CI: 3.54-77.49, p<0.001) was associated with higher likelihood of mortality among CRRT modalities. Conclusion Increased mortality was seen in patients who underwent CRRT especially CVVHD and was associated with age and number of vasopressors present during initiation of renal replacement therapy.

Financial Literacy Practices on the Investment Decisions of Accounting Professionals in Makati City

Financial literacy provides individuals with the means to assess the potential risks linked with various investment options enabling investors to make educated decisions. Therefore, the objective of this research is to identify the financial literacy practices adopted by accounting professionals and determine the level of influence of these financial literacy practices on the investment decisions of the respondents. This research applied a quantitative research methodology with convenient selection of participants. The respondents consisted of Eighty (80) accounting professionals of selected firms in Makati City. A self-made survey questionnaire was utilized in gathering data on the demographics of respondents and the degree to which financial literacy practices influenced their investment decisions. Thus, the data collected from the survey questionnaire underwent analysis and interpretation utilizing interval data measurement on a Four-point Likert scale. The findings of this research highlighted that there exist a statistically significant correlation between budgeting (r=0.924, p=0.001), saving and investing (r=0.970, p<0.001), and debt management (r=0.919, p=0.001) on investment decisions of accounting professionals. Notably, saving and investing as financial literacy practices can be positively associated with investment decisions. When budgeting, it is crucial to assess whether significant purchases align with your needs and fit within your financial capabilities. Thus, the fact that the respondents tend to prioritize avoiding new debts emphasizes how important it is to manage debts responsibly when making investment decisions.

ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON MSMES RESILIENCE IN NCR AMIDST COVID-19 PANDEMIC: A STATISTICAL REVIEW

This study aims to assess the impacts of local government policies on the resilience of micro-, small-, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) in the National Capital Region (NCR) of the Philippines during the COVID-19 pandemic. By analyzing PSA data on establishment closures and job losses between 2018 and 2021, this study investigates the relationship between local policies and MSME resilience. The findings reveal that while most local government policies did not show statistically significant effects on establishment closures, the city of Manila stood out with a higher number of closures per square kilometer. Additionally, Manila, Makati City, and Mandaluyong City demonstrated significant effects on job losses. These results suggest the presence of other factors not accounted for in the model and highlight the need for further research to understand the resiliency of MSMEs in the NCR during the pandemic.

Comparison of emergency consultations of patients with neurologic complaints before and during COVID-19 pandemic in a single tertiary hospital in Makati City, Philippines

Background & Objective: COVID-19 forced us to develop adaptive ways to the new normal of healthcare delivery. Neurology has one of the most diverse types of patients who require urgent, prolonged and multidisciplinary care. This study aimed to understand the impact of the unprecedented community lockdown among patients with chronic and new onset neurologic conditions on emergency room (ER) utilization in a single tertiary hospital in Makati City, Philippine. Methods: We retrospectively examined all consecutive neurology referrals made at the ER from March to August 2020 and compared them with a control group consisting of all ER neurology referrals during the same months in 2019. Results: There was a 45% decline in the volume of referral to neurology service at the ER during the first 6 months of the lockdown period. There were fewer females who sought emergency neurologic care (p=0.019). The average age of patients increased from 55.5 years (σ=19.9) in 2019 to 59.5 years (σ=18.4) in 2020 (p<0.001). The top three chief neurologic complaints in 2019 were dizziness (17.7%), motor weakness (14.1%), and headache (13.2%). In 2020, the top three neurologic complaints where motor weakness (19.0%), decreased level of consciousness or loss of consciousness (13.2%), and dizziness (11.2%), (p<0.001). The average time from symptom onset to ER admission in 2019 was 5.1 days (σ=23.9) which increased to 8.4 days in 2020(σ=28.1), (p<0.001). The proportion of patients with no co-morbidities at the ER decreased from 27.6% in 2019 to 17.0% in 2020 (p<0.001). Patients with pre-existing cardiovascular diseases, endocrine diseases, pulmonary diseases, renal diseases, cancers, and others have significantly increased (p<0.05). However, the increase in the proportion of patients with pre-existing neurological disorders (p=0.143) was not statistically significant (p>0.05). The only pre-existing neurologic conditions with significantly increased in proportion was stroke (p=0.010). Among new onset neurologic diagnoses, headache and facial pain (p<0.001) and peripheral and other neuropathies (p=0.005) significantly decreased in proportions while proportions of cases with new stroke or vascular pathology (p<0.001) and encephalopathy (p=0.003) have significantly increased. ER dispositions showed a significant (p<0.001) decrease in proportions of patients who were admitted, discharged, and transferred to hospital of choice; while patients who were discharged against medical advice and who died at the ER have significantly increased. Conclusion: The initial six months of community lockdown during COVID-19 pandemic caused a significant change in the characteristics of patients referred to neurology for emergency care. These changes provide us a new perspective on how to better deliver optimal neurologic care to these diverse patients especially during times of pandemic.

Efficacy of Oral Lycopene Supplementation for Photoprotection in Filipino Patients in a Tertiary Hospital in Makati: A Single-blind Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract Background: Ultraviolet radiation has been proven to result in unwarranted effects on the skin through reactive oxygen species (ROS) and direct DNA damage. Lycopene, a naturally occurring substance, acts as an antioxidant by neutralizing ROS. Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the efficacy of oral lycopene supplementation for photoprotection in adult Filipino patients seen in a tertiary hospital in Makati City. Design: The study design involves single-blind, parallel, randomized controlled trial. Methods: Thirty-six Filipino patients aged 18 years old and above with Fitzpatrick Skin Phototype (FSP) III–V were divided into two groups using a computer-generated randomization. Group A received lycopene 500 mg/soft gel capsule two capsules per orem once daily for 12 weeks, while Group B received no intervention during the entire observation period. Minimal erythema dose (MED) of patients from both groups was assessed by a single treatment-blinded reader at baseline, week 6, and week 12. Results: Group A showed a significant increase in MED across periods, with a 20.83% increase from baseline at week 6 and a 43.06% increase at week 12. Group B MED remained constant from baseline to week 6 and to week 12. These results show that there is a significant effect in the increase in MED as compared to the control group. Conclusion: Oral lycopene is effective in increasing the MED of patients and may be used for photoprotection among patients with FSP III–V.

Analyzing the Effectiveness of Property Developers' In-house-Developed Versus Outsourced Systems on Procurement Efficiency

Digital solutions have greatly progressed the automation of procurement functions across industries, including real estate. This study focused on analyzing the effectiveness of in-house-developed applications compared to outsourced systems on the procurement efficiency of property developers. Regardless of the company size, procurement involves several steps to obtain the goods and services needed for the business. One of the distinct functions of the procurement department is to ensure that purchased materials, or services conform to specified requirements at the most economical but good quality and in favorable terms. Streamlining systems, procedures, and processes, overcoming operational challenges, and establishing a sound business culture with well-integrated solutions are the objectives of digitization. This research study aims to ascertain the efficacy of internally developed systems versus externally obtained software for procurement efficiency of real estate developers in Makati City, Philippines, with 65 respondents. The researchers aim to examine the respondents’ perception of the perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use of in-house-developed systems compared to outsourced applications in achieving procurement efficiency with consideration of the company size and users’ age group. The researchers made use of descriptive and explanatory research methods for the investigation of the significant relationship and differences between the two digital platforms. The results of the study show several significant implications. The demographic profile of the respondents plays a relevant role in the assessment of the effectiveness of internally developed software versus outsourcing for procurement efficiency. Distinct differences were observed in terms of perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use between in-house-developed systems and outsourced systems. The findings indicate that individuals who utilize outsourced systems tend to exhibit a greater inclination towards strongly agreeing that their productivity is enhanced and their job performance is improved when utilizing such systems. Conversely, the findings revealed that participants who utilized internally developed systems exhibited a greater propensity to strongly agree that acquiring proficiency in the system and enhancing their skillset was a comparatively effortless endeavor. This study provides recommendations for procurement professionals, property developers, future researchers, and national and local governments to maximize the use of digital platforms for productivity and operational efficiency.

Developing capacity for post-typhoon disaster waste management in Lautoka, Fiji, and Makati, Philippines

In recent years, Asia and the Pacific have been ravaged by strong typhoons that caused widespread destruction. The powerful winds from these typhoons ripped off roofs, windows, doors and walls from houses, and destroyed trees and other vegetation, leaving a vast amount of wooden, metallic, plastic, and glass debris and waste scattered across a wide area. Proper management of disaster waste is a critical task during the initial phase of disaster recovery. It is essential for coastal cities that are frequently affected by typhoons to have adequate capacity for post-disaster waste management. This capacity development project aimed to contribute to this end by providing appropriate knowledge and training to government and non-government stakeholders. The project was implemented in Lautoka City, Fiji and Makati City, Philippines, with the support of four prominent universities. In total, six training sessions were conducted under the project. The primary outputs of this project are the disaster waste management contingency plans of the two participating cities. The project team disseminated information about the capacity development project through the project website and through presentations in academic conferences, webinars, workshops, training, non-academic conferences, and radio guest appearances.

Mapping groundwater resilience to climate change and human development in Asian cities

In recent years, Asia and the Pacific have been ravaged by strong typhoons that caused widespread destruction. The powerful winds from these typhoons ripped off roofs, windows, doors and walls from houses, and destroyed trees and other vegetation, leaving a vast amount of wooden, metallic, plastic, and glass debris and waste scattered across a wide area. Proper management of disaster waste is a critical task during the initial phase of disaster recovery. It is essential for coastal cities that are frequently affected by typhoons to have adequate capacity for post-disaster waste management. This capacity development project aimed to contribute to this end by providing appropriate knowledge and training to government and non-government stakeholders. The project was implemented in Lautoka City, Fiji and Makati City, Philippines, with the support of four prominent universities. In total, six training sessions were conducted under the project. The primary outputs of this project are the disaster waste management contingency plans of the two participating cities. The project team disseminated information about the capacity development project through the project website and through presentations in academic conferences, webinars, workshops, training, non-academic conferences, and radio guest appearances.

Long-term trifocal toric intraocular lens outcomes in Asian eyes after cataract surgery.

To determine the visual and refractive outcomes of trifocal toric intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in Asian eyes with cataract and astigmatism. Asian Eye Institute, Makati City, Philippines. Prospective study. 187 eyes were implanted with the FineVision POD FT IOL and followed for 2 years. The measurements included subjective refraction, uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), uncorrected intermediate visual acuity (UIVA), distance-corrected intermediate visual acuity (DCIVA), uncorrected near visual acuity (UNVA), distance-corrected near visual acuity (DCNVA), defocus curve, photopic and mesopic contrast sensitivity, and rotational stability. The mean spherical equivalent and cylinder values were, respectively, -0.07 ± 0.34 diopters (D) and -0.48 ± 0.31 D at the 2-year follow-up. At this same follow-up, 69.4% of patients had monocular CDVA and 79.3% had binocular UDVA ≤0.0 logMAR. For intermediate vision, monocular DCIVA reached 74.1%, while binocular UIVA was 86.2% ≤ 0.1 logMAR. Near vision showed 63% for monocular DCNVA and 70.7% for binocular UNVA ≤0.1 logMAR. The mean values at this follow-up were 0.02 ± 0.08, 0.08 ± 0.10, and 0.10 ± 0.12 logMAR for CDVA, DCIVA, and DCNVA, respectively. At the visual acuity threshold of ≤0.20 logMAR, the binocular defocus curve extended up to -3.75 D. Stable contrast sensitivity values were obtained at the different follow-ups. The mean IOL rotation was ≤2 degrees. The FineVision POD FT IOL yielded good visual outcomes at far, near, and intermediate distances with accurate refractive outcomes and good rotational stability in Asian eyes.

Exploring Work from Home Experiences: A Study of Information Technology-Business Process Outsourcing Employees in Makati City during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Exploring Work from Home Experiences: A Study of Information Technology-Business Process Outsourcing Employees in Makati City during the COVID-19 Pandemic

An Exploratory Study of the Effectiveness of Unconditional EducationalAssistance Program as a Programmatic Electoral Strategy in the Philippines: The Case of Makati City’s Project FREE

This exploratory study deviated from the influential theoretical lens of clientelism in examining voter-politician ties in Philippine political studies. Drawing on Kitschelt and Wilkinson’s (2007) conceptualization of programmatic politics as an alternative electoral strategy, we investigated how a programmatic linkage between a local political leader and its electoral constituency is facilitated through the non-contingent and regular distribution of school-related materials for public school children. This local programmatic policy has gained popularity among various local government units (LGUs) in the Philippines. We focused on the Makati City government’s Project FREE (Free Relevant and Excellent Education) due to its reputation for arguably being the most innovative and comprehensive educational assistance program ever implemented at the country’s local scale. We employed a purposive sampling technique to obtain our participants – the project’s parent beneficiaries. Through in-depth interviews, we investigated the attitudes and perceptions of Project FREE’s parent beneficiaries towards the mayor’s programmatic commitment to them. By using thematic analysis, five themes emerged from the interview data: (1) financial relief, (2) educational security, (3) unique source of local citizen satisfaction, (4) personally dispensed patronage of a benefactor politician, and (5) invaluable benefits and project continuity: influencing vote preference. Beyond the particularistic and contingency-based patronage exchange prevalent in the Philippine local political setting, this study’s findings also offer in-depth explanations for what motivates voters to reciprocate their local political leader with electoral support for its education-based programmatic inducements.

The Effect of Teamwork on Job Satisfaction Among Staff at a Tertiary Hospital in Makati City: A Literature Review

The Effect of Teamwork on Job Satisfaction Among Staff at a Tertiary Hospital in Makati City: A Literature Review

RETENTION STRATEGIES AND PROMOTION MOTIVATION IN THE SHIPPING INDUSTRY: WHY EMPLOYEES LEAVE ORGANIZATION

The post-pandemic situation has posed a challenge for Maritime recruitment agencies. It has been acknowledged that people are a significant source of competitive advantage. Organizations adopt numerous policies and procedures to retain their talented employees for a longer time. One of the most significant issues facing the maritime industry in the Philippines is a shortage of qualified personnel. There is a growing demand for Filipino seafarers worldwide, but there are not enough people with the necessary skills and qualifications to fill these positions. This has led to an increase in the number of resignations from Shipping Companies. This study aims to find out the reasons why employees leave the organization. The objective of the study is to determine retention strategies and promotion motivation of shipping companies. The research design used was a descriptive method utilized using a self-constructed questionnaire. A total of 18 respondents under a probationary period from 3 different shipping companies in Makati City participated in an interview survey. The data gathered from the respondents was analyzed using the ANOVA test. Results show that employees leave the organization because of the competitiveness of other companies when it comes to salary and in seeking better management relationships. The following retention strategies are followed by the companies; One Team, One Goal, and One Conversation. The following promotion motivations to retain their employees are practiced by the company: It is recommended that providing some great perks and a good work environment can help make employees stay.

Examining Teachers’ Technological, Pedagogical, and Content Knowledge (TPACK) in Remote Teaching and Learning Modality

This study examined the teachers’ technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge (TPACK) in the remote teaching and learning modality. Specifically, it sought to find out if gender (male and female) and age groups (Gen Z, Millenial, and Gen X) have significant differences in the respondents’ TPACK skills and if their attendance in the in-service training could cause a significant change in the perceptions of the said skills. The study followed the quantitative survey research design. An adapted research instrument was used to evaluate respondents’ perceptions of TPACK abilities during the remote teaching and learning modality. The Mann-Withney u test was used to determine if the gender (male and female) would significantly differ in TPACK. While Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to analyze if the age groups (Gen Z, Millennial, and Gen X) show significant differences in the respondents’ TPACK skills. To assess a significant change in the respondents’ attendance in the in-service training, the McNemar change test was used. The study sample comprised 60 teachers from several public high schools in Makati City teaching remotely during the pandemic. Based on the results, gender did not show a significant difference in the TPACK abilities of the respondent. While no significant difference was established among the age groups regarding their TPACK skills, one domain (technological knowledge) of TPACK revealed significant results among the age groups. Moreover, it was also proven that respondents showed significant changes in their TPACK skills before and after attending the in-service training. Therefore, this study recommends creating learning communities among teachers of different gender and age groups to share their best practices during the remote learning setup to help improve others' TPACK skills. Also, it is recommended that the school administrations prioritize teachers’ professional development by providing them with vital training and seminars to improve the said skills.

Teachers’ Perceived Challenges and Coping Strategies in Pandemic-Influenced Teaching:Basis for a School-Based Teacher Support Mechanism

The current COVID-19 pandemic greatly affected many global activities, including teaching and learning. This research investigated teachers’ perceived challenges and coping strategies to craft localized school-based support mechanisms. This study followed a mixed methods convergent parallel design where quantitative and qualitative data were collected during the same phase of the data-gathering process. This design was followed to enrich quantitative data with qualitative data. This study utilized two research instruments to gather quantitative data for the following variable – perceived challenges and coping strategies. To collect qualitative data, interviews were conducted using the sub-questions aligned with the study's central question. The data were derived from randomly selected public school teachers of an educational institution in Makati City. Three of those teachers who answered were chosen at random to be interviewed. During analysis, Shapiro-Wilk’s normality test was done for the quantitative data to determine the statistical analysis to be employed. Both quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed through Pearson r coefficient and thematic analysis, respectively. Results showed that perceived challenges have no significant relationship with overall coping strategies. However, by analyzing the subcomponents of coping strategies, perceived challenges positively correlate with problem-focused coping. This result revealed that when teachers experience a high intensity of challenges in their teaching practices during the pandemic, they tend to do active coping strategies indicative of grit and a more practical approach to solving the problem. Moreover, qualitative data supported that teachers must also be given mental and emotional support besides physical, technological, and financial support. Furthermore, parallel studies must be conducted with a more diverse and large sample to serve as a guide in crafting a nationwide support mechanism for teachers during a challenging situation

Teachers’ Perceived Challenges and Coping Strategies in Pandemic-Influenced Teaching:Basis for a School-Based Teacher Support Mechanism

The current COVID-19 pandemic greatly affected many global activities, including teaching and learning. This research investigated teachers’ perceived challenges and coping strategies to craft localized school-based support mechanisms. This study followed a mixed methods convergent parallel design where quantitative and qualitative data were collected during the same phase of the data-gathering process. This design was followed to enrich quantitative data with qualitative data. This study utilized two research instruments to gather quantitative data for the following variable – perceived challenges and coping strategies. To collect qualitative data, interviews were conducted using the sub-questions aligned with the study's central question. The data were derived from randomly selected public school teachers of an educational institution in Makati City. Three of those teachers who answered were chosen at random to be interviewed. During analysis, Shapiro-Wilk’s normality test was done for the quantitative data to determine the statistical analysis to be employed. Both quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed through Pearson r coefficient and thematic analysis, respectively. Results showed that perceived challenges have no significant relationship with overall coping strategies. However, by analyzing the subcomponents of coping strategies, perceived challenges positively correlate with problem-focused coping. This result revealed that when teachers experience a high intensity of challenges in their teaching practices during the pandemic, they tend to do active coping strategies indicative of grit and a more practical approach to solving the problem. Moreover, qualitative data supported that teachers must also be given mental and emotional support besides physical, technological, and financial support. Furthermore, parallel studies must be conducted with a more diverse and large sample to serve as a guide in crafting a nationwide support mechanism for teachers during a challenging situation

Strengthening Nutrition Knowledge of Pregnant Women Through Nutrition Education During Public Health Emergencies

Proper maternal nutrition evidently results in good pregnancy outcomes both for the mother and born infant. However, the process leading to good nutrition during pregnancy remains a challenge most especially during public health emergencies, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, which brought limitations on access to a variety of foods as well as nutrition services. Thus, nutrition education through the provision of contextualized information, education and communication (IEC) materials was explored as an alternative delivery strategy. The delivery strategy aims to increase the number of pregnant women in Barangay Palanan, Makati City, Philippines who have adequate nutrition knowledge through IEC materials-based nutrition education that is contextualized during public health emergencies. As an outcome, the delivery strategy intends to increase the number of pregnant women who have normal nutritional status as determined by weight per month of pregnancy. Results in determining the adequacy of nutrition knowledge through pre- and post-testing show that there is a 10% increase in the passing rate from 59% at baseline to 69% at endline. From the number of pregnant women who have taken the post-test, a remarkable 52% have either post-test scores that are maintained or improved. Meanwhile, for pregnant women who have normal nutritional status, an increase of 5% was seen given by 46% at baseline to 51% at endline. Ultimately, IEC materials-based nutrition education may serve as a supplementary approach in the continuous provision of nutrition services to attain good nutrition of pregnant women amid the COVID-19 pandemic.

Lived Experience of Leadership Styles on Employee Job Satisfaction in Selected BPO Companies in the Philippines An Intervention of Behavioral Performance

This study was conducted in the Philippines, the world's Business Process outsourcing capital. The primary purpose of this study is to examine the lived experience of leadership styles on employee job satisfaction in selected BPO firms. This research report used a qualitative method based on descriptive phenomenology research design to analyze BPO personnel lived leadership experience, specifically front-liners and managers’ experience from Taguig City, Makati City, Pasay City, and Pasig City within Metro Manila. We used an open-ended questionnaire to collect data from respondents. Five major themes emerged: (1) strengths development, (2) Communication and Innovation (3) Trust and respect (4) Delegation and Employee empowerment (5) Reward and Correction. According to the study's premise, most BPO companies in the Philippines practiced a combined transformational leadership and transactional leadership style. To keep employees happy, managers and BPO businesses can adopt a variety of leadership styles. The most popular and researched leadership style is transformational leadership, which stresses intrinsic motivation and employee development. Transactional leadership is task-oriented and focuses on the needs of the followers. Laissez-faire managers, on the other hand, stay out of the way. Job satisfaction is a pleasant or good emotional state caused by job evaluation. Workplace happiness is unaffected by transactional leadership remedial actions. The results show that employees are satisfied when their leader develops their skills, communicates and encourages innovation, builds trust and respect for others, delegates and empowers employees while recognizing top performers, and respectfully corrects mistakes. However, a definite correlation between leadership styles and employee job satisfaction requires more investigation.