Major European Countries Research Articles

European public opinion: united in supporting Ukraine, divided on the future of NATO

Abstract • How strong is public support for Ukraine in Europe? Given reports that Russian President Vladimir Putin may be ‘playing for time’ in the hopes that weary publics will demand an end to supporting Ukraine, this is an important question. • In February 2023, we conducted a survey of public attitudes in ten major European countries: France, Germany, the United Kingdom, Estonia, Hungary, Poland, Finland, Sweden, Italy and Spain. • Our findings suggest that Europeans are (almost) unanimous in blaming Russia for the war and strongly in favour of standing by Ukraine in its war effort. • Only minorities of respondents are of the opinion that Ukraine should be urged to accept territorial losses that could help end the war, or that economic sanctions against Russia should be lifted. Even in countries where support for Ukraine is lower (Hungary and Italy), or among more sceptical groups, we typically find a majority or plurality on Ukraine's side (or, at worst, we find only a small majority are pro-Russia). • Regarding NATO, there is no widespread appetite for increasing its presence in eastern Europe (except in Poland and Estonia), and even less support for Ukraine joining the alliance. At least in the eyes of the public, fighting a war in Ukraine is perceived as a goal in itself that does not necessarily elicit broader changes to existing security alliances like NATO. • Looking ahead, if the gap between the expectations audiences had for the Ukrainian counter-offensive and what it actually delivers is too great, we would expect public support for Ukraine in the conflict to weaken overall. • If governments wish to keep support levels high, we recommend targeting communications to reach groups we have found to be less supportive. This could include utilizing non-traditional media platforms to reach younger audiences, or members of populist right-wing groups.

Concentration and Competition: Evidence From Europe and Implications For Policy

Abstract The paper provides new evidence on proxy indicators of market power for major European countries. The data show moderately increasing average industry concentration over the last two decades, a considerably increasing proportion of high-concentration industries, and an overall tendency toward oligopolistic structure. Estimates of aggregate profitability also show a sustained increase over the recent decades for European economies. Although the academic and policy debate is not settled as to whether the causes of these trends are policy driven or reflect technological improvement, our findings suggest that competition policy is likely to face more challenges as large companies are becoming more common in more and more industries.

Comparing meat and meat alternatives: an analysis of nutrient quality in five European countries.

To assess and compare the (macro-)nutritional composition of red meat (RM) and poultry meat (PM) products with the emerging category of meat substitutes. We use information on nutritional values per 100 g to estimate the differences in the nutritional composition between RM, PM, vegan meat substitute (VMS) and non-vegan meat substitute (NVMS) and derive six unique meat product clusters to enhance the comparability. Meat markets from five major European countries: France, Germany, UK, Italy and Spain. Product innovation data for 19 941 products from Mintel's Global New Product Database from 2010 to 2020. Most of the innovations in the sample are RM products (55 %), followed by poultry (30 %), VMS (11 %) and NVMS (5 %). RM products exhibit a significantly higher energy content in kcal/100 g as well as fat, saturated fat, protein and salt all in g/100 g than the meatless alternatives, while the latter contain significantly more carbohydrates and fibre than either poultry or RM. However, results differ to a certain degree when products are grouped into more homogeneous clusters like sausages, cold cuts and burgers. This indicates that general conclusions regarding the health effects of substituting meat with plant-based alternatives should only be drawn in relation to comparable products. Meat substitutes, both vegan and non-vegan, are rated as ultra-processed foods. However, compared with RM products, they and also poultry products both can provide a diet that contains fewer nutrients-to-limit, like salt and saturated fats.

Introducing the Berggruen Governance Index II: Initial results, 2000–2019

AbstractThis article presents an overview of some of the main findings from our analysis of the Berggruen Governance Index for the 2000–2019 period. It first examines overall governance performance across world regions, singles out general trends and identifies top and bottom performers. It then briefly reviews the comparative governance performance of world powers like the United States, Brazil, China, major European countries, India and Russia as well as other selected countries in the post‐Soviet space. Finally, we address more analytic questions to show the versatility of the index for hypothesis testing and theoretical purposes.

Rethinking Legislation Governing Academic Integrity in the European Context

This paper argues that legislative intervention rather than deontological rules could be an adequate tool to address academic integrity concerns, particularly in civil law jurisdictions, which is the case in the majority of European countries. The recently enacted Montenegrin law on academic integrity offers a promising foundation for developing such an intervention in the European context, along with suggested improvements drawing upon four years of the implementation experience. Analysis of the law is also conducted with regard to several provisions of the Council of Europe’s recently adopted Recommendation on Education Fraud. The paper does not offer a ready-made concept, but its deliberation can serve as an inspiration for governments trying to improve existing rules on academic integrity. A legal approach will be taken in examining the problems and the relevant legislation.

Study on the Development of Green Transformation and Development of Commercial Banks in the “Double Carbon” Background

China has pledged to achieve carbon neutrality within 30 years, which is half the time frame of major European countries. The task is urgent, and the challenges are unprecedented. The goals of carbon peak and carbon neutrality will promote a comprehensive upgrade of the national economic industry structure, compelling Chinese enterprises to seek a path of high-quality development. This poses new challenges to the operational and managerial capabilities of commercial banks. This paper reviews the current domestic and international research status, analyzes the opportunities and challenges faced by commercial banks under the context of the “dual carbon” goals, and further explores the transformation strategies for commercial banks under this context.

Monitoring biosecurity in poultry production: an overview of databases reporting biosecurity compliance from seven European countries.

Compliance with required on-farm biosecurity practices reduces the risk of contamination and spread of zoonotic and economically important diseases. With repeating avian influenza epidemics in the poultry industry, the need to monitor and improve the overall level of biosecurity is increasing. In practice, biosecurity compliance is assessed by various actors (e.g., academic, private and public institutions), and the results of such assessments may be recorded and gathered in databases which are seldom shared or thoroughly analyzed. This study aimed to provide an inventory of databases related to the assessment of biosecurity in poultry farms in seven major poultry-producing European countries to highlight challenges and opportunities associated with biosecurity data collection, sharing, and use. The institutions in charge of these databases were contacted and interviewed using a structured questionnaire to gather information on the main characteristics of the databases and the context of their implementation. A total of 20 databases were identified, covering the gamut of poultry species and production types. Most databases were linked to veterinary health authorities or academia, and to a lesser extent interbranch organizations. Depending on the institutions in charge, the databases serve various purposes, from providing advice to enforcing regulations. The quality of the biosecurity data collected is believed to be quite reliable, as biosecurity is mostly assessed by trained farm advisors or official veterinarians and during a farm visit. Some of the databases are difficult to analyze and/or do not offer information concerning which biosecurity measures are most or least respected. Moreover, some key biosecurity practices are sometimes absent from certain databases. Although the databases serve a variety of purposes and cover different production types, each with specific biosecurity features, their analysis should help to improve the surveillance of biosecurity in the poultry sector and provide evidence on the benefits of biosecurity.

MT40 Comparing Resource Consumption from an Economic Evaluation of Gore® Viatorr® Tips Endoprosthesis Versus Large Volume Paracentesis in the Spanish and U.K. Healthcare Systems

The GORE® VIATORR® TIPS Endoprosthesis is widely used in patients for the treatment of portal hypertension and its complications such as refractory ascites in Spain and the U.K. Two key economic evaluations have demonstrated how the GORE® VIATORR® TIPS Endoprosthesis is cost-saving. However, limited information is known about the resource consumption in both nations. The aim of this analysis was to highlight similarities and differences in resource consumption when using the GORE® VIATORR® TIPS Endoprosthesis in the two major European countries, Spain and the U.K.

Statistical modeling of trends in infant mortality after atmospheric nuclear weapons testing.

The global fallout from atmospheric nuclear weapons testing in the 1950s and 1960s caused by far the greatest exposure of mankind to ionizing radiation. Surprisingly few epidemiological studies of the possible health effects of atmospheric testing have been conducted. Here, long-term trends in infant mortality rates in the United States (U.S.) and five major European countries (EU5) were examined: The United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy, and Spain. Bell-shaped deviations from a uniformly decreasing secular trend were found beginning in 1950, with maxima around 1965 in the U.S. and 1970 in EU5. From the difference between observed and predicted infant mortality rates, in the period 1950-2000, the overall increase in infant mortality rates was estimated to be 20.6 (90% CI: 18.6 to 22.9) percent in the U.S. and 14.2 (90% CI: 11.7 to 18.3) percent in EU5 which translates to 568,624 (90% CI: 522,359 to 619,705) excess infant deaths in the U.S. and 559,370 (90% CI: 469,308 to 694,589) in the combined five European countries. The results should be interpreted with caution because they rely on the assumption of a uniformly decreasing secular trend if there had been no nuclear tests, but this cannot be verified. It is concluded that atmospheric nuclear weapons testing may be responsible for the deaths of several million babies in the Northern Hemisphere.

Evaluating Principals’ Satisfaction with Selection Processes in Second Chance Schools: A Multicriteria Approach

Research indicates that the importance the social validity of an appropriate principal-selection method may have, as well as the importance of the parameters that affect it, is directly related to the acceptance or reaction of the candidates to it and their job satisfaction. The aim of this quantitative research is to examine and present the candidate satisfaction in the selection of principals / assistant-principals of the Second Chance Schools in a major European country. The survey involved 184 candidates (77.97% of the total population) who responded to a valid and reliable evaluation scale of the qualitative characteristics of the selection procedures. The MUSA (multicriteria satisfaction analysis) method was used for analyzing the satisfaction of candidates with respect to satisfaction criteria, associated with four dimensions. The results indicate that candidates are overall satisfied, although only a small portion of their expectations is fulfilled. Moreover, it was found that interpersonal relationships and communication play a crucial role in the recruitment and selection process. Finally, ways of satisfaction improvement are provided, according to each factor.

A compositional analysis of systemic risk in European financial institutions

Systemic risk is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that needs to be addressed from different perspectives. In this work we propose a Compositional Data (CoDa) approach to analyze the distribution of relative contributions to systemic risk associated with major European countries during the period 2008–2021. We represent systemic risk measures corresponding to those countries as percentage shares, or parts, of a compositional dataset and we perform a multivariate statistical analysis using specific CoDa procedures. The proposed approach sheds new light on some variability patterns and cross-country relationships that appear to be linked to the composition of systemic risk parts in the system.

Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Prospective Epidemiology Monitoring during the First Five Years of EuReCa Program Implementation in Serbia.

Poor outcome is still a challenging concern in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) world-wide and there are large differences between European countries regarding not only incidence rates, but survival rates as well. In 2014, Serbian Resuscitation Council initiated regular data collection on epidemiology of OHCA, according to the European Registry of Cardiac Arrest (EuReCa) study protocol. The aim of this study is to analyze the results of the first five-year period after initiation of EuReCa study protocol elements implementation in OHCA epidemiological data collection in Serbia. The observed period in this study is about the data on OHCA, collected within the observed area of 16 municipalities covering 1,604,015 citizens, during the period from October 1, 2014 - December 31, 2019. The study included data on all-cause OHCA in both adult and pediatric patients, according to the EuReCa One study protocol, of which all segments were observed. Within the study period, 5,196 OHCA patients were observed with annual incidence of 83.60/100,000. Of all registered events, 43.9% were witnessed. The most common collapse location was patient's residence (88.7%). Within the group of initiated cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), cardiac etiology was observed in 80.5% of cases and shockable rhythm in 21.7%. Return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) prior to hospital admission was significantly more frequently achieved and maintained on admission in witnessed cases, cases occurring out of patient's residence, and in cases with shockable initial rhythm (P <.01). The OHCA incidence in Serbia is comparable with the incidence in the majority of European countries, and survival rates are now significantly higher in Utstein events compared to previous results from Serbia. Enrolment of witnessing bystanders in initiating CPR measures remains a concern requiring effort towards understanding of CPR initiation importance and education of general population in administering CPR measures.

KIDNEY CANCER IN CROATIA - TRENDS IN INCIDENCE AND MORTALITY IN THE 21ST CENTURY.

Kidney cancer is estimated to be responsible for more than 400 000 new cancer cases and 180 000 cancer deaths a year. Its incidence is increasing in the majority of developed countries, due to an increased prevalence of recognized risk factors such as smoking, alcohol use and obesity, as well as incidental findings on unrelated diagnostic imaging procedures. Mortality is decreasing in the majority of European countries, due to improvements in treatment and stage at diagnosis shift with more tumors being diagnosed at an early stage. In this paper, we present kidney cancer incidence and mortality trends in Croatia using joinpoint regression analysis. The incidence was rising throughout the 2001-2019 period, with an annual percent change (APC) of 2.5%; more so in men (APC of 2.5%) than in women (APC of 2.2%). Mortality increased during the 2001-2014 period (APC of 2.4%), but started to decrease in recent years (APC -2.7%, 2014-2020). Unlike sex differences observed in other European countries, with more favorable mortality trends found in women, our study showed a constant increase in mortality in women (APC of 1.2%) and a recent decrease in mortality in men, starting in 2013 (APC of -2.8%), after a period of increase from 2001 (APC of 3.3%).

Original but of low value: the paradox of science-industry collaborative patents

This article presents a comprehensive analysis of science-industry collaborative patents filed between 1978 and 2015 (granted up to 2020) at the European Patent Office (EPO) in four major European countries (Germany, France, Italy, and the UK) and in the US.We focus on three dimensions regarding patent quality: the knowledge base, the technological impact, and the economic value. Our findings reveal that, on average, science-industry collaborative patents demonstrate higher levels of sophistication and originality than other industry patents. However, they tend to have a similar impact and, depending on the measures considered, an economic value that is either comparable or lower. Furthermore, if we look at the experience of private companies when collaborating with academic institutions, we observe that more experienced collaborations tend to yield patents that are slightly less sophisticated and impactful, but which possess higher economic value. We discuss various potential explanations for these findings and their implications for future research.JEL classification: O31, O34.

Global reassembly: Empirical data in conceptual pursuit. European perspective

The author explores a conceptual crisis in studies, dedicated to international relations, which are under pressure of growing number of threats and challenges. In search of new perspective models of global economic and political development and in the pursuit of attempts to explain the nature and causes of growing confrontation among different global actors specialists in IR, including European studies, propose various approaches and strategies, which often run counter to each other. The article focuses on a role of empirics in this scientific work, on a problem of measurability of different hypotheses and generalisations. On the basis of application of concrete indicators and data the author analyses the role of the EU, major European countries, Russia and other centres of power in world political-economic tables of ranks. The internal balance of power in the EU is explored, as well as main risks and vulnerabilities in its development. In the context of global reassembly the assessments are made on threats and challenges facing Russia. The conclusion is drawn that in the near future the phenomenon of polycentricity with elements of composite quasi-bipolarity will intensify. At the same tine, quasi-bipolarity represents more relevant configuration than the hypothesis about US-China “new bipolarity”. The United States and China more and more obviously shape new confrontational pivot of world politics in near future. This model is characterized with quasi-bipolarity because the number of rising powers, comparable with US and China in terms of capabilities and geopolitical ambitions, is much bigger than in the second half of XX century.

Transformation Pathways of China's Power Sector in the Context of "Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality"

To achieve the "carbon peak" and "carbon neutrality" goals, the power industry is the main battlefield and main force. Compared with the long carbon reduction path after natural peak in major European and American countries, the carbon peak, plateau period, and transformation path under the "dual carbon" goal in China will be completely different. This article establishes a multi-scenario analysis framework for the transformation path of the power industry under the "dual carbon" goal, and constructs three major scenarios. It analyses the low-carbon transformation path of power system including power source structure and carbon emissions under different scenarios and proposes policy recommendations.

MT35 The Economic and Capacity Impact of Time Saved in the Operating Theatre Performing Holmium Laser Enucleation of the Prostate with Moses™ Technology vs Standard Technology

Reducing operating theatre time can help hospitals to optimise operational efficiency and effectively allocate scarce resources. Holmium Laser Enucleation of the Prostate (HOLEP) is an established procedure for the treatment of symptoms secondary to Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH). It can be performed with Standard Technology (standard HOLEP) or MOSES™ Technology (MOLEP, Boston Scientific Corp). A recent meta-analysis demonstrated significantly reduced operative time with MOLEP vs. standard HOLEP. Our objective is to understand the potential economic impact of reducing theatre time with MOLEP vs. standard HOLEP and potential increases in operational capacity in hospitals in major European DRG-system countries, England, France, Germany and Italy.

Are robots in rich countries a threat for employment in emerging economies?

The effects of robotization on labor market outcomes have been widely investigated within developed countries. Conversely, few studies have tried to assess how automation in advanced economies affects less industrialized countries. In this work, we analyze the impact of robotization in a group of developed European countries (EU15) on employment dynamics in a country-industry panel data of emerging markets. Our findings indicate that EU15 robotization is associated with a decline of sectoral employment in emerging economies, especially in Asia, tradable and more robotized industries. Ultimately, a small set of major European countries - namely, Germany, Italy, Denmark and United Kingdom - seems to guide the overall phenomenon. • We study how robots in rich European nations affect employment of emerging markets. • Robots in rich European nations negatively affect employment in emerging markets. • The effects are stronger in Asia, tradable and more robotized industries. • Germany, Italy, Denmark and United Kingdom seem to drive the overall phenomenon.

유럽연합(EU) 및 유럽 주요국의 이산화탄소 포집·활용·저장(CCUS) 정책동향

According to the 1st Working Group (WG) report of the 6th Assessment Report (AR 6) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) published on August 9, 2021, the average global temperature is now higher than before industrialization. It has already risen 1.09〬 C, and the average carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere is 410ppm, the highest level in 2 million years. If carbon emissions continue according to the current trend, it is highly likely that the temperature rise limit target according to the Paris Agreement and the threshold of an irreversible climate catastrophe will reach 1.5〬 C within 20 years at the most. With such a prospect, it is not enough to emphasize the importance of technology development to reduce greenhouse gas, which threatens the survival of mankind. Carbon Dioxide Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) technology, which is a representative technology for large-scale reduction of greenhouse gas, which is the main cause of global warming, has recently attracted attention. The national vision of achieving carbon neutrality in 2050 is closely related to the implementation of the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) under Articles 3 and 4 of the Paris Agreement. Carbon dioxide capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) technology is a representative technology for large-scale reduction of greenhouse gases closely related to achieving carbon neutrality in 2050. In order to increase the effectiveness of Korean CCUS technology, it is important to consider overseas advanced CCUS policies. Accordingly, in this report, examples of carbon dioxide capture, transport, utilization and storage (CCUS) projects that can be seen as part of the Green New Deal policies of the European Union (EU) and major European countries and carbon dioxide in major European countries such as Germany, Norway and the United Kingdom Recent policy trends on capture, transport, utilization and storage (CCUS) are reviewed. Through this, first, CCUS is an important means to achieve 2050 carbon growth by supplementing the problems of new and renewable energy such as intermittent, inefficiency, and noise pollution. Because it is important, regular and occasional disclosure of information to residents and enhancement of public acceptance through resident meetings and seminars are very important. Third, the United States, Canada and China are CCUS powerhouses as well as major European countries such as Germany, Norway, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. As above mentioned CCUS powerhouses are spurring CCUS research and development, if Korea neglects research and development on CCUS, it will fall into a technology-dependent country. Through this, implications such as that Korea should achieve the carbon-neutral 2050 target and achieve sustainable development were derived.

유럽연합(EU) 및 유럽 주요국의 이산화탄소 포집·활용·저장(CCUS) 정책동향

According to the 1st Working Group (WG) report of the 6th Assessment Report (AR 6) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) published on August 9, 2021, the average global temperature is now higher than before industrialization. It has already risen 1.09〬 C, and the average carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere is 410ppm, the highest level in 2 million years. If carbon emissions continue according to the current trend, it is highly likely that the temperature rise limit target according to the Paris Agreement and the threshold of an irreversible climate catastrophe will reach 1.5〬 C within 20 years at the most. With such a prospect, it is not enough to emphasize the importance of technology development to reduce greenhouse gas, which threatens the survival of mankind. Carbon Dioxide Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) technology, which is a representative technology for large-scale reduction of greenhouse gas, which is the main cause of global warming, has recently attracted attention. The national vision of achieving carbon neutrality in 2050 is closely related to the implementation of the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) under Articles 3 and 4 of the Paris Agreement. Carbon dioxide capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) technology is a representative technology for large-scale reduction of greenhouse gases closely related to achieving carbon neutrality in 2050. In order to increase the effectiveness of Korean CCUS technology, it is important to consider overseas advanced CCUS policies. Accordingly, in this report, examples of carbon dioxide capture, transport, utilization and storage (CCUS) projects that can be seen as part of the Green New Deal policies of the European Union (EU) and major European countries and carbon dioxide in major European countries such as Germany, Norway and the United Kingdom Recent policy trends on capture, transport, utilization and storage (CCUS) are reviewed. Through this, first, CCUS is an important means to achieve 2050 carbon growth by supplementing the problems of new and renewable energy such as intermittent, inefficiency, and noise pollution. Because it is important, regular and occasional disclosure of information to residents and enhancement of public acceptance through resident meetings and seminars are very important. Third, the United States, Canada and China are CCUS powerhouses as well as major European countries such as Germany, Norway, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. As above mentioned CCUS powerhouses are spurring CCUS research and development, if Korea neglects research and development on CCUS, it will fall into a technology-dependent country. Through this, implications such as that Korea should achieve the carbon-neutral 2050 target and achieve sustainable development were derived.