Major Unsaturated Fatty Acids Research Articles

Consequential Effect of Intake of Fatty Acid through Milk and Butterfat (Ghee)

Milk fat is observed to have high nutritional properties and other health benefits. The fat in milk is the most complicated natural fat since it comprises over 400 distinct fatty acids. The saturated fatty acids present in milk account for approximately 70% by weight (5). The most important fatty acid from a quantitative viewpoint is palmitic acid (16:0), which accounts for approximately 30% by weight of the total fatty acids. Myristic acid (14:0) and stearic acid (18:0) make up 11 and 12% by weight, respectively. Oleic acid is the major unsaturated fatty acid present in milk. The fatty acid composition of milk fat determines its nutritional value. The fatty acids found in milk vary in terms of their structure, cis or trans isomers, amount and location of double bonds, and chain length. The chemical makeup and content of the fatty acids present determine the physical and nutritional characteristics of the fat. The fatty acids in milk also have nutritional value and offer certain health advantages. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and other polyunsaturated fatty acids are considered to help prevent coronary artery disease (CAD) and other age-related neurodegenerative illnesses. Many of these therapeutic properties are unknown even today. The impact of fatty acids on human health is a topic that is always under dispute. Here we discuss how fatty acids act in terms of human health. Regulations have been implemented to ensure reduced risk due to the intake of fatty acids like trans fatty acids. Trans fats can increase the risk of CHD.

Changes in Fatty Acid Profiles in Seeds of Camellia oleifera Treated by Mycorrhizal Fungi and Glomalin

Camellia oleifera is an important oilseed forest tree, but it is unknown whether and how inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, as well as spraying easily extractable glomalin-related soil protein (EG), regulates the fatty acid profile in seeds of this species. This study explored how inoculation with Rhizophagus intraradices (800 g inoculum/tree) and spraying EG (2.5 L/tree, four times in total, once a week) modulated the fatty acid profile for potential nutritional qualities in the seeds of 20-year-old C. oleifera. Spraying exogenous EG significantly increased fruit transverse diameter, longitudinal diameter, fruit weight, number of seeds, and seed weight but had no significant effect on the root mycorrhizal colonization rate. Inoculation with R. intraradices had no significant effect on these fruit traits but significantly boosted the root mycorrhizal colonization rate. A total of 11 saturated fatty acids and 12 unsaturated fatty acids were detected from the seeds, with the unsaturated fatty acids consisting primarily of C18:1N-12, C18:1N-9C, and C18:2-N6. Spraying exogenous EG significantly increased the levels of major unsaturated fatty acid components such as C18:1N-12, C18:1N-9C, C18:1N-7, and C18:2N-6 by 140.6%, 59.7%, 97.6%, and 60.6%, respectively, while decreasing the level of C16:0. Inoculation with R. intraradices only decreased the levels of C16:0 and C18:0, while increased the level of C18:2N-6. Both treatments increased the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids in total fatty acids, resulting in an increase in the unsaturation index of fatty acids. In addition, inoculation with R. intraradices significantly up-regulated the expression of CoFAD2, spraying exogenous EG significantly increased the expression of CoSAD, CoFAD2, and CoFAD3, and both treatments also significantly suppressed the expression of CoFAE. These findings suggested that exogenous EG as a biostimulant, is more suitable to regulate the nutritional values of fatty acids in seeds of 20-year-old C. oleifera.

Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Effect of Rosa davurica Pall Seed Oil on CCl4-Induced Acute Liver Injury in Mice.

The liver, being the most metabolically active organ, is highly vulnerable to damage caused by oxidative stress. Rosa davurica Pall. seed oil (RDPO), a novel vegetable oil, and its bioactive components have been extensively researched in the field of antioxidants. In this research, the antioxidant properties and hepatoprotection by RDPO were evaluated. A series of antioxidant evaluation systems and a CCl4-induced acute liver injury model in mice were used to investigate the antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective efficacy of RDPO. The results showed that the extraction rate of RDPO was 11.12% using the optimal extraction process. Three major unsaturated fatty acids of the oil were α-linolenic acid (11.89 ± 0.017%), linoleic acid (18.52 ± 0.072%), and oleic acid (11.54 ± 0.425%). Furthermore, its antioxidant small-molecule compounds were β-sitosterol (1.429 ± 0.002 μg/g), α-tocopherol (1.273 ± 0.079 μg/g), β-carotene (0.012 ± 0.001 μg/g), lycopene (0.108 ± 0.002 μg/g), squalene (178.950 ± 0.794 μg/g), total polyphenols (1.114 ± 0.032 μg GAE/mg), and total flavonoids (0.504 ± 0.009 mg RU/g), respectively. In vitro, RDPO significantly inhibited the production of ABTS+•, DPPH•, O2•-, and hydroxyl radicals, as well as Fe3+. In vivo, RDPO significantly reversed the activity of total superoxide-dismutase, catalase, L-glutathione, and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in liver tissue. It also obviously inhibited the activity of aspartate transaminase (AST) and the level of MDA in the serum. Therefore, RDPO has demonstrated excellent antioxidant activity and a potential liver protective effect. This effect may be ascribed to its capacity for decreasing AST activity, inhibiting lipid peroxidation, and boosting endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity. Therefore, RDPO has significant application value in the biopharmaceutical industry and as a dietary supplement.

Evaluation of seed yield, essential oil compositions, and fatty acid profiles in advanced fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill) breeding populations

Metabolites derived from bitter fennel serve as flavoring and healing agents in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic sectors. Previously, we developed three fennel breeding populations (Early, Medium, and Late Maturity Synthetic Cultivars) with the potential to produce higher seed yield. This investigation aimed to assess the quality and quantity of the important metabolites in these three cultivars alongside their elite parental populations. Our results showed that the highest amounts of essential oil yield and seed yield were produced by, two breeding populations, Medium and Late Maturity Synthetic Cultivars. These cultivars showed positive seed yield heterosis rates of 28% and 20%, respectively, above the averages of their parental populations. GC-MS analysis of the essential oil samples identified 24 components in total. The major compounds in all genotypes were trans-anethole (34.09–77.84%), limonene (4.99–12.66%), methyl chavicol (1.35–38.69%), and fenchone (6–13.07%). The highest amount of trans-anethole belonged to Fasa and the Medium Maturity Synthetic with 77.84 % and 73.10%, respectively. The analysis of fatty acid compositions in the genotypes was conducted using GC-FID, which revealed the presence of 19 unique fatty acids, of which ten were saturated, and nine were unsaturated fatty acids. Petroselinic acid (67.11–78.44%), and linoleic acid (9.14–11.60%) were the major unsaturated fatty acids in fennel seeds. The Early Maturity Synthetic exhibited the least saturated fatty acid content (7.24%), while the highest levels of unsaturated fatty acids were found in both the Early Maturity Synthetic (89%) and Hashtgerd (88.55%). The genotypes were categorized into four groups using a heat map analysis with hierarchical clustering. Overall, the results showed that the three synthetic cultivars of fennel have outperformed the elite parental populations for seed and essential oil yields, concentration of the major industrial secondary metabolites such as trans-anethole, and higher proportions of unsaturated fatty acids. These cultivars show potential for usage in the pharmaceutical and healthcare industries.

Fatty Acid and Sterol Profiles of Commonly Available Street Foods in Sri Lanka: Comparison to Other Countries in the Asian Region

Informal sector foods are considered a vector of unhealthy fatty acids linked to noncommunicable diseases (NCD). This study is aimed at investigating the hazardous and nutritional fatty acids and sterols in commonly consumed ready-to-eat (RTE) street foods (n=108) in Sri Lanka using modified and validated AOAC and AOCS test methods. Significant variations (p<0.05) were detected in fatty acid composition among different foods. A comparatively higher fat content (>17.5 g/100 g) was observed in 95% of pastry samples, while 51.5% of total foods exceeded the national threshold limit (8 g/100 g) for children. Saturated fatty acid (SFA) was higher than 1.5 g/100 g in 93% of food. SFA was more predominant than polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in all foods. The most prominent SFA was palmitic acid. Oleic acid was the major unsaturated fatty acid. Total trans fatty acids detected in all foods were in the range of 0.12-1.60 g/100 g. The PUFA/SFA ratios of all analysed street foods (0.16-0.28) were less than the recommended PUFA/SFA ratio of ≥0.4. Omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratios of all food were 18 : 1-24 : 1, which is higher than the WHO-recommended ratio of 4 : 1-5 : 1. Mean atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indices were 0.80-1.63 and 1.47-2.76, respectively. The essential fatty acids of α-linoleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid were less than the required nutritional intake. The most prominent phytosterol is the β-sitosterol in all foods, and total phytosterols were 3.29-136.65 mg/serving. Cholesterol was in the range of 0.36 to 256.85 mg/serving. These results suggest that consumption of these selected street foods may aid in increasing the risks of NCDs in consumers, and findings emphasise the urgency of improving the nutritional quality of street foods by continuously monitoring and regulating the present culinary practices. This study is the first to report a comprehensive fatty acid composition, including sterols, in RTE foods.

Synthesis of Bio-based Polyol Via Epoxidation and Hydroxylation of Shea Butter Fats

Polyols are mostly made from petroleum and other non-biodegradable fossil fuels, and as such, they are not environmentally benign. This study presents the process of making bio-based polyols from shea butter fats (SBF) by epoxidation and hydroxylation. Wet analysis, gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection (GC-FID), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were all used to characterize the bio-based polyols. The acid number (13.92 mg KOH/g), iodine value (19.54 mg I2/100 g), saponification value (218.03 mg KOH/g), and viscosity (107.98 poise) suggest a good quality of synthesized SBF-polyol. The FTIR analysis of SBF-polyol indicates the existence of specific vibrational frequencies: 3473 cm-1 for hydroxyl (OH) groups, 2921–2854 cm-1, and 2929–2858 cm-1 for carbon-hydrogen (C-H) and methylene (CH2) groups, respectively, and 1748 cm-1 for carbonyl (-C=O) groups. The major unsaturated fatty acids detected in SBF were oleic acid, with an estimation of 10.41%; linoleic acid and linolenic acid were reported at 0.34% and 1.67%, respectively; however, they were absent in SBF-polyol. According to this data, bio-based polyols can be synthesized using SBF and are suggested for the production of top-notch polyols.

Potential valorization of used cooking oil into novel biolubricating grease through chemical modification and its performance evaluation

Non-edible vegetable oil derived lubricants feedstock have come up strongly in recent time but diverting the used cooking oil (UCO) for bio-lubricant production is a viable and attractive approach in countries like India where availability of non-edible oils are limited. In this regard, this work explores for the very first time, the consideration of environmental-friendly ethylhexyl esters (EHEs) as base oil produced from used cooking oil through transesterification of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) and 2-ethylhexanol in the presence of p-Toluenesulfonic acid to develop eco-friendly grease. The produced biolubricant (UCO-BL) was identified using FTIR and NMR techniques. The fatty acid composition of UCO-BL was determined using the quantitative GC-FID technique and it was found that linoleic and oleic were the major unsaturated fatty acids present in UCO-BL. The experimental results show that the different fatty acid profiles in UCO-BL have a significant impact on the tribological and rheological performance of the prepared grease. The friction coefficient of UCO-BL based grease was 30.6% lower compared to mineral oil (MAK150) based grease. The surface lubricated by MAK150 based grease exhibits lower wear but deep scratches, whereas UCO-BL based grease showed fine scratches. Also, the high solvency of UCO-BL promotes a strong gel network, resulting in higher viscosity and lower values of loss tangent of the prepared grease. This study demonstrates that biolubricant derived from used cooking oil could be utilize to develop eco-friendly grease. Additionally, it can contribute to the effective utilization of waste cooking oils and aid in waste management.

Evaluation of seed oil quality in Iris lactea by attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics

Iris lactea Pall. var. chinensis (Fisch.) Koidz. Seed oil has high medicinal value, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and prevention and treatment effects on hypertension. In this study, the oil from nine different geographical locations of I. lactea seeds was extracted, and then the total polyphenol content, the ratio of major unsaturated and saturated fatty acids, and the antioxidant capacity of the oil were examined separately. Combining attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and chemometric methods, analysis models of the total polyphenol content, the ratio of major unsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids, and the antioxidant capacity of I. lactea seeds oil were developed. The results showed that the total polyphenol content of I. lactea seeds oil ranged from 14.46 to 104.91 mg/kg gallic acid equivalents, the ratios of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids were between 5.00 and 12.50, and the half-maximal inhibitory concentration of scavenging 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radicals was between 3.53 and 7.23 mg/mL. The proposed model for the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids showed good robustness with the root mean square error being adequate for the intended demand (<1), the correlation coefficients greater than 0.95, and the ratio of prediction to deviation greater than 3. The correlation coefficient of the total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity models were greater than 0.9 and the ratio of prediction to deviation was both greater than 2, showing a good correlation. In conclusion, all results indicated that I. lactea seeds oil was a healthy oil with development value, and attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was a simple and reliable method to evaluate the quality of I. lactea seeds oil as an alternative to wet chemical methods.

Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of lipids from Ficus carica L. fruits

Samples of oils from seven types of Ficus carica L. fruits from Algeria were investigated through determinations of their chemical characteristics, quantifying sterols and tocopherols, and analysis of the fatty acids profiles using gas chromatography, and evaluation of antioxidant activity by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and total antioxidant activity (TAA) using phosphomolybdenum methods. The results show that acid values ranged from 3.14 to 6.95 mg KOH/g indicating on the high amount of free fatty acids in the figs oils. Neutral lipids occupy a very important proportion of the crude figs oils (NL: 60.30–98.40%) compared to glycolipids (GL: 0.58–28.00%) and phospholipids (PL: 0.40-11.70%). Linoleic (11.70–34.74%) and linolenic (1.15–35.27%) were the major unsaturated fatty acids found in lipid fractions, while the main fraction of saturated fatty acid was palmitic. The tocopherols and sterols contents in fig oils ranged from 14.27 to 108.55 mg α-TE/g lipids and from 0.36 to 2.80 mg CE/g lipids respectively. The best inhibition concentration (IC50) of DPPH antioxidant activity was marked by GL (0.23–1.06 g/L) and PL (0.67–1.23 g/L). The strongest TAA was also marked by GL (IC50: 2.84 to 10.08 g/L) and PL (IC50: 3.73–11.30 g/L). This finding demonstrated for the first time that the studied figs oils possessed good antioxidant activity which may be associated with their alleged health benefits.

α-Linolenic Acid Inhibits RANKL-Induced Osteoclastogenesis In Vitro and Prevents Inflammation In Vivo.

Inflammation is an important risk factor for bone-destroying diseases. Our preliminary research found that Zanthoxylum bungeanum seed oil (ZBSO) is abundant in unsaturated fatty acids and could inhibit osteoclastogenesis in receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL)-induced RAW264.7 cells. However, the key constituents in ZBSO in the prevention of osteoclastogenesis and its possible mechanism related to inflammation are still unclear. Therefore, in this study, oleic acid (OA), linoleic acid (LA), palmitoleic acid (PLA), and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) in ZBSO, havingthe strongest effect on RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis, were selected by a tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining method. Furthermore, the effects of the selected fatty acids on anti-inflammation and anti-osteoclastogenesis in vitro and in vivo were assessed using RT-qPCR. Among the four major unsaturated fatty acids we tested, ALA displayed the strongest inhibitory effect on osteoclastogenesis. The increased expression of free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFAR4) and β-arrestin2 (βarr2), as well as the decreased expression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), nuclear factor of activated T-cells c1 (NFATc1), and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) in RAW264.7 cells after ALA treatment were observed. Moreover, in ovariectomized osteoporotic rats with ALA preventive intervention, we found that the expression of TNF-α, interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), NFATc1, and TRAP were decreased, while with the ALA therapeutic intervention, downregulated expression of NF-κB, NFATc1, TRAP, and transforming growth factor beta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) were noticed. These results indicate that ALA, as the major unsaturated fatty acid in ZBSO, could inhibit RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis via the FFAR4/βarr2 signaling pathway and could prevent inflammation, suggesting that ZBSO may be a promising potential natural product of unsaturated fatty acids and a dietary supplement for the prevention of osteoclastogenesis and inflammatory diseases.

Evaluation of Properties of Chenopodium pallidicaule (Cañihua) Oil for Possible Use in Cosmetic Formulations.

In this study, Chenopodium pallidicaule (Cañihua) oilseed was investigated to determine the composition, and main physico-chemical properties to establish its potential cosmetic applications. The results were compared with well-known vegetable oils. The extraction yield was 2.14±0.01 g of extracted oil/100 g of dry-weight seeds. Unsaturated fatty acids were the most abundant in Cañihua oil. The major unsaturated fatty acid was linoleic acid (42.1%), followed by oleic acid (24.7%) and linolenic acid (3.0%). The specific gravity was 0.897±0.01 (20°C), the average acid value was 0.48±0.14 mg / KOH, the peroxide value was 5.0±1.34 mEqO2/kg, the iodine value was 175.3±18.63 g I2/100 g, and the saponification number was 190.0±0.01 mg KOH / g oil. Other properties for use in cosmetic formulations like surface tension, viscosity, spreadability, and pour and cloud points were similar to those of other vegetable oils used in these formulations. A stable cosmetic emulsion was formulated using Cañihua oil (5%). All results demonstrated the potential of Cañihua oil as an ingredient for cosmetic emulsions for skin treatment.

Diversity in seed protein content, selected minerals, oil content and fatty acid composition of the Southern African Bambara groundnut germplasm collection

Bambara groundnut is a nutritious, underutilized legume crop and has the potential to mitigate problems associated with malnutrition and food security. The objectives of this study was to characterize a Southern African Bambara groundnut germplasm collection for protein content, seleccted minerals, oil content and fatty acid composition, to identify superior accessions and determine the interrelationship between all measured characteristics. There was significant variability among the accessions for all measured traits. The average values of measured characteristics were, protein (18.89 %), Fe (27.26 mg kg−1), Zn (24.96 mg kg−1), moisture (6.65 %), fat free dry matter (86.86 %) and oil (6.49 %). Bambara accessions contained palmitic (22.01 %), stearic (3.56 %) and lignoceric acid (2.31 %) as the major saturated fatty acids. Bambara accessions contained linoleic (43.61 %), oleic (19.19 %), α-linolenic (4.32 %), and eicosatrienoic (n-6) acid (3.40 %) as the major unsaturated fatty acids. Significant positive correlation of protein content and Fe with few unsaturated fatty acids were observed. Bambara accessions 86 (AS 17), 127 (MAD 3), 148 (SWAZI V5) and 174 (SB 4−4 G) were associated with high protein content, Fe and few unsaturated fatty acids. These accession could be used as potential parents for future breeding and crossing, thereby enhancing the nutritional value of Bambara groundnut in South Africa.

More evidences for the nutritional quality and future exploitation of the invasive crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852) from the River Nile, Egypt

This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional quality with some food applications of the invasive Procambarus clarkii from the River Nile, Egypt. The moisture content was 75.75 ± 2.3% and crude protein on dry weight basis was estimated as 73.25 ± 4.1%. Essential amino acids were 0.529, 0.131, 0.181, 0.016 and 0.058 mg/g for isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, and valine, respectively, whereas non-essential amino acids were 0.173 and 0.032 mg/g for tyrosine and cystine, respectively. A total of 15 fatty acids was detected [8 saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and 7 unsaturated fatty acids (USFA)], the major SFA was palmitic acid (C16:0; 26.63%), whereas the major USFA was oleic acid (C18:1n-9; 29.26%). Vitamins A, D, E, and K were 3181, 2, 175, and 1.7 mg/kg, respectively. Minerals were 937.7, 1639.1, 2171.6, and 0.01 mg/kg for Na, K, Mg, and I, respectively. Six heavy metals were monitored (mg/kg) 0.47, 0.32, 0.05, 81.31, 203.21, and 0.23 for Hg, Pb, Ca, Fe, Zn, and Ni, respectively. For food processing applications, the two products had acceptable levels for consumption in test panel responses. Moreover, P. clarkii should be considered for exploitation and recommended for further investigation as a potential raw material for the pharmaceutical industry and a new cheap animal protein source.

Biochemical parameters and antioxidant property of three Salvia L. taxa endemic in Turkey.

The aim of the present study was to determine and compare the fatty acids, lipid soluble vitamins, sterols, phenolics, and antioxidant capacities of three endemic Salvia L. taxa (S. euphratica var. Montbret & Aucher ex Bentham leiocalycina (Rech. Fil.) Hedge, S. euphratica var. Montbret & Aucher ex Bentham euphratica (Rech. Fil.) Hedge and S. pseudoeuphratica Rech.Fil.) and to evaluate these results systematically. The fatty acid compositions were determined by using gas chromatography, while the lipid soluble vitamins, sterols, and phenolics were determined by using HPLC. Also, the antioxidant capacities of three Salvia taxa were measured in vitro. Palmitic acid was found as major saturated fatty acid while oleic acid, linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, and erucic acid were found as major unsaturated fatty acids in the present study. It was found that S. euphratica var. euphratica had lower palmitic acid (8.94 ± 0.71%), total saturated fatty acid (19.16 ± 0.15%), and higher unsaturated fatty acid content (82.08 ± 0.52%) than other studied taxa. Furthermore, it was shown that S. euphratica var. euphratica had different 18.3/18:2 (0.36) unsaturated/saturated fatty acid (4.28) ratios. However, this study demonstrated that Salvia taxa had low lipid soluble vitamins, sterol contents. On the other hand, it was shown that Salvia taxa had similar catechin (509.2 ± 4.21 µg/g and 552.2 ± 9.21 µg/g) and vanillic acid amounts (351.2 ± 2.17 µg/g and 396.8 ± 4.1 µg/g) in this study. And also, it was found that Salvia taxa had high rosmarinic acid content while S. euphratica var. leiocalycina had the highest rosmarinic acid content (1480 ± 7.57 µg/g). On the other hand, it was shown that the two ferulic acid contents of S. euphratica varieties were higher (1175 ±/5.21 µgmg-1740.2 ± 4.82 µg/mg) than the ferulic acid content of S. pseudoeuphratica of which was the lowest (19.2 ± 0.97 µg/mg). The present results suggested that the biochemical results guided the morphological studies, and Salvia taxa have a potent antioxidant capacity.

Genetic segregation analysis of unsaturated fatty acids content in the filial generations of high-linolenic-acid rapeseed (Brassica napus)

Alpha linolenic acid (ALA) is an essential polyunsaturated fatty acids that can improve human health. Rapeseed is the second largest oil crop in the world but the ALA content in its seed fatty acids is only about 10%. Two rapeseed germplasms YH25005 and R8Q10 with high content (up to 21%) ALA were developed by intervarietal crossing. They were used as the maternal parent (P1) when crossed with a low ALA parent SW (P2) to produce the seeds of the F1 hybrid, F2, and backcrosses to P1 (BCP1) and P2 (BCP2). A multigeneration joint segregation analysis was conducted to determine major gene ​+ ​polygene effects of the content of three major unsaturated fatty acids including oleic (OA), linoleic (LA) and ALA. The results showed that, although some genes favorable to ALA accumulation were not allelic in R8Q10 and YH25005, all the inheritances of OA, LA and ALA in YH25005 ​× ​SW and R8Q10 ​× ​SW followed a genetic model of ‘two pairs of additive major genes ​+ ​additive-dominant polygenes’. It is suggested that the contents of OA, LA and ALA are closely related and the major genes in the parent SW containing loss-of-function mutations in FAD2 and FAD3 loci had strong effect to reduce ALA and elevate OA. However, total genetic effect of the polygenes was greater than that of the two major genes, especial on ALA content. It indicated that it is necessary to employ a larger F2 population to find the plant that accumulate enough minor-effect polygenes for high ALA content. The results are useful for high ALA rapeseed breeding and future work of gene mapping.

Variability for oil, protein, lignan, tocopherol, and fatty acid concentrations in eight sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) genotypes

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an important oil seed with edible and potentially nutritional and medical uses in most countries and may show variability for bioactive concentrations. The objective of this study was to evaluate seed production weights, numbers, oil, protein, lignan, tocopherol, and fatty acid concentrations in seeds from 8 randomly diverse sesame genotypes with various seed coat colors over two years. Oil analysis were conducted using NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) on a Bruker mq-one minispec. Protein was measured by combustion on an Elementar Rapid N Exceed nitrogen analyzer. Lignan and tocopherol compounds were prepared and analyzed by HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) on an Agilent 1100. Fatty acids were separated by gas chromatography on an Agilent 7890A with a 15 m DB23 analytical column and FID (flame ionization detector). The bioactives and 1000 seed weights were significantly influenced by genotype, except for heptadecenoic acid (17:1), while total seed weight, total seed numbers, sesamolin, γ-tocopherol, and oleic acid (18:1) were influenced by year. Oil, protein, δ-tocopherol, and margaric acid (17:0) showed a year x genotype interaction. Significant 1000 seed weights ranged from 1.8 to 3.3 g while oil and protein concentrations significantly ranged from 29.43–54.69% and 13.92–21.76%, respectively. Sesamin and sesamolin ranged significantly from 0.55 to 8.98 mg/g and tocopherols ranged from 0 to 239.58 μg/g. The major unsaturated fatty acids, oleic (18:1) and linoleic (18:2) acids significantly ranged from 26.60 to 54.85 % while the minor unsaturated fatty acids ranged from 0.13 to 0.89 %. The saturated fatty acids significantly ranged from 0 to 10.58 %. Several correlations were observed among the bioactives. The 8 sesame genotypes can be used in breeding programs to develop new cultivars with enhanced bioactives.

Utilization of Grape and Apricot Fruits By-products as Cheap Source for Biologically Active Compounds for Health Promotion

The present study aims to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-cancer activities of The present study aims to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-cancer activities of nutraceuticals prepared from apricot kernel and grape seeds extracts. Different bioactive compounds were determined in the prepared nutraceuticals (total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, β-carotene, phytosterols and fatty acids). Acute toxicity of these nutraceuticals was evaluated. Apricot kernel showed the highest content of protein and fat, while grape seeds were rich in carbohydrates. Apricot kernel nutraceutical (AKN) showed the highest content of hydrocarbons, while grape seeds nutraceutical (GSN) showed the highest phytosterol content. Stigmasterol was the major phytosterol present in both nutraceuticals. Oleic acid and linoleic acid were the major unsaturated fatty acids present in AKN and GSN, respectively. GSN showed the highest content of phenolic compounds and total flavonoids, while AKN showed the highest content of β-carotene (2.91mg/100g). GSN showed the highest antioxidant activity in all the studied methods (DPPH, reducing power and ferric thiocynate) compared with apricot kernel nutraceutical. Both nutraceuticals showed anti-cancer activity against liver carcinoma cells (HEPG2), breast cancer cells (MCF7) and lung cell cancer (H460). GSN was the most promising in all types of cancer cells. GSN showed complete safety, while AKN was completely safe up to 6 g/kg mice body weight.

Chemical composition, larvicidal and cytotoxic activity of Annona salzmannii (Annonaceae) seed oil

The seed oil of Annona salzmannii A. DC. was analyzed by GC-MS and 1H qNMR, revealing a mixture of unsaturated (80.5%) and saturated (18.7%) fatty acids. Linoleic (45.3%) and oleic (33.5%) acid were the major unsaturated fatty acids identified, while palmitic acid (14.3%) was the major saturated fatty acid. The larvicidal effects of A. salzmannii seed oil were evaluated against third-instar larvae of Aedes aegypti (Linn.). The oil exhibited moderate larvicidal activity, with a LC50 of 569.77 ppm (95% CI = 408.11 to 825.88 ppm). However, when the cytotoxic effects of the oil were evaluated, no expressive antiproliferative effects were observed in tumor cell lines B16-F10 (mouse melanoma), HepG2 (human hepatocellular carcinoma), K562 (human chronic myelocytic leukemia), HL-60 (human promyelocytic leukemia), and non-tumor cell line PBMC (peripheral blood mononuclear cells), with IC50 values > 50 μg·mL-1. This is the first study to evaluate the chemical composition, larvicidal and cytotoxic activity of A. salzmannii seed oil.

Evaluation of fatty acids composition, metabolizable energy, nutrients digestibility of crude palm oil fat crystals in turkeys

The research was organized for evaluating the fatty acids composition, metabolizable energy and nutrients digestibility of crude palm oil (CPO) fat crystals, in turkeys. Study was perfomed on sixty adult male turkeys of 10 weeks age for determining the metabolizable energy and nutrients digestibility. Further, fat crystals were derived from CPO and examined in the laboratory by recommend procedures of AOAC in order to evaluate the composition of fatty acids. Our findings showed that the fat crystals derived from palm oil (FCPO) contains 96.5 % dry matter, 5.5 % crude protein, 95.0 % ether extract and 0.5 % crude fiber. Digestibility of crude protein and crude fat was found 83.51 and 72.05 %, respectively. Gross energy (GE) was noticed 9219 kcal/kg, true metabolizable energy (TME) was found 6692 kcal/kg and apparent metabolizable energy (AME) was recorded 6502 kcal/kg. Study further explored that in FCPO the main saturated fatty acid (total 49.35 %) is palmitic acid (43.45 %), however the major unsaturated fatty acids (50.64 %) are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (9.96 %) and monounsaturated fatty acids (40.68 %). In conclusion, FCPO possess an excellent property for to be used as a reliable fat source in turkeys.

A capillary electrophoresis approach for major unsaturated fatty acids screening in milk

Fast methods for milk analysis are internationally desired, and, in this study, a new method for milk unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) is proposed, using capillary zone electrophoresis with direct detection in the ultraviolet region. Run time analysis was 4 min, and sample preparation comprised only a saponification reaction, which indicates the suitability of the method for UFA monitoring in routine analyses by industries and milk researchers. Milk powder samples submitted to different oxygen content (0.3–20.4%) were analysed after ten months of storage to demonstrate method applicability, aiming to evaluate differences in UFA profiles, the most prone to lipid oxidation. No significant difference was noticed within the 95% confidence interval when comparing different samples. Limits of detection (mmol L−1) for UFAs were 0.040 (C18:1 n-9 cis); 0.014 (C18:2 n-6) and 0.010 (C18:3 n-3). Limits of quantification were 0.132, 0.046, and 0.034 mmol L−1, respectively.