Major Unsaturated Fatty Acids Research Articles

Fatty Acid Composition of Dried Fruits of Sclerocarya birrea, Diospyros blancoi and Landolphia kirkii.

Wild fruits are commonly consumed in the rural communities of South Africa. The information on their nutritionally important fatty acids is, however, limited. Three wild fruit species, Diospyros blancoi, Landolphia kirkii and Sclerocarya birrea from Limpopo Province were selected for evaluation of fatty acid content. Fatty acids composition of dried fruits of Diospyros blancoi (Db), Landolphia kirkii (Lk) and ripe and/or overripe Sclerocarya birrea (Sb) were evaluated by a gas chromatography-time of flight-mass spectrometer (GC-TOF-MS). Hexadecanoic acid (C16:0) was found in highest abundance in L. kirkii (57.73–73.55%), followed by S. birrea (55.92–71.31%) and D. blancoi (46.31–62.05%), respectively. Octadecanoic acid (C18:0) was of second highest abundance, with 24.71–100% in D. blancoi, L. kirkii (31.03–41.60%) and S. birrea (9.11–17.0%). The 9-octadecenoic acid (C18:1n-9) was the major unsaturated fatty acid in both S. birrea (5.33–18.82%), D. blancoi (8.22–8.92%), and L. kirkii (3.84–8.63%). The 9,-12-octadecadienoic acid (C18:2n-6) was the major unsaturated fatty acid in D. blancoi (22.34%). The 9,-12,-15-octadecatrienoic acid (C18:3n-3) was found in L. kirkii (3.51%) and S. birrea (2.79%). From the results, saturated fatty acids were the most dominant, whereas mono- and poly-unsaturated fatty acids were the minor constituents. Therefore, presence of nutritionally important essential fatty acids from S. birrea, D. blancoi and L. kirkii has been shown.

Antimelanogenesis and cellular antioxidant activities of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) seed oil for cosmetics

The abundant rubber seed, the by-product of rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis), is used for tree plantation, biodiesel production, coating, and animal feed. The reported major unsaturated fatty acid components of rubber seed oil are involved in the biological activities and may potentially be employed in the cosmetics. Nevertheless, the biological activity study of rubber seed oil for cosmetic application is limited. The aims of study were to extract the rubber seed oil, analyze the fatty acid components, and evaluate for the cytotoxicity by sulforhodamine B assay and biological activities, including melanogenesis assay and antioxidant activity, in cell culture. The extraction yield of rubber seed oil was 19.32±0.54%. The fatty acid components of rubber seed oil were palmitic (18.90±0.55%), stearic (10.91±0.25%), oleic (35.91±1.97%), and linoleic (33.31±1.56%) acids. The non-cytotoxic concentrations of rubber seed oil at 0.0001-0.1mg/mL were shown the cell viability higher than 80% in B16-F10 melanoma cells and 3T3-L1 cells. The concentration of rubber seed oil that inhibited cell viability at 50% (IC50) was 0.29mg/mL in B16-F10 melanoma cells. The melanogenesis assay of rubber seed oil at 0.1mg/mL was shown the inhibitory effect on melanin content (46.24±2.64%), tyrosinase activity (53.85±5.04%) and tyrosinase-related protein-2 activity (66.01±1.84%). The antioxidant activity of rubber seed oil was demonstrated the cellular protective effect at 0.001mg/mL with cell viability of 99.72±6.92%. The results of study have been supported the potential utilization of rubber seed oil as a functional raw material to be incorporated into the personal care and cosmetic preparations.

PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS, ASSESSMENT OF ANTIPROLIFERATIVE AND FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITY OF MORUS ALBA AND MORUS RUBRA FRUITS

Objective: Mulberry is a nontoxic commonly eaten plant, belongs to the Morus and used in folk medicine in the remedy of dysentery, antiphlogistic, diuretic, expectorant, and antidiabetic. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the antiproliferative and radical scavenging activity of the total alcoholic and successive fractions thereof of Morus alba and Morus rubra fruits. In addition, the chemical composition of the bioactive fractions of each species was investigated.Methods: The antiproliferative potential of 8 extracts on 4 human cancer cell lines, hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), Caucasian breast adenocarcinoma (MCF7), prostate (PC3), and colon carcinoma (HCT116) in addition to one normal cell line namely human normal immortalized skin fibroblast cells (BJ1) were carried out. Cell viability was determined using MTT assay. The potency was compared with the reference drug doxorubicin. These extracts were also assayed for 1,1-diphenyl-2-hydrazyl free radical scavenging activities. After saponification of the n-hexane fraction, unsaponifiable matter and fatty acid methyl esters were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography (GLC). The chemical composition of the bioactive fractions was investigated using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis.Results: All the extracts showed significant free radical scavenging activity dose-dependently. The n-hexane and dichloromethane (DCM) fractions of M. rubra exhibited potent cytotoxic activity on almost cancer cell lines. In the same pattern, ethyl acetate (EtOAc) of M. rubra has moderate cytotoxic activity against all cell lines except HepG2. DCM fraction of M. alba possessed both radical scavenging and high potential antiproliferated activities against HCT116 and MCF7 with inhibitory concentration of 43.9 and 32.3 μg/ml, respectively, while it showed no cytotoxic effect on BJ1. GLC analysis showed the major hydrocarbons in M. alba and M. rubra were heptacosane and docosane, respectively. Sterols were similar in both species but with different ratios and cholesterol was the major one. Palmitic and margaric were the major saturated fatty acid while arachidonic was the major unsaturated fatty acid in both species. GC/MS analysis showed the main compound in DCM fraction of each Morus species was palmitic acid. Furthermore, 1,11-bis-(methoxycarbonyl-ethenyl)-10,2-dihydroxy-cycloeicosane and linolelaidic acid, methyl ester were the main compounds in the EtOAc fraction of each Morus species. Whereas, the main compounds in alcoholic extract of M. alba and M. rubra were methyl-14-methyl-pentadecanoate and 1,2-O-isopropylyidene-4-nonene-1,2,3-triol, respectively.Conclusions: The results observed remarkable biological activity of the successive fractions of M. rubra more than those of M. alba and confirmed its importance as a natural bioactive source. Morus species are good candidates to be promising as possible sources for future antitumor and antioxidants in food and pharmaceutical formulations. The strong activity partly explains the potential effects of Morus species for the treatment of cancer and degenerative diseases caused by free radicals.

Pollen Sources Influence the Traits of Seed and Seed Oil in Paeonia ostii ‘Feng Dan’

The effects of different pollen sources on fruit and seed characteristics of Paeonia ostii ‘Feng Dan’ were investigated using analysis of three different pollination treatments and pollen sources from fifteen cultivars in two successive years. The results showed that self-pollination decreased fruit setting, the number of seeds per fruit, seed volume, seed and kernel weights, and the linoleic acid (LA) concentration in the seed oil, but increased the concentration of oleic acid (OA) compared with cross-pollination. Among those pollen donors, P. suffruticosa ‘Yinhong Qiaodui’ produced the highest fruit set (87.5%); the lowest fruit set was obtained with P. suffruticosa ‘Mo Run Jue Lun’ (44.33%). The most seeds per fruit were achieved by P. suffruticosa ‘Mochi Jin Hui’. P. suffruticosa ‘Dahong Baozhu’ produced the largest fruit, which contained larger and heaviest seeds. The oil extraction ratio (26% to 31.6%) and the concentration of three major unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) in seed oil also significantly differed among pollen sources. The content of OA, LA, and α-linolenic acid (ALA) ranged from 13.82 to 24.79, 12.09 to 21.84, and 23.50 to 38.64 g/100 g crude oil, respectively. Overall, pollen source has clear effects on seed yield and even on fatty acid (FA) composition of seed oil in tree peony.

Seed fatty acid composition of some Fabaceae taxa from Turkey, a chemotaxonomic approach

Seed fatty acids composition of Lathyrus nissolia L., Lathyrus hirsutus L., Pisum sativum L. var. arvense (L.) Poiret., Onobrychis montana DC. subsp. cadmea (Boiss.) P.W.Ball., Trigonella monantha C.A.Mey. subsp. monantha, Trigonella foenum-graceum L. were analyzed by gas chromatography of the methyl esters of their fatty acids. The fatty acid composition of the studied taxa were found as identical qualitatively, but some quantitative differences were determined in interspecific and intergenus level. The fatty acid composition of studied plants showed different saturated and unsaturated fatty acid concentrations. The major fatty acids were found to be linoleic acid (11.94-53.09%), linolenic acid (7.70-47.05%), oleic acid (0.00-28.01%), palmitic acid (12.40-26.14%) and stearic acid (2.82-10.25%); while other fatty acids were found in minor percentages. As a result, in this research we detected that all taxa had the higher total unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) (68.11-80.67%) than saturated fatty acid (SFA) (19.33-31.89%) amounts. The higgest UFA detected to Trigonella monantha subsp. monantha (80.67%), lowest to Onobrychis montana DC. subsp. cadmea (68.11%). In this study, palmitic and stearic acid were found in the major saturated fatty acids; while oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids were found to be the major unsaturated fatty acids. Chemotaxonomic implications of the components of the studied plant taxa are discussed and the main components could be used as a chemotaxonomical marker.

Biodiesel production from lipids of municipal sewage sludge by direct methanol transesterification

ABSTRACTMunicipal sewage sludge (MSS) is a biowaste formed during wastewater treatment and the sewage sludge can be obtained from industrial wastewater treatment system. The sewage sludge contains a variety of organic and inorganic compounds, mainly lipids, proteins, sugars, detergents, and phenols. The MSS contains a significant amount of lipid fraction characterized as oils, greases, fats, and long-chain fatty acids. The average yield of methyl esters from the MSS lipids is 24%. The total average of saturated fatty acids reaches as high as 55.0%. Palmitic acid (37.5%) was the major saturated fatty acid, followed by stearic acid (12.0%). Oleic acid (29.0%) was the major unsaturated fatty acid, followed by linoleic acid (6.2%). The optimum production of biodiesel is faced with huge challenges. The main challenges are collecting and drying the sludge, separating lipids, microbial processing, optimum production of biodiesel and product separation, soap formation, maintaining product quality, bioreactor design, economics of biodiesel production, and regulatory concerns. Wet MSS samples were used in the experiments. Drying cost is 41.5% of the total cost of biodiesel from the sludge. The increase in water content does not affect methyl ester (biodiesel) efficiency in supercritical methanol transesterification (SCMT). The increase in free fatty acid content does not affect methyl ester efficiency in SCMT.

The fatty acid-rich fraction of Eruca sativa (rocket salad) leaf extract exerts antidiabetic effects in cultured skeletal muscle, adipocytes and liver cells

Context: Eruca sativa Mill. (Brassicaceae), commonly known as rocket salad, is a popular leafy-green vegetable with many health benefits.Objective: To evaluate the antidiabetic activities of this plant in major insulin-responsive tissues.Materials and methods: Five E. sativa leaf extracts of varying polarity were prepared (aqueous extract, 70% and 95% ethanol extracts, the n-hexane-soluble fraction of the 95% ethanol extract (ES3) and the defatted 95% ethanol extract). Eruca sativa extracts were investigated through a variety of cell-based in vitro bioassays for antidiabetic activities in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells, H4IIE hepatocytes and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Guided by the results of these bioassays, ES3 was fractionated into the saponifiable (SM) and the unspaonifiable (USM) fractions. Glucose uptake was measured using [3H]-deoxy-glucose, while the effects on hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) and adipogenesis were assessed using Wako AutoKit Glucose and AdipoRed assays, respectively.Results: ES3 and its SM fraction significantly stimulated glucose uptake with EC50 values of 8.0 and 5.8 μg/mL, respectively. Both extracts significantly inhibited G6Pase activity (IC50 values of 4.8 and 9.3 μg/mL, respectively). Moreover, ES3 and SM showed significant adipogenic activities with EC50 of 4.3 and 6.1 μg/mL, respectively. Fatty acid content of SM was identified by GC-MS. trans-Vaccenic and palmitoleic acids were the major unsaturated fatty acids, while palmitic and azelaic acids were the main saturated fatty acids.Discussion and conclusion: These findings indicate that ES3 and its fatty acid-rich fraction exhibit antidiabetic activities in insulin-responsive cell lines and may hence prove useful for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

보리순의 영양성분과 항산화 효과

This study was conducted to investigate the proximate composition and antioxidative activities of young barley leaf(YBL). YBL powder(all w/w) was 2.98% moisture, 17.13% crude protein, 4.00% crude fat, 10.72% crude ash, and 65.17% carbohydrate. The contents of total, insoluble, and soluble dietary fiber were <TEX>$36.62{\pm}2.33$</TEX>, <TEX>$19.05{\pm}1.04$</TEX>, and <TEX>$17.57{\pm}1.01g/100g$</TEX>, respectively. The essential and non-essential amino acids contained in the YBL powder accounted for 46.56% and 53.44% of the total amino acids, respectively. The major unsaturated fatty acid was linolenic acid. The ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids was 4.84. Only tartaric acid was detected. The contents of vitamins A, C, and E were 0.761, 398.05, and 0.936 mg%, respectively. The mineral contents of YBL powder were in the order of Na<Mg<Ca<K. The major free sugars were detected as arabinose and glucose. The total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents of the YBL extracts were found to be 0.107 mg TAE/g and 0.112 mg RE/g, respectively. The <TEX>$IC_{50}$</TEX> value for the DPPH radical scavenging of the YBL ethanol extract was <TEX>$365.74{\pm}6.98mg/mL$</TEX>. The antioxidative index was high and was similar to that of t-butylated hydroxytouene. These results suggest that YBL can be recommended as a baby vegetable of high nutritional quality and antioxidative properties.

난각의 손상 없이 조미액가압침투방법을 이용한 훈제 계란의 품질특성

본 연구는 난각의 손상 없이 조미액 가압침투 방법을 이용하여 편리하게 식용할 수 있는 훈제 계란을 개발하고, 제품의 품질 특성에 대하여 연구하였다. 동결 건조된 훈제 계란의 일반성분의 경우 수분 2.43%, 조회분 4.11%, 조단백질 46.08%, 조지방 40.85%, 탄수화물은 6.53%이었으며, 총 폴리페놀 함량은 3.11 mg%, 총 포화지방산의 함량은 35.70%, 불포화지방산은 64.30%로 나타났다. 주요 포화지방산으로 Palmitic acid(C16:0), Stearic acid(C18:0), Lauric acid(C12:0) 이었고, 주요 불포화지방산으로는 Oleic aicd(C18:1), Linoleic aicd(C18:2)로 나타났다. 색도는 훈제 계란은 훈연에 의해 난각의 색이 매우 짙은 갈색이었고, 난백, 난황, 난각은 삶은 계란에 비해 어둡게 나타났으며, a(redness)값은 훈제 계란이 높게 나타났다. 훈제 계란은 삶은 계란에 비해 관능적으로 매우 우수하게 나타났다. 이는 조미액과 훈연향에 의해 선호도가 높아졌다고 판단된다. 본 연구 결과는 난각의 손상 없이 조미액이 침투된 훈제 계란을 제조하는 방법과 그 품질 특성을 연구함으로써 국내 계란을 이용한 가공식품 개발과 난 가공 산업의 발전에 영향을 줄 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. This study was conducted to develop an edible smoked egg by penetrating seasoning through pressurization without damaging the eggshell and to investigate the quality characteristics of the product. The lyophilized smoked egg consisted of 2.43% moisture, 4.11% crude ash, 46.08% crude protein, 40.85% crude fat and 6.53% hydrated carbon. The total content of polyphenol was 3.11 mg%, 35.70% saturated fatty acid and 64.30% unsaturated fatty acid. Major types of saturated fatty acids included palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0) and lauric acid (C12:0), while major unsaturated fatty acids included oleic acid (C18:1) and linoleic acid (C18:2). Due to smoking of the egg, the eggshell is dark brown, the egg albumen, egg yolk and egg shell are darker than boiled eggs, and the value of a (redness) is higher than that of boiled eggs. Overall, smoked eggs were organically superior than boiled eggs because of their seasoning and smoke flavor. The results of this study are expected to further the development of processed foods using domestic eggs and improve the egg processing industry.

Determination of the Proximate Composition, Physicochemical Analysis and Characterization of Fatty Acid on the Seed and Oil of Gossypium Hirsutum

&lt;p&gt;The proximate composition, physicochemical analysis and characterization of &lt;em&gt;gossypium hirsutum&lt;/em&gt; seed and its oil was carried out. The parameters that were studied in proximate analysis include (percentage) % moisture, % crude protein, % crude fiber, % ash content, % lipid. The total % carbohydrate content of the seed was 30.49&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;0.4 and the estimated % energy value was 435.58. The chemical parameters analyzed on the oil include iodine value, saponification value, free fatty acid (FFA) value and % volatile matter. In the characterization of fatty acid present in the oil with GC-MS Spectroscopy system, the major unsaturated fatty acid values were 14.53% for oleic acid and 55.38% for linoleic acid while the palmitic acid and stearic acid values which were saturated acid are 27.39% and 2.23% respectively. The percentage values of the rest of the fatty acid present in the oil were very low. The parameters determined were within the international and Nigerian industrial standard for vegetable oil.&lt;/p&gt;

The content of some selected metabolites of Hypnea valentiae (Turner) Montagne from the Red Sea coast of Sudan

Objective: To investigate some selected metabolic constituents of Hypnea valentiae (Turner) Montagne collected from the Red Sea coast of Sudan to evaluate the economic potential of the alga. Methods: Healthy thalli of the alga under investigation were collected, thoroughly cleaned, air dried and milled. Authentic analytical methods were used to determine moisture, ash, protein lipid and carrageenan contents. Fatty acids profile was revealed with gas chromatography instrumentation. Testing of phytochemical groups of compounds was based on the development of colouration and precipitation upon addition of certain chemical reagents to the extracts. Results: The ash content of the alga ((40.3 ± 0.2)% of dry weight) was comparatively the highest among the parameters tested. The protein, lipid, and carrageenan constituted (9.30 ± 0.70)%, (6.50 ± 0.34)%, and (33.70 ± 0.01)%, respectively of the alga dry matter. Hypnea valentiae (Turner) Montagne from Sudan Red Sea coast composed of 12 fatty acids, 8 of which were unsaturated fatty acids and 4 were saturated fatty acids. The major unsaturated fatty acids in the alga was the trans-isomer of linoleic acid and linolelaidic acid (36.32%) followed by palmitoleic acid (13.64%). The major saturated fatty acids was the heptadecanoic acid amounting to 19.10% of the total fatty acids. Phytochemically the alga contained alkaloids, flavonoids and tannins. Conclusions: This alga may represent a promising source of functional food and therapeutic metabolites. Further investigation and critical evaluation of the bioactivity of the phytochemical compounds is required to assure the therapeutic potential of this alga.

Evaluation and Application of Some Phytochemicals in Pomegranate Seed Residues and Guava Seeds

Phytochemicals were recommended to reduce coronary heart-related diseases and diabetes incidence. In consequence, the development of foods with high phytochemicals content should be desirable. The aim of the present work was to investigate the possibility of using pomegranate seed residues (PSR) and guava seeds (GS) as a source of phytochemicals. The data revealed that PSR and GS contain high amount of phytochemicals (α-tocopherols, polyphenols, carotenoids and flavonoids). PSR contained significantly higher amounts of α-tocopherols, polyphenols and flavonoids(1.839,412.60 and 91.41mg/ 100g DM, respectively) compared with ( 1.370, 100.59 and 56.23 mg/ 100g DM, respectively) for GS. On the other hand, GS contained significantly higher amounts of total carotenoids (223.12 mg/ 100g DM) than PSR(107.08 mg/100g DM). Furthermore the results indicated that GS contained significantly higher amounts of trypsin inhibitors ,haemagglutininactivity, phytic acid and oxalate (43.77 TIU/mg DM, 406.88unit/100gDM, 70.35mg/100g DM and 6.93mg/100gmDM,respectively) as compared with PSR (21.18, 286.66,13.09 and 1.87,respectively).The data also indicated that PSR and GS are considered good sources of crude fibers (59.18 and 65.22%, respectively). Furthermore, both seeds contain high amounts of crude oil and omega fatty acids. Linolenic acid was the major unsaturated fatty acid in (PSR) oil (63.84%), while linoleic acid was the most predominant unsaturated fatty acids in (GS) oil (71.63%). The PSR and GS were utilized in formulating novel functional biscuits. Sensory evaluation showed that panelists judged the enriched biscuits as acceptable.

Oil in Inajá Pulp (Maximiliana maripa): Fatty Acid Profile and Anti-acetylcholinesterase Activity

The inaja ( Maximiliana maripa ) is a palm from Arecaceae family. The inaja distribution occurs from Amazon to the west-central of South America. The inaja has edible parts: the palm heart and oils obtained from pulp and seed. The aims of this study were to verify the fatty acid profile from pulp oil by GC-FID and analyzing acetylcholinesterase inhibition by inaja pulp oil. Chromatographic analysis provided eleven fatty acids. The major unsaturated fatty acids are oleic (22.32%), linoleic (4.72%) and linolenic acids (3.95%). The major saturated fatty acids are palmitic ( 20.76% ), myristic ( 20.48% ) and lauric acids ( 17.42% ). The acetylcholinesterase inhibition by inaja oil pulp was over 63.76%. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17807/orbital.v7i4.769

품종에 따른 국내산 및 중국산 메밀의 품질특성

This study investigated the quality characteristics (chemical composition, amino acid content, lipid content, andrutin content) of common and tartary buckwheats cultivated from Korea and China. The moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude ash, and carbohydrate contents of various common and tartary buckwheats were 8.78~13.37%, 11.00~12.11%, 2.87~3.18%, 1.80~2.58%, and 70.2~73.8%, respectively. The major amino acids in Korean and Chinese buckwheats were aspartic acid (1,105.1~1,403.5 mg/100 g), glutamine (2,250.9~2,996.1 mg/100 g), and arginine (932.5~1,388.6 mg/100 g). The major minerals were K (423.7~569.4 mg/100 g), Mg (181.8~255.9 mg/100 g), and P (328.6~555.0 mg/100 g). Palmitic acid (14.2~16.1%) was the major saturated fatty acid, and oleic (37.0~40.8%) and linoleic (31.7~38.6%) acids were the major unsaturated fatty acids. Tartary buckwheats (261.0~265.0 mg/g) had significantly higher rutin contents than that of common buckwheats (4.39~5.68 mg/g). These results suggested that common and tartary buckwheats cultivated in Korea and China contain naturally occurringnutrients in an abundance.

Seed Fatty Acid Composition of Some Medicago L. and Melilotus L. (Fabaceae) Taxa From Turkey

Fatty acids composition of plant oil of Medicago disciformis DC., Medicago orbicularis (L.) Bart., Medicago intertexta (L.) Mill var. ciliaris (L.) Heyn., Medicago scutellata (L.) Mill., Melilotus alba Desr. and Melilotus officinalis (L.) Desr. were analyzed. The fatty acid composition of these six different taxa were determined by gas chromatography. The fatty acid composition of plants used to this study showed different saturated and unsaturated fatty acid concentrations. The main fatty acids found were linoleic acid (19.43-56.25%), linolenic acid (22.10-36.35%), oleic acid (18.56-31.21%), stearic acid (3.16-5.09%) and palmitic acid (11.93-23.37%); while other fatty acids were found in minor proportions. As a result, present study determined that all taxa had the highest total unsaturated fatty acid amounts (69.81-82.53%) and the lowest total saturated fatty acid amounts (17.47-30.19%). The higgest unsaturated fatty acid determinated to Melilotus officinalis (82.53%), the lowest in Medicago intertexta (69.81%). In the study of species, palmitic and stearic acid were found, the major saturated fatty acids. The other hand oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids in major unsaturated fatty acids. Fatty acid composition of studied plants oils could be used as a chemotaxonomical marker.

Characterization of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate of Different Oil Processing Industries of Pakistan.

Palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) is cheap and valuable byproduct of edible oil processing industries. This study was designed to characterize PFAD collected from different local oil industries. AOCS methods were used for the determination of physicochemical parameters such as free fatty acid (FFA), saponification value (SV), iodine value (IV), peroxide value (PV) and moisture content. Fatty acid composition was analyzed using GC-MS. Moisture content of samples was found to be in the range between 0.06-7.50%, while FFA, SV, IV and PV were found to be 65.70-94.68%, 195.23-219.64 mg KOH/g, 38.49- 63.10 g I2/100 g, 1.09-16.50 meq/kg, respectively. Mean value of fatty acids in PFAD was found as 0.04% lauric, 0.42% myristic, 41.25% palmitic, 7.29% stearic, 41.58% oleic, 8.95 % linoleic, 0.04% eicosenoic, 0.27% arachidic, 0.07% docosanoic, and 0.05% tetracosanoic acid, respectively. Palmitic acid was found as dominant saturated fatty acid 38.63-45.30%, whereas oleic acid C18:1 n9 was major unsaturated fatty acid 33.54-44.05 % in PFAD.

Comparative Assessment of the Fatty Acid Profiles of Crude Oils Extracted from Seeds of Selected Tea (&amp;lt;i&amp;gt; Camellia sinensis &amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; L.) Cultivars

Tea seeds resulting from the cultivation of tea in many parts of the world, often regarded as waste, have been found to contain oil of exceptional quality that can be harnessed for use as an oleo-chemical or chemical intermediate. A comparative study was carried out to examine the free fatty acid profiles of crude oils chemically extracted by Soxhlet extraction from tea seeds collected from different cultivars of Kenyan tea. All the tea seeds of the studied tea cultivars yielded oil, though to different extents (p > 0.05) after the 8-hour extraction. The oils were golden yellow in color. The contents of oleic, linoleic and stearic acids in all the crude test oils have no significant difference (p > 0.05) from each other. However, statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in the linolenic and palmitic acids contents were evident. Based on the current findings, the test tea oils were predominantly constituted of unsaturated fatty acids, oleic acid being the major unsaturated fatty acid, other fatty acids being present in different but smaller proportions.

Fatty Acid Analysis of Leaf and Berry of Solanum villosum Mill. and its Prospect as Diet and Bactericide

Unsaturated fatty acids (FA) are required for various biological processes of animals including human. They are used as supplementary diet in treating many diseases and have large-scale industrial uses. In the present study, oils from leaves and berries of Solanum villosum Mill. (Solanaceae:Solanales) were extracted with petroleum ether (60-80°C) and subjected to Gas Liquid Chromatography (GLC) to identify the available FA. The antibacterial potential of the petroleum ether extract against some pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) was demonstrated by disc diffusion method and Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) was also determined. In the extracted oil, major unsaturated FA components were identified as lenoleic acid and oleic acid and saturated FA were palmitic acid and stearic acid. Tested bacteria showed high to moderate sensitivity to the extracts, except B. subtilis exhibited resistance to the extract of leaves, whereas E. coli and P. aeruginosa to the extract of berry. So, oils from S. villosum leaf and berry can be considered as an important source of unsaturated FA, specially the linoleic acid and can be used as a healthier alternative to commonly used oils opening good prospects in many industries. Moderate antibacterial property may provide an added advantage.

Controlling Argan Seed Quality by NIR

AbstractThe suitability of using visible/near infrared spectroscopy (Vis/NIR), as a rapid and non‐destructive technique for monitoring the quality of argan seeds (Argania spinosa Skeels) was studied. The analyzed parameters were the fatty acid composition of argan seed oil, seed moisture content, seed oil content and oil stability index (OSI). The ratio between major unsaturated and saturated fatty acids (U/S) during the oxidation assay at constant temperature was studied. Values from infrared drying were used as a laboratory reference for the moisture. Argan seed oil content was determined by Soxhlet extraction. A fatty acid analysis was carried out by gas chromatography and the OSI was determined by the Rancimat test. Predictive models of argan seed moisture, ratio U/S and OSI showed good accuracy. Therefore, Vis/NIR measurements can be used for controlling several argan seed quality parameters. This procedure might be of interest to the argan oil industry, which is currently in the process of modernization and expansion.

Lubricant properties of biodegradable rubber tree seed (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg) oil

The rapid exhaustion of mineral reserves and the growing concern for the environment makes it essential to find a replacement for mineral oil lubricants and non-edible vegetable oils meets the requirements. The present work investigated the physicochemical, thermal and tribological properties of Rubber seed (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg) oil (RSO), which is available in plenty in countries like India, Malaysia, Thailand, Peru and Eucador. Properties like iodine value, acid value, saponification value, pour point, cloud point, viscosity and viscosity index were estimated for characterization of the oil. The fatty acid analysis was carried out using quantitative GC–MS and it was found that linoleic, oleic and linolenic were the major unsaturated fatty acids. Thermo gravimetric analysis was performed and it was found that RSO remains thermally stable upto 250°C. Dynamic, kinematic viscosity and the viscosity index were calculated. The coefficient of friction and the wear preventive characteristics of the oil were estimated using a four ball tester. It was seen that RSO has characteristics which make it well suited to be developed into a bio- lubricant. Its properties can be improved further with the addition of suitable additives.