Major Source Of Carbohydrates Research Articles

Food Self-sufficiency Decision Support Model Based on Provinces in Indonesia Using the Clustering Method

In Indonesia rice is a staple food as a major source of carbohydrates. Rice is also a staple food of the people of most countries in Asia and even most of the population in the world. Food security for Indonesia is closely linked to the adequacy of rice provision. The indicators of national food security are (1) the availability of food every time; (2) the ability or purchasing power of the people towards food; (3) guarantee of distribution and supply of food; and (4) the ability to import in urgent conditions. Rice as a rice-producing crop is a very important commodity for Indonesia, besides being the main food producer, rice commodity is also the main source of income from millions of farmers. The availability of rice at affordable prices to communities is an important factor for national security, security and stability. Indonesia has a large population, the fourth largest in the world after China, America and India. Dependence on rice imports has a high risk not only of food dependency on other countries, but also limited availability of rice in the international market. In 1977 Indonesia imported 2 million tons of rice and accounted for one third of the rice available on the international market, affecting the price of rice. Increased rice production can be achieved through increased productivity with the application of technology varieties and better cultivation and expansion of planting areas with increased intensity of planting and printing or opening of new rice cultivation area. Based on the above explanation, the researcher uses Data Mining Clustering with K-Means to get the assessment result of all rice production provinces. With this method the results of the research can be used as a model of decision makers for the government to give priority attention to areas that have the potential to increase rice production.

The Effect of Cooking Method on the Glycemic Index of Kalat Rice

Background: Rice is considered a major source of carbohydrates in most parts of Iran and many other countries. The quality of carbohydrates expressed as glycemic index (GI) has been known to play a key role in chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular problems and even cancer. Determining the GI of different types of rice and the effect of cooking methods on this index is therefore crucial. Objectives: The present study was conducted to determine the effects of two different cooking methods on the GI of Kalat rice as a popular rice in Iran. Methods: Ten healthy male participants with similar activity levels, i.e. no exercise, were recruited from Mashhad University of medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. The participants consumed the test meal, steamed rice and boiled rice each in a different day. Blood glucose levels were measured at the time points of -5, 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyze the data. Results: The GIs of boiled and steamed Kalat rice were respectively found to be 89.4 and 89.2, suggesting no significant differences. Moreover, the glycemic loads (GLs) of boiled and steamed Kalat rice were respectively found to be 23.01 and 23.87. The GI and GL of Kalat rice were therefore high compared to those of other types of Iranian rice. Conclusions: Cutting down on Kalat rice is beneficial, specifically in individuals at risk for developing chronic diseases.

Lower daily carbohydrate consumption than recommended by the Institute of Medicine is common among women with type 2 diabetes in early pregnancy in Denmark

AimsTo secure adequate carbohydrate supply in pregnancy, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommends a minimum amount of carbohydrates of 175 g daily. Currently a low carbohydrate diet is a popular health trend in the general population and this might also be common among overweight and obese pregnant women with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Thus, we explored carbohydrate consumption among pregnant women with T2D including women with type 1 diabetes (T1D) for comparison. MethodsA retrospective cohort study of consecutive women with T2D (N = 96) and T1D (N = 108), where dietary records were collected at the first antenatal visit. ResultsAmong women with T2D and T1D, bodyweight at the first visit was 90.8 ± 22 (mean ± SD) and 75.5 ± 15 kg (P < 0.001) while HbA1c was 6.6 ± 1.2% (49 ± 13 mmol/mol) and 6.6 ± 0.8% (48 ± 8 mmol/mol), P = 0.8, respectively. The average daily carbohydrate consumption from the major carbohydrate sources was similar in the two groups (159 ± 56 and 167 ± 48 g, P = 0.3), as was the level of total daily physical activity (median (interquartile range)): 215 (174–289) and 210 (178–267) metabolic equivalent of task-hour/week (P = 0.9). A high proportion of women with T2D and T1D (52% and 40%, P = 0.08) consumed fewer carbohydrates than recommended by the IOM. The prevalence of ketonuria (≥4 mmol/L) was 1% in both groups. ConclusionsIn early pregnancy, a lower daily carbohydrate consumption than recommended by the IOM was common among women with T2D. The results were quite similar to women with T1D, despite a markedly higher bodyweight in women with T2D. Reassuringly, ketonuria was rare in both groups.

Nutrient stress as a means to enhance the storage stability of spray dried microencapsulated Lactobacillus plantarum B21

Lactobacillus plantarum B21 is a bacteriocin producing strain of lactic acid bacteria. Bacteriocin is a natural antibiotic that has high potential as a biopreservative. The incorporation of L. plantarium B21 into food products has potential for extending the shelf-life of food. Producing stable cultures of this microbe that can survive industrial processing is therefore of great interest. In this study the effect of nutrient stress, in particular the omission of a major carbohydrate source from the growth medium, was investigated as a method to increase L. plantarum B21 stability over 8 weeks. This treatment was found to produce cells with significantly improved storage stability and survivability compared to unstressed cells. Critically, these cells also retained the capacity to produce functional bacteriocin, as assessed by the well diffusion assay and electron microscopy measurements. Stress induced via the omission of Tween 80 in the growth medium did not enhance cell survival during spray drying and during storage and led to a loss of functional bacteriocin production when the bacteria were stored at 22 °C and 30 °C respectively. The results from this study provide insights into the optimal growth conditions needed to produce robust and stable B21 microculture for food preservation purposes.

Effect of drought stress on the genetic architecture of photosynthate allocation and remobilization in pods of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), a key species for food security

BackgroundCommon bean is the most important staple grain legume for direct human consumption and nutrition. It complements major sources of carbohydrates, including cereals, root crop, or plantain, as a source of dietary proteins. It is also a significant source of vitamins and minerals like iron and zinc. To fully play its nutritional role, however, its robustness against stresses needs to be strengthened. Foremost among these is drought, which commonly affects its productivity and seed quality. Previous studies have shown that photosynthate remobilization and partitioning is one of the main mechanisms of drought tolerance and overall productivity in common bean.ResultsIn this study, we sought to determine the inheritance of pod harvest index (PHI), a measure of the partitioning of pod biomass to seed biomass, relative to that of grain yield. We evaluated a recombinant inbred population of the cross of ICA Bunsi and SXB405, both from the Mesoamerican gene pool, to determine the effects of intermittent and terminal drought stresses on the genetic architecture of photosynthate allocation and remobilization in pods of common bean. The population was grown for two seasons, under well-watered conditions and terminal and intermittent drought stress in one year, and well-watered conditions and terminal drought stress in the second year. There was a significant effect of the water regime and year on all the traits, at both the phenotypic and QTL levels. We found nine QTLs for pod harvest index, including a major (17% of variation explained), stable QTL on linkage group Pv07. We also found eight QTLs for yield, three of which clustered with PHI QTLs, underscoring the importance of photosynthate remobilization in productivity. We also found evidence for substantial epistasis, explaining a considerable part of the variation for yield and PHI.ConclusionOur results highlight the genetic relationship between PHI and yield and confirm the role of PHI in selection of both additive and epistatic effects controlling drought tolerance. These results are a key component to strengthen the robustness of common bean against drought stresses.

Outbreak of Cyanide Poisoning Caused by Consumption of Cassava Flour - Kasese District, Uganda, September 2017.

Cassava (Manihot esculenta), an edible tuberous root that is resistant to drought, diseases, and pests, is a major source of carbohydrates in tropical areas, the second most widely grown and consumed food in Uganda after bananas, and a staple in the diet for approximately 57% of the Uganda population (Figure 1) (1). On September 5, 2017, a funeral was held in Kasese District in western Uganda. Following the funeral, 33 persons with symptoms that included diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pains were admitted to Bwera Hospital in Kasese District. On September 8, the Uganda Ministry of Health received notification from the Kasese District health team regarding this outbreak of suspected food poisoning. An investigation to determine the cause of the outbreak and recommend control measures revealed that the outbreak resulted from consumption of a cassava dish made by combining hot water with cassava flour. The implicated batch of cassava flour was traced back to a single wholesaler and found to contain high cyanogenic content. Informed by the investigation findings, police confiscated all cassava flour from retailers identified as the patients' source of the flour. Health education about cyanide poisoning from cassava and the need to adequately process cassava to reduce cyanogenic content was conducted by public health officials.

Genetic Variation and Trait Correlations in an East African Cassava Breeding Population for Genomic Selection.

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a major source of dietary carbohydrates for >700 million people globally. However, its long breeding cycle has slowed the rate of genetic gain for target traits. This study aimed to asses genetic variation, the level of inbreeding, and trait correlations in genomic selection breeding cycles. We used phenotypic and genotypic data from the National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI) foundation population (Cycle 0, C0) and the progeny (Cycle 1, C1) derived from crosses of 100 selected C0 clones as progenitors, both to evaluate and optimize genomic selection. The highest broad-sense heritability (H2 = 0.95) and narrow-sense heritability (h2 = 0.81) were recorded for cassava mosaic disease severity and the lowest for root weight per plot (H2 = 0.06 and h2 = 0.00). We observed the highest genetic correlation (rg= 0.80) between cassava brown streak disease root incidence measured at seedling and clonal stages of evaluation, suggesting the usefulness of seedling data in predicting clonal performance for cassava brown streak root necrosis. Similarly, high genetic correlations were observed between cassava brown streak disease severity (rg= 0.83) scored at 3 and 6 mo after planting (MAP) and cassava mosaic disease, scored at 3 and 6 MAP (rg= 0.95), indicating that data obtained on these two diseases at 6 MAP would suffice. Population differentiation between C0 and C1 was not well defined, implying that the 100 selected progenitors of C1 captured the diversity in the C0. Overall, genetic gain for most traits were observed from C0 to C1.

Conversion of cassava leaf to bioavailable, high-protein yeast cell biomass.

Cassava leaves are an abundant global agricultural residue because the roots are a major source of dietary carbohydrates. Although cassava leaves are high in protein, the protein is not bioavailable. This work aimed to convert cassava leaves to a bioavailable protein-rich animal feed ingredient using high-protein yeasts. The structural proteins (ca 200 g kg-1 d.b.) from sundried cassava leaves were solubilized by mild alkali pretreatment, and the resulting cassava leaf hydrolysate (CLH) was used to screen for growth of 46 high-protein yeasts from 30 species. Promising candidates from the initial screen cultivated at a 10mL scale demonstrated increases in relative abundance of essential amino acids over that of CLH. In particular, lysine, growth-limiting for some livestock, was increased up to 226% over the CLH content. One yeast, Pichia kudriavzevii UCDFST 11-602, was grown in 3L of CLH in a bioreactor to examine the scale-up potential of the yeast protein production. While glucose was completely consumed, yeast growth exited log phase before depleting either carbon or nitrogen, suggesting other growth-limiting factors at the larger scale. High-value animal feed with enriched essential amino acid profiles can be produced by yeasts grown on agricultural residues. Yeasts convert structural protein solubilized from cassava leaves to essential amino acid-enriched, digestible protein. The low carbohydrate content of the leaves (ca 200 g kg-1 d.b.), however, necessitated glucose supplementation for yeast growth. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Application of High Density Linkage Map Derived from Genotyping by Sequencing for Detection of QTL Conferring Resistance to Leaf Rust Races Spread in Egypt

Wheat is a major source of carbohydrates in Egypt, leaf rust disease is known to be the most common rust disease affected wheat genotypes. This study aimed to apply a constructed high density linkage map through Genotyping-by- sequencing (GBS) for detection of QTL resistant to important leaf rust races spread in Egypt. The applied map contained 3,641 markers distributed on 21 chromosomes and spanned 1,959 cM with an average distance of 1.8 cM between markers. A mapping population of 204 RILs (F6:8) obtained from the cross between two parents of winter wheat ‘Harry’ x ‘Wesley’ through single seed decent method was used to identify QTL region associated with leaf rust resistance genes in wheat. Under the Green house condition in Egypt leaf rust pathotypes i.e NTTJT, PTTGS, PTTTT, TTTBT and TTTTT were used. High-density linkage map based on GBS derived SNPs were applied in this study for QTL mapping. The wheat genotype Harry was resistant to all tested pathotype while, the wheat genotype Wesley was susceptible to all tested pathotype. One major stable QTLs, for race NTTJT was identified on chromosome 6A flanked by markers XSNP3958 and XSNP3957 with a LOD 4.22. The identified SNP marker may be used to screen for resistance to specific races of leaf rust found in Egypt in further spring wheat breeding programs as marker assisted selection.

Usual Energy and Nutrient Intakes and Food Sources of Filipino Children Aged 6-12 Years from the 2013 National Nutrition Survey.

Usual energy and nutrient intakes and food sources were evaluated in school-aged children in the Philippines using data from the 2013 National Nutrition Survey. A total of 6,565 children 6-12 years old from all sampled 8,592 households were interviewed for a 24-h dietary recall (first day). A second-day recall was obtained from a random subsample (50% of children). Usual energy and nutrient intakes were estimated using the PC-SIDE program. Energy intake was compared with estimated energy requirements (EER) considering an active activity level. Macronutrients were evaluated using acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges. Micronutrient inadequacies were computed using the estimated average requirement cutoff point method. Mean energy intake was 24.6% below the EER. A high prevalence of nutrient inadequacy was found: protein 16%, thiamine 55%, riboflavin 67%, vitamin C 81%, vitamin A 63%, vitamin B6 30%, vitamin B12 9%, folate 70%, calcium 93%, phosphorous 48%, iron 87%, and zinc 38%. Rice was the major food source of energy (52.7%), carbohydrates (67.4%), and protein (35.2%). Rice also contributed a high proportion of daily phosphorous, calcium, thiamine, riboflavin, and iron. This study demonstrated that intakes of many micronutrients of Filipino school children were markedly inadequate. Refined rice was the major food source of energy and nutrients.

Intestinal Enterococcus Is a Major Risk Factor for the Development of Acute Gvhd

Introduction:Increasing evidence suggests that the intestinal microbiota is involved in the development of acute graft-vs.-host disease (GVHD) after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT). We previously reported in single center studies that Enterococcus a) is associated with GVHD (Holler et al., BBMT 2014) and b) can dominate the post-transplant gut microbiota in up to 50% of allo-HCT patients resulting in a 9-fold increased risk of bacteremia (Taur et al, CID 2012). To further investigate the hypothesis that Enterococcus can trigger the development of GVHD, we studied both allo-HCT patients and pre-clinical mouse transplant models.Methods and Results:Stool samples from 1240 allo-HCT patients at 4 different transplant centers in the U.S., Germany and Japan were collected approximately weekly during inpatient hospitalization. The V4-V5 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA genes from 6718 samples was sequenced at one central site on the Illumina platform. We observed Enterococcus mono-domination (relative abundance > 30%) in post-transplant samples ranging from 20 to 60% of patients at different centers (Fig. A, left). This mono-domination was primarily attributable to E. faecium, and was associated with a significantly increased risk for grade 2-4 acute GVHD (Fig. A, right). In three different mouse models we found a transient bloom of E. faecalis around 7 days after transplant in allo-HCT recipients with GVHD (Fig. B; C57BL/6 -> 129SV model). This bloom did not occur in allo-HCT recipients of a T cell depleted allograft without GVHD. To further investigate this Enterococcus bloom, we treated mice with an experimental E. faecalis-strain on days 4 to 6 after transplant and found significantly increased lethal GVHD. Colonizing germ-free mice with a minimal gut flora also lead to increased lethal GVHD when enterococci were added to the gnotobiotic flora (Fig. C). The allo-HCT recipients with Enterococcus-containing flora had also increased serum IFNg levels. Short chain fatty acids (SCFA) can be protective against GVHD and gut inflammation through maintenance of epithelial homeostasis and increases in anti-inflammatory regulatory T cells in the gut. In BMT mouse models, we found that Enterococcus-dominated allo-HCT recipients with GVHD have significantly less cecal butyrate, a major SCFA. Similarly, Enterococcus domination after allo-HCT also leads to a decrease in fecal SCFAs in patients (Fig. D). Next, we hypothesized that intestinal IgA might have a protective role against this pathogen in mice. 16S sequencing of flow sorted IgA-coated vs. non-coated bacteria from fecal samples of allo-HCT patients and transplanted mice revealed no specific IgA-coating pattern of enterococci both before or after transplant rather excluding the hypothesis that IgA might have a protective role against Enterococci. E. faecalis and E. faecium use the disaccharide lactose as a major carbohydrate source for growth and expansion as observed by analyses of the Enterococcus genome and in vitro growth experiments. In mice, we observed that a lactose-free diet significantly decreases the Enterococcus bloom after transplant in allo-T cell recipients and in first survival experiments attenuates lethal GVHD (Fig. E).Conclusion:Our studies in mouse and man demonstrate that the abundance of Enterococcus in the intestinal flora plays a role in the development of GVHD and the prevention of Enterococcus growth with a lactose-free diet can ameliorate GVHD. [Display omitted] DisclosuresPeled:Seres Therapeutics: Research Funding.

Quantifying Grain Digestibility of Starch Fractions in Milled Rice.

Rice is one of the staple foods which serves as the major source of carbohydrate in the human diet. A typical milled rice grain is mainly composed of starch of up to 80-90%, with an average of 6-8% proteins and some trace amounts of dietary fiber. Although cooked white rice can elicit variable glycemic response, a portion of rice starch may evade digestion in the human small intestine. The digested portion of rice can be estimated and characterized in vitro based on starch digestion extent and rate (kinetics). The indigestible portion of starch can also be quantified. This chapter will present micro-scale methods to quantify rice starch digestion rate and extent based on the sugar fractions released after treating the samples with digestive enzymes.

Penerapan Model Geographically Weighted Regression(GWR) Pada Produksi Ubi Jalar

Sweet potatoes are a major source of carbohydrate, after rice, corn, and cassava. Sweet potato is consumed as an additional or side meal, except in Irian Jaya and Maluku, sweet potato is used as staple food. The main problem faced in increasing sweet potato production is still relies on certain areas, namely Java Island, as the main producer of sweet potato. Differences in production is what often causes the needs of sweet potato in various regions can not be fulfilled and there is a difference price of sweet potato. To fulfill the needs of sweet potato in Java, mapping areas of sweet potato production need to be made so that areas with potential for producing sweet potato can be developed while areas with insufficient quantities of sweet potato production may be given special attention. Due to differences in production in some areas of Java which depend on soil conditions, altitude, rainfall and temperatures, a model of sweet potato production will be developed using the GWR model. Based on the Geographically weighted regression model for each regencies / cities in Java Island, it can be concluded that the largest sweet potato production coming from Kuningan with R2 equal 99.86%.&lt;br /&gt;Keywords : Geographically weighted regression, model, sweet potato

Gene exchange drives the ecological success of a multi-host bacterial pathogen.

The capacity for some pathogens to jump into different host-species populations is a major threat to public health and food security. Staphylococcus aureus is a multi-host bacterial pathogen responsible for important human and livestock diseases. Here, using a population genomic approach we identify humans as a major hub for ancient and recent S. aureus host-switch events linked to the emergence of endemic livestock strains, and cows as the main animal reservoir for the emergence of human epidemic clones. Such host-species transitions are associated with horizontal acquisition of genetic elements from host-specific gene pools conferring traits required for survival in the new host-niche. Importantly, genes associated with antimicrobial resistance are unevenly distributed among human and animal hosts reflecting distinct antibiotic usage practices in medicine and agriculture. In addition to gene acquisition, genetic diversification has occurred in pathways associated with nutrient acquisition, implying metabolic remodeling after a host-switch in response to distinct nutrient availability. For example, S. aureus from dairy cattle exhibit enhanced utilization of lactose, a major source of carbohydrate in bovine milk. Overall, our findings highlight the influence of human activities on the multi-host ecology of a major bacterial pathogen, underpinned by horizontal gene transfer and core genome diversification.

Pathway Editing Targets for Thiamine Biofortification in Rice Grains.

Thiamine deficiency is common in populations consuming polished rice as a major source of carbohydrates. Thiamine is required to synthesize thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), an essential cofactor of enzymes of central metabolism. Its biosynthesis pathway has been partially elucidated and the effect of overexpression of a few genes such as thi1 and thiC, on thiamine accumulation in rice has been reported. Based on current knowledge, this review focuses on the potential of gene editing in metabolic engineering of thiamine biosynthesis pathway to improve thiamine in rice grains. Candidate genes, suitable for modification of the structural part to evolve more efficient versions of enzymes in the pathway, are discussed. For example, adjacent cysteine residues may be introduced in the catalytic domain of thi4 to improve the turn over activity of thiamine thiazole synthase 2. Motif specific editing to modify promoter regulatory regions of genes is discussed to modulate gene expression. Editing cis acting regulatory elements in promoter region can shift the expression of transporters and thiamine binding proteins to endosperm. This can enhance dietary availability of thiamine from rice grains. Differential transcriptomics on rice varieties with contrasting grain thiamine and functional genomic studies will identify more strategic targets for editing in future. Developing functionally enhanced foods by biofortification is a sustainable approach to make diets wholesome.

In Early Pregnancy, a High Proportion of Women with Type 2 Diabetes Have Lower Daily Carbohydrate Consumption than Recommended by the Institute of Medicine

Aim: Maternal glucose is the primary metabolic substrate for fetal growth and a diet low in carbohydrates is common among young women in the Western world. To secure sufficient carbohydrate consumption in pregnancy, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommends a minimum daily consumption of 175 grams of carbohydrates, corresponding to approximately 150 grams from the major carbohydrate sources. We aimed to explore the carbohydrate consumption in early pregnancy among women with type 2 diabetes and, for comparison, in women with type 1 diabetes. Methods: As part of routine care, all pregnant women with type 2 and type 1 diabetes have since 2013 been asked to hand in a 3-day dietary record focusing on carbohydrates at their first antenatal visit. In the present study, total daily self-reported carbohydrate consumption from major carbohydrate sources, presence of ketonuria, HbA1c, weight and daily physical activity were evaluated. Results: Dietary records were available from 96 women with type 2 diabetes vs. 1women with type 1 diabetes at median 71 (range 60-87) vs. 63 (56-76) gestational days (p=0.003) where HbA1c was 6.6 ±1.2% (49 ±13 mmol/mol) vs. 6.5 ±0.8% (48 ±8 mmol/mol) (P=0.8), respectively. Body weight was 90.8 (±22) vs. 75.5 (±15) kg (P&amp;lt;0.001), but average daily carbohydrate consumption was similar in the two groups (159 ±56 vs. 167 ±48 g, P=0.3), as was the level of physical activity (246 ±104 vs. 233 ±96 metabolic equivalent of task (MET)-hour/week, P=0.5). A high proportion of the women consumed fewer carbohydrates than recommended by the IOM (52% vs. 40%, P=0.08). There was a low prevalence of ketonuria (&amp;gt;4 mmol/L, equivalent to blood ketones of approx. 0.2 mmol/L) (2% vs. 1%, P=0.6). Conclusion: In early pregnancy, women with type 2 diabetes had similar carbohydrate consumption to women with type 1 diabetes, despite higher body weight. Lower carbohydrate consumption than recommended by the IOM was prevalent, and ketonuria was rare. Disclosure B. ásbjörnsdóttir: None. H. Ronneby: None. M. Vestgaard: None. L. Ringholm: None. D.M. Jensen: None. A. Raben: None. P. Damm: Advisory Panel; Self; Novo Nordisk A/S. Other Relationship; Self; Novo Nordisk A/S. E.R. Mathiesen: Speaker's Bureau; Self; Novo Nordisk A/S. Other Relationship; Self; Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Foundation, Novo Nordisk A/S.

Microbial Fermentation of Starch: Its Impact on the Range of Acceptable Carbohydrate Intake.

Starch, a major source of carbohydrates in human nutrition, is extensively hydrolyzed in the gastrointestinal tract of children and adults. A small fraction of the ingested starch reaches the cecum and colon where it is fermented by the gut microbiome into short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and other products. Recent data in humans and in animal models have demonstrated the extensive effects of short-chain fatty acids on whole body energy metabolism, appetite, insulin resistance, fatty acid oxidation, fat accretion, obesity, and diabetes. Clear discernible effects of SCFA on the rates of production of glucose, its oxidation and uptake in the fasting state were, however, not observed. In the fed state, the effects on glucose metabolism are related to the effects of SCFA on insulin sensitivity, possibly the consequence of their influence on lipid metabolism. The suggested limits of carbohydrate intake were based upon the kinetics and metabolism of glucose in the basal state and on the responses to glucose administration. It is postulated that in healthy subjects, the present data do not suggest any significant impact of microbial fermentation of starch on the range of acceptable intake of carbohydrates.

Effects of Rice Varieties on Weight, Blood Glucose and Triglyceride Levels in Sprague Dawley Rats

Background. Rice is the staple food in the Philippines, and the major carbohydrate source that greatly affect the weight, blood glucose and triglyceride levels of the population.&#x0D; Objective. The objective of the researchers was to determine the effects of white, brown and red rice varieties on weight, blood glucose and triglyceride levels in rats.&#x0D; Methods. Sprague Dawley rats were fed with diets of cooked rice of different rice variety; white, brown and red. Weight was measured using a digital laboratory weighing scale. Blood glucose and triglyceride levels were measured by glucometer (OneTouch®) and Humalyzer Primus®, respectively.&#x0D; Results. Rats fed with white rice had the greatest increase in weight and blood glucose levels, and red rice had the least increase. For the postprandial blood glucose test, all three rice groups reached their peak blood glucose level at 30 minutes, with white rice having the greatest value, followed by brown rice, and lastly, red rice. Rats fed with red rice had the greatest decrease in triglyceride level.&#x0D; Conclusion. In this study, consumption of white rice contributes to weight gain, blood glucose level increase and minimal triglyceride level change compared to brown and red rice.

Tam Buğday Ekmeğine Uygulanan Isıl İşlemin Ekmeğin Glisemik İndeksi Üzerine Etkisi

Amaç: Ekmek ülkemizde temel karbonhidrat ve enerji kaynaklarındandır. Obezite, diyabet ve kalp hastalıklarının önlenmesi ya da tedavisinde besin ögesi içeriği nedeni ile tam buğday unundan ekmek tüketimi önerilmektedir. Buna karşın literatürde ekmeğe uygulanan ısıtma işleminin glisemik indeks üzerine etkisinin gösterildiği çalışmalar sınırlı sayıdadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı tam buğday ekmeğine uygulanan ısıl işlemin glisemik indeks üzerine etkisini saptamaktır.&#x0D; Bireyler ve Yöntem: Çalışma 19-35 yaş arası (22.5±3.4 yıl, 6 erkek, 4 kadın) 10 sağlıklı birey ile yürütülmüştür. Bireylere birer hafta ara ile 8 saatlik açlık sonrası 50 g sindirilebilir karbonhidrat içeren referans besin olarak glukoz ve beyaz ekmek, test besini olarak tam buğday ekmeği ile 6 dakika boyunca 220oC ısıl işlem uygulanmış tam buğday ekmeği verilmiş ve 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90. ve 120. dakikalarda parmak ucundan kapiller kan glukoz ölçümleri aynı cihazla yapılmıştır.&#x0D; Bulgular: Çalışma sonucunda glukoza göre tam buğday ekmeğinin glisemik indeksi 78.4 iken, ısıl işlem uygulanmış tam buğday ekmeğinin 107.7 bulunmuştur. Tam buğday ve kızarmış tam buğday ekmeğinin 0, 15, 30, 60. ve 90. dakikalarda kan glukoz düzeyini yükseltme miktarları arasında istatistiksel olarak önemli bir fark bulunmazken (p&gt;0.05), 45. ve 120. dakikalarda anlamlı farklılık gözlenmektedir (p&lt;0.05).&#x0D; Sonuç: Bu çalışmanın sonucuna göre tam buğday ekmeğine uygulanan ısıl işlemin glisemik indeksi yükselttiği saptanmıştır. Glisemik indeksin obezite ve kronik hastalıklarla ilişkisi olduğundan glisemik indeksi arttıracak pişirme tekniklerinden uzak durulması önemlidir.

Survey of farmers\u2019 knowledge of cassava mosaic disease and their preferences for cassava cultivars in three agro-ecological zones in Benin

BackgroundCassava is an important crop in Africa that is widely cultivated for its starchy tuberous root, which constitutes a major source of dietary carbohydrates. Cassava mosaic disease (CMD) is the most devastating disease affecting cassava in Africa and causes enormous losses in yield. In Benin, specifically, cultivars resistant to CMD are not commonly planted, and even when CMD is observed in fields, farmers do not implement control measures, presumably because they lack proper knowledge and training. Our study aimed to evaluate farmers’ knowledge of CMD to determine whether there is consistency between farmers’ criteria for selecting cassava cultivars and the currently CMD-recommended cassava varieties.MethodsWe conducted structured interviews with 369 farmers in 20% of townships in each of three agro-ecological zones in Benin between November 2015 and February 2016. Farmers were selected randomly in each household, and their fields were assessed for CMD incidence and severity.ResultsAll farmers surveyed, representing a broad demographic pool with regard to education level, age group, and years of experience in cassava production, successfully recognized CMD symptoms in photos, but most (98.60%) said they did not know the causes and vectors of the disease. Most farmers (93.51%) reported that they obtain planting material from neighboring fields or their own fields. In total, 52 unique cultivars were identified, of which 3 (5.76%) were preferred based on their yield and precocity and 3 (5.76%) were preferred based on taste or ability for transformation. The assessment of disease incidence and severity showed that the areas most affected by CMD were Comè Township (37.77% of fields affected) and agro-ecological zone VIII (26.33%).ConclusionFarmers already know how to recognize the symptoms of CMD and could implement control measures against it if they are trained by researchers. Across all surveyed areas, we identified six preferred cultivars based on the four most commonly stated preference criteria (precocity, yield, gari, and taste. Our results suggest that farmers will be more likely to use CMD-resistant cultivars and clean plant material if the plants meet their existing preference criteria. We suggest that CMD-resistant cultivars will be embraced only if the recommended cultivars are strategically aligned with the characteristics desirable to the cassava farmers in each region.