Major Risk Factor For Cardiovascular Disease Research Articles

Circulating micrornas in postprandial lipemia

Rationale: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality worldwide and post-prandial lipemia is a major risk factor for CVD, which is defined as the post-food intake period when triglyceride and cholesterol levels increase. Recent studies have shown that there is a relationship between lipid metabolism, postprandial lipemia and the expression of certain microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs are small RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression and govern complex biological pathways. So, they could be considered as potential therapeutic targets.

Improving cardiovascular health and quality of life in people with severe mental illness: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial

BackgroundThe estimated 300,000 adults in Australia with severe mental illness (SMI) have markedly reduced life expectancy compared to the general population, mainly due to physical health comorbidities. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the commonest cause of early death and people with SMI have high rates of most modifiable risk factors, with associated quality of life (QoL) reduction. High blood pressure, smoking, dyslipidaemia, diabetes and obesity are major modifiable CVD risk factors. Poor delivery of recommended monitoring and risk reduction is a national and international problem. Therefore, effective preventive interventions to safeguard and support physical health are urgently needed in this population.MethodsThis trial used a rigorous process, including extensive piloting, to develop an intervention that delivers recommended physical health care to reduce CVD risk and improve QoL for people with SMI. Components of this intervention are integrated using the Flinders Program of chronic condition management (CCM) which is a comprehensive psychosocial care planning approach that places the patient at the centre of their care, and focuses on building their self-management capacity within a collaborative approach, therefore providing a recovery-oriented framework. The primary project aim is to evaluate the effectiveness and health economics of the CCM intervention. The main outcome measures examine CVD risk and quality of life. The second aim is to identify essential components, enablers and barriers at patient, clinical and organisational levels for national, sustained implementation of recommended physical health care delivery to people with SMI. Participants will be recruited from a community-based public psychiatric service.DiscussionThis study constitutes the first large-scale trial, worldwide, using the Flinders Program with this population. By combining a standardised yet flexible motivational process with a targeted set of evidence-based interventions, the chief aim is to reduce CVD risk by 20%. If achieved, this will be a ground-breaking outcome, and the program will be subsequently translated nationwide and abroad. The trial will be of great interest to people with mental illness, family carers, mental health services, governments and primary care providers because the Flinders Program can be delivered in diverse settings by any clinical discipline and supervised peers.Trial registrationAustralian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12617000474358. Registered on 31 March 2017.

Serum Calcification Propensity and Fetuin-A: Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Disease in Kidney Transplant Recipients

Background: “T50,” shortened transformation time from primary to secondary calciprotein particles may reflect deranged mineral metabolism predisposing to vascular calcification and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The glycoprotein fetuin-A is a major T50 determinant. Methods: The Folic Acid For Vascular Outcome Prevention In Transplantation (FAVORIT) cohort is a completed, large, multiethnic controlled clinical trial cohort of chronic, stable kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). We conducted a longitudinal case-cohort analysis using a randomly selected subcohort of patients, and all individual cases who developed CVD. Serum T50 and fetuin-A were determined in this total of n = 685 FAVORIT trial participants at randomization. Results: During a median surveillance of 2.18-years, 311 incident or recurrent CVD events occurred. Shorter T50 (minutes) or reduced fetuin-A concentrations (g/L) were associated with CVD after adjustment for treatment assignment, systolic blood pressure, age, sex, race, preexisting CVD and diabetes, smoking, body mass index, total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol, kidney allograft vintage and type, calcineurin inhibitor, or lipid-lowering drug use, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and urinary albumin/creatinine: tertile 1 (lowest) to tertile 3 (highest) comparisons, T50, (hazard ratio [HR] 1.86; 95% CI 1.20–2.89); fetuin-A, (HR 2.25; 95% CI 1.38–3.69). Elevated high sensitivity c-reactive protein (hsCRP) was an effect modifier of both these associations. Conclusions: Shortened T50, as well as reduced fetuin-A levels, ostensible promoters of vascular calcification, remained associated with greater risk for CVD outcomes, after adjustment for major CVD risk factors, measures of kidney function and damage, and KTR clinical characteristics and demographics, in a large, multiethnic cohort of long-term KTRs. Increased hsCRP was an effect modifier of these CVD risk associations.

Abstract 600: Hepatic (Pro)renin Receptor Inhibition Decreases Plasma Cholesterol and Triglyceride Levels but Does Not Ameliorate Atherosclerosis in LDLR -/- Mice

Rationale: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death worldwide. Atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia, hypertension, obesity and diabetes are major risk factors for CVD. Elevated plasma cholesterol, especially low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), accelerates atherosclerosis development by inducing lipid accumulation in the vascular wall, foam cell formation and chronic inflammation. Hypertriglyceridemia has also been identified as a risk factor for CVD. Recently, we have identified the (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR], a signaling receptor for renin/prorenin, as a key regulator of lipid metabolism. Inhibiting the (P)RR receptor prevented diet-induced obesity and dyslipidemia in C57BL/6J mice, suggesting that (P)RR inhibition might be used to treat atherosclerosis. Therefore, in the current study, we aimed to explore whether inhibiting the hepatic (P)RR in LDLR -/- mice could reduce plasma lipid levels and attenuate atherosclerosis. Methods and Results: Eight week-old male LDLR -/- mice were injected with GalNAc-modified (liver-specific) antisense oligos against the (P)RR weekly, and fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 16 weeks. Inhibiting the hepatic (P)RR prevented HFD-induced obesity in LDLR -/- mice, similar to our previous observation in C57BL/6J mice. Moreover, (P)RR inhibition decreased the HFD-induced increase in plasma cholesterol levels by almost 50%. FPLC analysis revealed that the VLDL fraction but not the IDL/LDL fraction was reduced by (P)RR inhibition. Plasma triglyceride levels decreased from 1249 ± 136 to 207 ± 32 mg/dL. Remarkably, despite these changes, (P)RR inhibition did not reduce atherosclerotic lesion areas in the aortic root, and even increased plaque size in the entire aorta. Conclusion: Hepatic (P)RR inhibition reduces obesity and plasma cholesterol in HFD-fed LDLR -/- mice, yet failed to ameliorate atherosclerosis. The latter most likely relates to the lack of effect of (P)RR inhibition on LDL-c, and implies that only LDL-c, and not triglycerides contribute to atherosclerosis progression.

PDB37 - Projected Savings in Direct and Indirect Costs Due to Reduced Diabetes Prevalence with Vegetarian Diets

Plant-based diets, or “vegetarian” diets, have been shown to be associated with reduced risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer. Diabetes, a major risk factor for CVD, is among the most prevalent and costly conditions worldwide. The aim of the study was to evaluate the economic impact of switching to vegetarian diets, from a United States (US) societal perspective. The annual direct and indirect costs due to type 2 diabetes are initially calculated based on US population size, diabetes prevalence, and annual per-patient costs associated with diabetes. Based on diabetes rate reductions reported in the literature, and assuming that 50% of patients follow a vegetarian diet, the costs are recalculated. The number of patients with diabetes is reported with and without vegetarian diet uptake. Total direct, indirect, and overall costs are reported in 2017 US dollars. Sensitivity analyses are conducted for diabetes rate reductions reflecting different diet types, and by varying diet uptake rates. A 12% reduction (~2.7 million patients) in the number of patients with diabetes was estimated with the adoption of a vegetarian diet. This led to $23.8 billion and $9.3 billion in savings of direct and indirect costs, respectively, summing to an overall $33.1 billion. In sensitivity analyses, the savings doubled with 100% adoption and varied between $3.9 billion and $66.1 billion when different risk reduction figures and vegetarian diet types were considered. The results from this economic assessment suggest that the adoption of a vegetarian diet will result in considerable savings in direct and indirect costs in the US. The type of vegetarian diet chosen may have a significant role in the amount of savings predicted.

Prevalence of cardiovascular disease and major risk factors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a multinational cross-sectional study.

To compare the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and major CVD risk factors among rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients enrolled in a large US and multinational registry. We compared CVD and CVD risk factor prevalence from 11 countries enrolled in the CORRONA US and CORRONA International registries; patients from the 10 ex-US participating countries were grouped by region (Eastern Europe, Latin America, and India). Unadjusted summary data were presented for demographics and disease characteristics; comparisons for prevalence of CVD risk factors and CVD were age/gender standardized to the age/gender distribution of the US enrolled patients. Overall, 25,987 patients were included in this analysis. Compared to patients from the ex-US regions, US participants had longer disease duration and lower disease activity, yet were more likely to receive a biologic agent. Additionally, CORRONA US participants had the highest body mass index (BMI). Enrolled patients in India had the lowest BMI, were more rarely smokers, and had a low prevalence of hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and prior CVD compared to the US and other ex-US regions. Participants from Eastern Europe had a higher prevalence of hypertension and hyperlipidemia and highest prevalence of all manifestations of CVD. Differences in the prevalence of both CVD and major CVD risk factors were observed across the four regions investigated. Observed differences may be influenced by variations in both non-modifiable/modifiable characteristics of patient populations, and may contribute to heterogeneity on the observed safety of investigational and approved therapies in studies involving RA patients from different origins.

Relationship between Long Interspersed Nuclear Element-1 DNA Methylation in Leukocytes and Dyslipidemia in the Japanese General Population.

Aim: Aberrant global DNA methylation is involved in the development of several diseases, including cardiovascular disease (CVD). We investigated whether the methylation of long interspersed nuclear element-1 (LINE-1) in leukocytes is associated with dyslipidemia, a major risk factor for CVD, in the Japanese general population.Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study consisting of 420 Japanese subjects (187 men and 233 women) without a clinical history of cancer, stroke, or ischemic heart disease. LINE-1 DNA methylation levels in leukocytes were measured using a pyrosequencing method.Results: Significantly higher odds ratios (ORs) for hypermethylation were observed in the high LDL cholesterol and high LDL/HDL ratio groups than the corresponding normal group (high LDLC group: OR, 1.88; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20–2.96, high LDL/HDL ratio group: OR, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.20–3.01). Subjects with 2 or more lipid abnormalities had significantly higher ORs for hypermethylation than those with no lipid abnormality (OR, 2.31; 95% CI, 1.11–4.82).Conclusion: LINE-1 DNA hypermethylation in leukocytes was associated with CVD risk profiles: high LDLC, high LDL/HDL ratio, and the degree of abnormal lipid metabolism.Abbreviations:ANOVA, analysis of variance; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; CRP, C-reactive protein; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DNMT, DNA methyltransferase; EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; HDLC, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; IL-6, interleukin-6; KLF2, Krüppel-like factor 2; LDLC, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LINE-1, long interspersed nuclear element-1; OR, odds ratio; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; SD, standard deviation; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride;

Assessing Cardiovascular Disease Risk and Responses to Preventive Therapies in Clinical Practice.

The aims of this review are to provide perspective on evaluation of relative and absolute cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk reductions for assessing the efficacy of preventive therapies and to summarize methods for evaluation of CVD risk in clinical practice. Major CVD risk factors can be used to stratify patients into risk categories. Results from recent trials reinforce the view that benefits of preventive therapies will be greatest in those with the highest absolute risk and in those with the most severe disturbance in the risk factor targeted. In evaluating clinical utility, it is necessary to assess the impact of an intervention on both relative and absolute risk. Quantitative risk scoring using major CVD risk factors is effective for identifying those at low, moderate, and high CVD risk. When there is uncertainty about the appropriate treatment strategy, additional testing may be used to refine risk assessment. This may include measurement of inflammatory markers, subclinical indicators of atherosclerosis (e.g., coronary artery calcium and ankle brachial index), urinary albumin/creatinine ratio, and the level of lipoprotein (a). The benefit of a preventive therapy will generally be the greatest in those with the highest absolute risk and in those with the most severe disturbance in the risk factor targeted. Quantitative risk scoring with major CVD risk factors can be supplemented with additional testing for refinement of risk assessment in patients for whom decisions about pharmacotherapy, or the intensity of therapy, for risk factor modification are uncertain.

Propylene glycol guluronate sulfate (PGGS) reduces lipid accumulation via AMP-activated kinase activation in palmitate-induced HepG2 cells

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the No. 1 cause of death worldwide. Hyperlipidemia is one of the major risk factors for CVD. Maintaining lipid homeostasis is an effective way to prevent CVD. We prepared propylene glycol guluronate sulfate (PGGS), a sulfated polysaccharide, and investigated its effect on lipid metabolism in HepG2 cells. We found that total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) were significantly decreased in the cells after PGGS treatment. We have also shown that the AMPK signaling is activated after PGGS treatment as evidenced by changes in the expression of many AMPK downstream targets including SREBP-1c, SIRT-1, CPT1, PPARα, and FAS. Our results have demonstrated that PGGS is a potentially novel lipid-lowering agent for CVD prevention.

Self-Reported Receipt of Advice and Action Taken To Reduce Dietary Sodium Among Adults With and Without Hypertension - Nine States and Puerto Rico, 2015.

Hypertension is a major cardiovascular disease risk factor (1,2). Advice given by health professionals can result in lower sodium intake and lower blood pressure (3).The 2017 Hypertension Guideline released by the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association emphasizes nonpharmacologic approaches, including sodium reduction, as important components of hypertension prevention and treatment (4). Data from 50,576 participants in the sodium module of the 2015 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) in nine states and Puerto Rico were analyzed to determine the prevalence of reported sodium reduction advice and action among participants with and without self-reported hypertension. Among participants with self-reported hypertension, adjusted prevalence of receiving sodium reduction advice from a health professional was 41.9%, compared with 12.8% among participants without hypertension. Among those with hypertension, adjusted prevalence of reported action to reduce sodium intake was 80.9% among participants who received advice and 55.7% among those who did not receive advice. Among participants without hypertension, adjusted prevalence of taking action to reduce sodium intake was 72.7% among those who received advice and 46.9% among those who did not receive advice. The provision of advice on sodium reduction by health professionals is associated with respondent action to watch or reduce sodium intake. Fewer than half of patients with hypertension received this advice from their health professionals, a circumstance that represents a substantial missed opportunity to promote hypertension prevention and treatment.

Regular Yogurt Intake and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Among Hypertensive Adults.

High blood pressure (HBP) is a major cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor. Clinical trials including Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) have demonstrated beneficial effects of dairy consumption on risks of HBP and CVD. Yogurt, a fermented dairy product, may independently be related to CVD risk. To evaluate the association between yogurt consumption and CVD risk among hypertensive individuals in 2 large cohorts and to determine whether the association differs among those whose eating pattern more closely resembles the DASH diet. Overall, 55,898 female Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and 18,232 male Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS) participants with prevalent HBP were included. Cumulative average estimates of yogurt intake from validated food frequency questionnaires were related to verified self-reported CVD outcomes using Cox proportional hazards models. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were adjusted for CVD risk factors, medications, and diet covariates. Yogurt intake was inversely associated with CVD risk (myocardial infarction and stroke) among hypertensive participants (P <0.01 in both cohorts). Among participants consuming ≥2 servings/week of yogurt, NHS women had a 17% (95% CI: 0.74-0.92) lower risk while HPFS men experienced a 21% (95% CI: 0.66-0.96) lower CVD risk compared to those who consumed <1 serving/month. Regular yogurt consumers with higher DASH diet scores had 16% (95% CI: 0.73-0.96) and 30% (95% CI: 0.57-0.85) CVD risk reductions in the 2 cohorts, respectively. Hypertensive men and women who consumed ≥2 servings/week of yogurt, especially in the context of a healthy diet, were at lower risk for developing CVD.

Elevated circulating levels of succinate in human obesity are linked to specific gut microbiota

Gut microbiota-related metabolites are potential clinical biomarkers for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Circulating succinate, a metabolite produced by both microbiota and the host, is increased in hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and type 2 diabetes. We aimed to analyze systemic levels of succinate in obesity, a major risk factor for CVD, and its relationship with gut microbiome. We explored the association of circulating succinate with specific metagenomic signatures in cross-sectional and prospective cohorts of Caucasian Spanish subjects. Obesity was associated with elevated levels of circulating succinate concomitant with impaired glucose metabolism. This increase was associated with specific changes in gut microbiota related to succinate metabolism: a higher relative abundance of succinate-producing Prevotellaceae (P) and Veillonellaceae (V), and a lower relative abundance of succinate-consuming Odoribacteraceae (O) and Clostridaceae (C) in obese individuals, with the (P + V/O + C) ratio being a main determinant of plasma succinate. Weight loss intervention decreased (P + V/O + C) ratio coincident with the reduction in circulating succinate. In the spontaneous evolution after good dietary advice, alterations in circulating succinate levels were linked to specific metagenomic signatures associated with carbohydrate metabolism and energy production with independence of body weight change. Our data support the importance of microbe–microbe interactions for the metabolite signature of gut microbiome and uncover succinate as a potential microbiota-derived metabolite related to CVD risk.

Novel Insights in the Management of Dyslipidemia in Patients With HIV Infection

In recent years, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have become a leading cause of death in patient with HIV infection, despite a reduction of total mortality in this population. Patients with HIV who are receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) have approximately 1.5–2 times higher risk for cardiovascular events than HIV-uninfected people. Dyslipidemia is a major risk factor for CVD and is more prevalent in patients with HIV infection. In the present review, we summarize the current concepts in the management of dyslipidemia in patients with HIV infection. Several studies evaluated the safety and effectiveness of statins in the management of dyslipidemia in patients with HIV infections. However, most studies are small and short term and none evaluated the effects of statins on cardiovascular morbidity. There are also very limited data on the role of other lipid-lowering agents in these patients. Moreover, the effect of switching ART on the lipid profile and on viral suppression is also unclear. Management of dyslipidemia in patients with HIV infection is complicated by the increased risk for pharmacokinetic interactions between lipid-lowering agents and ART as well as by the adverse metabolic effects of most classes of ART. However, given the increased cardiovascular risk of this population, lipid-lowering treatment, primarily with statins, should be considered and appears to be equally effective as in non-HIV infected subjects.

Adverse pregnancy outcomes and future maternal cardiovascular disease.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death in women. Although traditional risk factors increase later-life CVD, pregnancy-associated complications additionally influence future CVD risk in women. Recent guidelines for the prevention of CVD in women have added adverse pregnancy outcomes as major CVD risk factors. Studies have shown that women with a history of preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, preterm delivery, and delivery of a small-for-gestational-age infant have an increased risk of developing cardiometabolic risk factors and subsequent CVD. A history of multiple adverse pregnancy outcomes further increases this risk. It has been suggested that these pregnancy complications may unmask preexisting elevated CVD risk; however, whether the pathophysiologic changes underlying these conditions directly result in long-term cardiovascular damage is unclear. The purpose of this review was to highlight the associations between adverse pregnancy outcomes and future CVD, and to emphasize the importance of considering pregnancy history in assessing a woman's CVD risk. Targeted efforts to initiate screening and risk-reduction strategies in women with prior history of pregnancy complications, particularly lifestyle modification, may help decrease the burden of CVD in women.

Segment-specific prevalence of carotid artery plaque and stenosis in middle-aged adults and elders in Taiwan: Acommunity-based study.

Plaque in carotid arteries (CAs) is a major factor of systemic atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The left and right CAs have different anatomic and geometric features and may influence the predictability of CVD. However, the site- and segment-specific prevalence of carotid plaques (CP) and study on severity of carotid atherosclerosis with CVD risks was very limited. We enrolled 1539 healthy residents aged 40-to-74 years from two northern districts in Taiwan. All volunteers received high resolution B-mode carotid ultrasound scans and CVD risk factors evaluations. The prevalence rate of extracranial CP was 21.9% in females and 33.8% in males. Carotid bifurcation is the most affected segment. As compared with the right CAs, the age-sex-adjusted matched odds ratio of having plaques in the left CAs was 1.32 (95% confidence interval=1.02-1.73). The proportions of subjects had a total plaque number≥2, maximum stenosis≥30%, and plaque score≥3 were 8.9, 10.3, and 7.2%, respectively, in females and were 17.7, 17.2, and 15.1%, respectively, in males. Among subjects with moderate and severe carotid atherosclerosis, the mean±SD of estimated 10-year CVD risk was 19.1±14.6% and more than 65% of them need intensive blood pressure, lipids, or sugar controls. We found that bifurcation was the most prevalent segment, and left CAs was more likely to form plaque than right CAs. The major CVD risk factors were highly prevalent and the estimated CVD risks were high in subjects with more advanced carotid atherosclerosis. The study provides further direction for CVD prevention and treatment.

Homocysteine and Risk of Premature Coronary Heart Disease

Background: Homocystinuria is a rare autosomal recessive disease complicated by early and aggressive occlusive arterial disease. This may be related to the grossly increased homocysteine concentrations seen in this disease. More recently, milder hyperhomocysteinemia has been proposed as an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is among the diseases with multiple contributing factors, hence making it difficult to pinpoint a particular factor alone. The main factor that is of relevance to this study is homocysteine. Coronary artery disease is the narrowing or blockage of the arteries and vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the heart (1, 2). CVD is the major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Obesity, HTA, Diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, and smoking have been recognized as major risk factors for CVD.&#x0D; Aim: Aim of this paper is to examine concentrations of Hcyt and lipid profiles in patients with CVD and positive personal history for CVD, comparing them with the control group composed of healthy individuals. Our study aimed to verify the role of Homocysteine as a new independent risk factor on the onset of early atherosclerosis and atheromatous processes in coronary arteries in patients with CVD.&#x0D; Materials and methods: The results obtained represent the average value earned once every three months in the 3 year period. 5ccm serum with a few heparin spots was sent to the Clinical Laboratory of the University Clinic of Skopje.&#x0D; Results: The results obtained from patients with CVD and control groups are presented in the following text, where a statistically significant difference was observed for p &lt;0.0001 between the parameters obtained by patients with CVD compared to the control group. Concentrations of homocysteine and lipids in patients with CVD compared to the control group showed statistically significant difference with p&lt;0.0001, expected results, and verified in many other multicentric studies. These facts show that raised Hcyt has more impact on the onset of CVD. When Hcy levels are in the blood, the activity of the cystathionine-synthetase enzyme is raised. It is believed that this enzyme plays a vital role in the metabolism of Hcyt. In recent years a lot of studies have been made on the effect of hyperhomocysteinemia and its impact on the onset of coronary and all have verified that hyperhomocysteinemia is a significant parameter for the onset of early atherosclerosis of coronary and CVD(6,7,8).&#x0D; Conclusions: In the above-mentioned cases, it is recommended substitutive therapy with folic acid, pyridoxine, vitamin B12, vitamin E and other antioxidants which are found that have an effect on the prevention of premature atherosclerosis in patients with CVD and raised Hcyt: acute myocardial infarction, CARB, angina pectoris. PTCA, Stenting, and prevention of stroke.

Chronic kidney disease among the Iranian-Azari population; a report from pilot phase of AZAR cohort study

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide health problem. Most patients with CKD are asymptomatic and unaware of their disease until reaches its latter stages. The worldwide prevalence of CKD is increasing and delayed diagnosis takes from the patients the opportunities for early treatment. Objectives: Our cohort, named AZAR cohort, is a part of a national cohort program and it is aimed to study the major cardiovascular, pulmonary, renal, diabetes, and cancers diseases risk factors in East-Azerbaijan province in North West of Iran. Patients and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, all eligible subjects (35-65 years) were recruited. Information about demographic, medical history, some physical and para-clinical were collected. Here, we report the results of pilot phase of this study. Results: Findings showed that prevalence of CKD (stage 3, eGFR<60 mL/min) among our studied population was 8% (71/898). The studied population was ranged from young adult to pre-elderly (35-65 years). We found a higher proportion of CKD in women (M/F 14/57). The total proportion of diabetics in our study was 126 persons (14%). Distribution of different stages of CKD was as follows: stage 3A (67 persons, M/F; 14/53), stage 3B (4 females), stage 2 (737 persons, M/F; 328/409) and stage 1 (88 persons, M/F; 64/24). There were no cases of CKD stage 4 or 5 in our cohort. Body mass index (BMI), serum triglyceride (TG), and cholesterol levels had a significant correlation with CKD stage 3 (P<0.05). Diabetic patients and female gender were at increased risk of CKD stage 3 (OR: 1.5; 95% CI: 0.857-2.861). Conclusion: The prevalence of CKD stage 3 in our cohort was compatible with other previous publications. The higher prevalence of CKD in middle aged to early elderly women population could be explained by the high prevalence of obesity among this population.

Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among adults in rural area of Mangalore

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is now become a major public health problem and one of the leading causes of mortality in developing as well as developed countries. Several risk factors for CVDs have been discovered, which are broadly classified in modifiable and non-modifiable. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to assess the magnitude of CVD risk factors of among adults in rural population. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional community-based study was conducted among adults at Panemangalore. Anthropometric measurement, general physical examination, and systematic examination were done. Fasting blood sample was taken for laboratory investigation. Results: Physical inactivity, obesity, non-vegetarian diet, hypertension, and high low-density lipoproteins level were more prevalent among adults, and it was major risk factors for CVD. Conclusion: The modifiable cardiovascular risk factors are quite alarming and widely prevalent among adults in rural areas with maximum prevalence of sedentary lifestyle, obesity, hypertension, and diabetes.

Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) Risk Attitude and Knowledge Level of Major Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Diseases among 15-19 Years Eleventh and Twelfth-Grade Students of Lekhnath Municipality

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) becoming a major public health problem in developing countries. Both developed and developing countries witnesses the increase in a number of lifestyle-related risk factors such as excessive smoking, tobacco, and alcohol consumption, a poor dietary habit among adult and adolescent. The social and economic burden of CVDS in developing countries is more intensifying compare to developed countries because of higher prevalence of these diseases among economically active or working age population.Objective: The aim of this study is to assess and identify the level of knowledge and cardiovascular disease risk attitude among 15-19 years age students of grade 11th and 12th in Lekhnath Municipality.Methodology: The institution base quantitative cross-sectional study was adopted where Proportionate multistage cluster sampling technique was used to recurit study respondents.Result: Only small percentages (11%) of the respondent have a good level of knowledge regarding CVD risk factors. On the other hand, approximately there a quarter of the respondents (71.9%) have a cardiovascular riskseeking attitude.Conclusion: Majority of adolescents in this study does not have sufficient knowledge about major cardiovascular diseases risk factors. Respondents’ cardiovascular risk adverse attitude was closely connected with knowledge of various cardiovascular risk factors. Thus it is necessary to increase adolescents’ knowledge about various risk factors to interruption the extensive social and economic impacts

Can traditional risk factors explain the higher risk of cardiovascular disease in South Asians compared to Europeans in Norway and New Zealand? Two cohort studies

ObjectivesThe objective was to prospectively examine potential differences in the risk of first cardiovascular disease (CVD) events between South Asians and Europeans living in Norway and New Zealand, and to...