Major Movements Research Articles

Forever Conquered: The Changing Role of Vikings in Modern and Contemporary Anglo-American Culture

Ever since their disruption and subsequent invasion of the British Isles in the early Middle Ages, the Scandinavian raiders known as 'Vikings' have had a significant presence in English culture and its self-perceived past. Anglo-American popular culture has become the primary home of the subject in the centuries since, with the Vikings appearing as everything from lecherous, bloodthirsty pirates to proud Christian heroes in the media of the English West. A timeline of this evolution can be drawn between Victorian era England and modern-day America, with works such as Walter Scott's The Pirate, Richard Fleischer's formative The Vikings, John McTiernan's turn-of-the-century The 13th Warrior, and DreamWorks Animation's highly successful How to Train Your Dragon presenting compelling examples of the conceptual transformation that the Viking image has undergone. The popularity of Vikings in media and the form in which they have been used also reflects the way that literary and visual symbols have contributed to the spread and impact of major sociocultural and political movements throughout this period. As a result, the study of the Vikings' presence in Victorian and post-Victorian popular media is also the study of the Vikings' importance in the Anglo-American zeitgeist, enabling us to see the degree to which differing national climates have both shaped and platformed the Viking image across the last two hundred years.

Reassortments in single-stranded DNA multipartite viruses: Confronting expectations based on molecular constraints with field observations.

Single-stranded DNA multipartite viruses, which mostly consist of members of the genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae, and all members of the family Nanoviridae, partly resolve the cost of genomic integrity maintenance through two remarkable capacities. They are able to systemically infect a host even when their genomic segments are not together in the same host cell, and these segments can be separately transmitted by insect vectors from host to host. These capacities potentially allow such viruses to reassort at a much larger spatial scale, since reassortants could arise from parental genotypes that do not co-infect the same cell or even the same host. To assess the limitations affecting reassortment and their implications in genome integrity maintenance, the objective of this review is to identify putative molecular constraints influencing reassorted segments throughout the infection cycle and to confront expectations based on these constraints with empirical observations. Trans-replication of the reassorted segments emerges as the major constraint, while encapsidation, viral movement, and transmission compatibilities appear more permissive. Confronting the available molecular data and the resulting predictions on reassortments to field population surveys reveals notable discrepancies, particularly a surprising rarity of interspecific natural reassortments within the Nanoviridae family. These apparent discrepancies unveil important knowledge gaps in the biology of ssDNA multipartite viruses and call for further investigation on the role of reassortment in their biology.

Analyzing Molecular Dynamics Trajectories Thermodynamically through Artificial Intelligence.

Molecular dynamics simulations produce trajectories that correspond to vast amounts of structure when exploring biochemical processes. Extracting valuable information, e.g., important intermediate states and collective variables (CVs) that describe the major movement modes, from molecular trajectories to understand the underlying mechanisms of biological processes presents a significant challenge. To achieve this goal, we introduce a deep learning approach, coined DIKI (deep identification of key intermediates), to determine low-dimensional CVs distinguishing key intermediate conformations without a-priori assumptions. DIKI dynamically plans the distribution of latent space and groups together similar conformations within the same cluster. Moreover, by incorporating two user-defined parameters, namely, coarse focus knob and fine focus knob, to help identify conformations with low free energy and differentiate the subtle distinctions among these conformations, resolution-tunable clustering was achieved. Furthermore, the integration of DIKI with a path-finding algorithm contributes to the identification of crucial intermediates along the lowest free-energy pathway. We postulate that DIKI is a robust and flexible tool that can find widespread applications in the analysis of complex biochemical processes.

A STUDY OF WOMEN'S PARTICIPATION IN NATIONAL MOVEMENT WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO BIHAR.

Women played a pivotal role in the history of India's independence, stepping out of their homes to join protests, endure arrests, and face hardships, including brutalities. Their contributions not only energised the movement but also left a lasting impact on the struggle for freedom. It is important to acknowledge the significant contributions of women in national movements. They fought with remarkable spirit and courage, playing an incredible and vital role in both the freedom movement and the nation's awakening. Women not only sacrificed their lives but also endured numerous challenges. One such example is Rani Laxmi Bai, a fearless leader who fought valiantly against British rule during India's struggle for independence. Women in India made significant contributions to the freedom struggle by actively participating in major movements like non-cooperation, civil disobedience, and Quit India, etc. This study highlights the activism of prominent figures such as Sarojini Naidu, Aruna Asaf Ali, and Sucheta Kripalani, along with other local leaders who played key roles in mobilising both rural and urban communities against the British.

Bibliometric Analysis of Eco-Friendly Practices in Contemporary Popular Culture

This study undertakes a thorough bibliometric examination of environmentally conscious behaviors in modern popular culture. By applying sophisticated bibliometric techniques and citation analysis, the research reveals important publication patterns, prolific writers, recurring themes, and seminal works in the multidisciplinary domain. The findings show a consistent increase in scholarly output, with significant peaks occurring in tandem with major world events and cultural movements. The discourse's interdisciplinary nature is emphasized by prolific writers and cooperative networks, while thematic clusters including consumer perspectives, green synthesis, and sustainability are revealed through keyword analysis. The ongoing importance of foundational research is highlighted by highly referenced works such as the mainstreaming of green product developments, the idea of planned behavior in green hotels, and the investigation of the Mediterranean diet. In addition to suggesting future options, such as greater consumer insights, breakthroughs in green synthesis, and investigation of sustainable business practices, the research offers cross-cluster insights that highlight the interdependence of topics. In summary, this research provides a sophisticated comprehension of environmentally conscious behaviors in popular culture, providing insightful information to scholars, instructors, and professionals across various disciplines.

To Each According to Their Space-Need: Communes in Outer Space

Space settlement advocates frequently argue that we will soon be able to settle humans in space. Surviving on Mars is clearly a pre-requisite to settlement, and much work has been done examining the engineering aspects of this endeavor. Much less work has been done, however, on questions related to how to arrange a society in space. Early settlements will be dangerous, isolated, and cramped, and picking a social arrangement that is likely to result in a vibrant and productive society will be critical. Moreover, given the high stakes of this endeavor, being able to anticipate and ameliorate likely social problems ahead of time would be beneficial. Some important questions to consider include: How can settlements pick members who are likely to contribute as much as or more than they take from the society? How will they make sure everyone continues to contribute? How will they retain their most talented members? The literature on space settlements frequently posits that early settlements are particularly likely to be communal, though settlement scholars rarely consult the social sciences literature to explore whether or not communes would be a good social model for space. This article explores lessons from three major communal movements—the Hutterites, kibbutzim, and 60s-era communes. Similar social problems (such as adverse selection, free riding, and brain drain) are frequently encountered in these communes, and communards employ similar solutions to ameliorate these problems. This article also discusses how the nature of these social constraints may differ in the space environment, and the potential implications of the observation that religious communes seem to be more likely to persist than purely socialist ones.

Observation on the efficacy of different targets low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of tremor-dominant subtypes of Parkinson's disease

Objective: To analyze the efficacy of different targets low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for the treatment of tremor Parkinson's disease(PD). Method: A total of 82 patients with primary PD who were admitted to the Department of Neurology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from April 1, 2020 to March 31, 2021 were prospectively collected. According to the clinical characteristics of major movement disorders, 82 patients with tremor type (TD) were selected to enroll.The patients were randomly divided into 3 groups at a 1∶1∶1 ratio according to the randomized coding sequence of the trial: the primary motor cortex (M1) group with 26 cases, the cerebellum group with 26 cases and the dual-site (M1, cerebellum) group with 30 cases. All patients were treated with 1 Hz low-frequency stimulation of the corresponding target once a day for 5 days a week for 2 weeks, a total of 10 times; The dosage remained unchanged during the treatment for all groups. Before and after 2 weeks' treatment, the patients were assessed with the Unified PD Rating Scale (UPDRS) and PD Quality of Life Questionnaire-39 (PDQ-39) without medication. Cortical excitability, namely transcranial magnetic stimulation motor evoked potential (TMS-MEP), [including resting motor threshold (rMT) and active motor threshold (aMT) examinations], timed up and go (TUG) and electromyographic tremor were conducted. Result: There were 82 patients, 39 males and 43 females, with an average age of (67±8) years. Before the treatment, there was no statistically significant difference in the evaluation indicators among the three groups (all P>0.05). After the treatment, the differences of the UPDRS-Ⅲ score [(38.9±2.5) vs (29.2±3.6) ], UPDRS tremor score [(23.7±2.1) vs (14.6±3.1) ], TUG time [(44.8±3.1) s vs (33.7±4.1) s], tremor amplitude [(480±126) μV vs (276±94) μV], PDQ-39 score [(51±13) vs (45±13) ], rMT [(36±17)% vs (43±13)%], and aMT [(26±16)% vs (31±12)%] were statistically significant (all P<0.01) from those before the treatment. There was no statistical difference in the above factors between the M1 group and cerebellum group (all P>0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in tremor peak frequency among the three groups before and after the treatment (all P>0.05). Conclusions: Dual-site low-frequency rTMS can improve PD tremor, while M1 or cerebellar low-frequency rTMS does not significantly improve PD tremor. Its mechanism may be to improve PD tremor symptoms by regulating cortical excitability.

A Bibliometric Analysis of Global Research on Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections

Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS) are a clinical syndrome characterized by the abrupt onset of major personality, movement, and behavioral changes in a patient with a history of streptococcal infection. We aimed to do a bibliometric analysis of the published research on PANDAS. All the published articles available on the PubMed database from the time of inception till August 2022 were included in the study. All the PubMed IDs (PMID) of the articles were entered in Harvard Catalyst, a free online software, for bibliometric analysis, and data were extracted and verified. A total of 289 relevant published articles were identified. The average number of authors per article was 4.89 and the average number of times an article was cited was 11.19 (excluding self-citation). The H-index of the published articles was 31. The Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology published the maximum number of articles ( n = 36). The highest number of average citations (39.50 citations/articles) was for the articles published in the American Journal of Psychiatry. The most common type of articles were journal articles ( n = 259) and of which 27 were original research articles. Most of the original research discusses the effectiveness of various interventions (penicillin and other antibiotic prophylaxis, role of immunoglobulin), neuropsychiatric symptoms, and outcomes in the longitudinal course. Though PANDAS is a well-researched entity, more clinical trials, and large-scale studies will help provide better insight on this subject.

Continuous joint velocity estimation using CNN-based deep learning for multi-DoF prosthetic wrist for activities of daily living.

Myoelectric control of prostheses is a long-established technique, using surface electromyography (sEMG) to detect user intention and perform subsequent mechanical actions. Most machine learning models utilized in control systems are trained using isolated movements that do not reflect the natural movements occurring during daily activities. Moreover, movements are often affected by arm postures, the duration of activities, and personal habits. It is crucial to have a control system for multi-degree-of-freedom (DoF) prosthetic arms that is trained using sEMG data collected from activities of daily living (ADL) tasks. This work focuses on two major functional wrist movements: pronation-supination and dart-throwing movement (DTM), and introduces a new wrist control system that directly maps sEMG signals to the joint velocities of the multi-DoF wrist. Additionally, a specific training strategy (Quick training) is proposed that enables the controller to be applied to new subjects and handle situations where sensors may displace during daily living, muscles can become fatigued, or sensors can become contaminated (e.g., due to sweat). The prosthetic wrist controller is designed based on data from 24 participants and its performance is evaluated using the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Pearson Correlation. The results are found to depend on the characteristics of the tasks. For example, tasks with dart-throwing motion show smaller RSME values (Hammer: 6.68 deg/s and Cup: 7.92 deg/s) compared to tasks with pronation-supination (Bulb: 43.98 deg/s and Screw: 53.64 deg/s). The proposed control technique utilizing Quick training demonstrates a decrease in the average root mean square error (RMSE) value by 35% and an increase in the average Pearson correlation value by 40% across all four ADL tasks.

Unpacking the Plus-Size Travel Movement

Efforts to promote inclusivity of marginalized groups in tourism have mainly focused on people with disabilities, seniors, and ethnic minorities. However, other marginalized groups such as plus-size travelers have been neglected. The Plus-Size Travel Movement draws attention to travel restrictions and ostracization from the market due to body size and intersectional identities. This study is the first of its kind to address this phenomenon. It aims to unpack the plus-size travel movement through a netnographic analysis of four major online movement platforms. The analysis reveals how community leaders mobilize with different discourses to politicize travel for plus-sized individuals and empower the community. This research seeks to stimulate further scholarly discussion about expanding theoretical approaches that examine consumer marginalization in tourism consumption beyond its current scope. It also provides recommendations for the industry, including engaging with plus-size travel influencers to establish more inclusive practices and policies and following the movement on social media closely to identify ways to enhance the experience of plus-size travelers.

The mechanics of cephalic furrow formation in the Drosophila embryo

Cephalic furrow formation (CFF) is a major morphogenetic movement during gastrulation in Drosophila melanogaster embryos that gives rise to a deep, transitory epithelial invagination. Recent studies have identified the individual cell shape changes that drive the initiation and progression phases of CFF; however, the underlying mechanics are not yet well understood. During the progression phase, the furrow deepens as columnar cells from both the anterior and posterior directions fold inwards rotating by 90°. To analyze the mechanics of this process, we have developed an advanced two-dimensional lateral vertex model that includes multinode representation of cellular membranes and allows us to capture the membrane curvature associated with pressure variation. Our investigations reveal some key potential mechanical features of CFF, as follows. When cells begin to roll over the cephalic furrow cleft, they become wedge shaped as their apical cortices and overlying membranes expand, lateral cortices and overlying membranes release tension, internal pressures drop, and basal cortices and membranes contract. Then, cells reverse this process by shortening apical cortices and membranes, increasing lateral tension, and causing internal pressures to rise. Since the basal membranes expand, the cells recover their rotated columnar shape once in the furrow. Interestingly, our findings indicate that the basal membranes may be passively reactive throughout the progression phase. We also find that the smooth rolling of cells over the cephalic furrow cleft necessitates that internalized cells provide a solid base through high levels of membrane tension and internal pressure, which allows the transmission of tensile force that pulls new cells into the furrow. These results lead us to suggest that CFF helps to establish a baseline tension across the apical surface of the embryo to facilitate cellular coordination of other morphogenetic movements via mechanical stress feedback mechanisms.

On the Role of a Conserved Tryptophan in the Chromophore Pocket of Cyanobacteriochrome

The cyanobacteriochrome Slr1393 can be photoconverted between a red (Pr) and green absorbing form (Pg). The recently determined crystal structures of both states suggest a major movement of Trp496 from a stacking interaction with ring D of the phycocyanobilin (PCB) chromophore in Pr to a position outside the chromophore pocket in Pg. Here, we investigated the role of this amino acid during photoconversion in solution using engineered protein variants in which Trp496 was substituted by natural and non-natural amino acids. These variants and the native protein were studied by various spectroscopic techniques (UV–vis absorption, fluorescence, IR, NIR and UV resonance Raman) complemented by theoretical approaches. Trp496 is shown to affect the electronic transition of PCB and to be essential for the thermal equilibrium between Pr and an intermediate state O600. However, Trp496 is not required to stabilize the tilted orientation of ring D in Pr, and does not play a role in the secondary structure changes of Slr1393 during the Pr/Pg transition. The present results confirm the re-orientation of Trp496 upon Pr → Pg conversion, but do not provide evidence of a major change in the microenvironment of this residue. Structural models indicate the penetration of water molecules into the chromophore pocket in both Pr and Pg states and thus water-Trp contacts, which can readily account for the subtle spectral changes between Pr and Pg. Thus, we conclude that reorientation of Trp496 during the Pr-to-Pg photoconversion in solution is not associated with a major change in the dielectric environment in the two states.

The Social Inclusion of Migrants Between Policy and Practice: Lessons from Uruguay

Extant research on international migration in English overwhelmingly focuses on migration to and in Europe and North America. Yet major migration movements occur outside of these regions. This mismatch leads to a neglect of the multi-faceted migration dynamics beyond the global North. Uruguay is a case in point for two reasons. First, the country has become both a significant destination for inter-regional movements and a crucial albeit unexpected stop along an extended international route. Second, both the country's migration policies and research agenda have promptly responded to the surge in migration by examining recent migrants’ quality of life and issues of social inclusion. In this country report, we use the hitherto understudied case of Uruguay as an illustrative example to showcase potential policy and scholarship lessons for international migration. We argue that Uruguay constitutes an important case for future migration scholarship and policy outlook, because it enhances our understanding of how host countries can promote migrants’ social inclusion and well-being, even in the face of significant structural inequalities affecting both native and migrant populations. Hence, Uruguay's experiences against the backdrop of recent migration in-flows have implications for migration scholarship and policy in regional (Latin America and Caribbean) and global contexts.

Hans Kelsen on political Catholicism and Christian Democracy

Hans Kelsen was one of the most important legal thinkers of the 20th century, and he is known for mounting an elaborate defense of liberal party democracy at a time when the latter was hardly the most popular form of regime. This article examines how Kelsen responded to two major political movements he experienced in his intellectual prime: political Catholicism, which he was confronted with in interwar Austria, and Christian Democracy, which became a hegemonic political force in Western Europe after World War II, when Kelsen was already in exile. The article reconstructs Kelsen's complex critique of these two religious movements and ends by reflecting on what we can learn from his arguments about current attempts to revive Christian political thought.

Convergent validity and inter-rater reliability of a lower-limb multimodal physical function assessment in community-dwelling older adults.

Introduction: Lower-limb physical function declines with age and contributes to a greater difficulty in performing activities of daily living. Existing assessments of lower-limb function assess one dimension of movement in isolation or are not time-efficient, which discourages their use in community and clinical settings. We aimed to address these limitations by assessing the inter-rater reliability and convergent validity of a new multimodal functional lower-limb assessment (FLA). Methods: FLA consists of five major functional movement tasks (rising from a chair, walking gait, stair ascending/descending, obstacle avoidance, and descending to a chair) performed consecutively. A total of 48 community-dwelling older adults (32 female participants; age: 71 ± 6years) completed the FLA as well as timed up-and-go, 30-s sit-to-stand, and 6-min walk tests. Results: Slower FLA time was correlated with a slower timed up-and-go test (ρ = 0.70), less sit-to-stand repetitions (ρ = -0.65), and a shorter distance in the 6-min walk test (ρ = -0.69; all, p < 0.001). Assessments by two raters were not different (12.28 ± 3.86s versus 12.29 ± 3.83s, p = 0.98; inter-rater reliability ρ = 0.993, p < 0.001) and were statistically equivalent (via equivalence testing). Multiple regression and relative weights analyses demonstrated that FLA times were most predicted by the timed up-and-go performance [adjusted R 2 = 0.75; p < 0.001; raw weight 0.42 (95% CI: 0.27, 0.53)]. Discussion: Our findings document the high inter-rater reliability and moderate-strong convergent validity of the FLA. These findings warrant further investigation into the predictive validity of the FLA for its use as an assessment of lower-limb physical function among community-dwelling older adults.

Echoes of a Method: Inductive Christian Social Ethics, Social Practices, and the Radical Social Gospel

Abstract: Christian social ethics emerged out of and in conversation with major social movements in U.S. history and today is defined by a commitment to studying these movements. The radical social gospelers who helped found the field argued that the best way to study modern social problems was to study these problems in the places where they were most painfully experienced and in the movements where people were building power to overcome them. Many organizers were (and still are) drawn to Christian social ethics to enhance their organizing work. Today, this inductive approach echoes through the field as scholars argue about the role of ethnography and social anthropology. Some argue that this is the work of political theology. I argue that many social ethicists fail to recognize the methodological legacy of the social gospel and in turn how this approach to social ethics offers a rich future that is deeply connected to organizing movements.

Muslims and the Making of Modern Europe. By Emily Greble

The Balkans’ diverse cultural heritage remains ensnared in formulaic representations that keep it outside normative “European” experiences. Emily Greble’s new book seeks to move beyond clumsy binaries by inspecting the 1878–1948 period that led to the contested forms of the state known as Yugoslavia. In suggesting that some Muslims contributed to the major political movements that shaped this modern state-building process, Greble adds to a rethinking of secularism and citizenship while inviting new questions about how we write such post-imperial histories. The problem with writing such histories that need a detailed excavation of archives left by interwar regimes is that these documents must be put in the context of violence used to govern Yugoslavia’s contested borderlands. While Greble’s archival sources suggest self-identified Islamic institutions based mainly in Bosnia evolved to cohabitate with other nation-building initiatives, and in the larger case of Yugoslavia, this meant balancing ethnonational associations with Christian sects and their “national” churches claiming authority over them. In other words, the evolution and then permanent establishment of an Islamic infrastructure had to necessarily mirror those Serb Orthodox and Slovene/Croat Catholic institutions that helped consolidate the political and economic power of some at the expense of others. For Greble, the “Muslim” programs that eventually manifested as rights to use “Sharia” and “Muslim education” indicated that (mostly South Slav) Muslims successfully navigated competing regimes governing the lands where they lived and of which they could become “citizens.”

The Influence of the French New Wave Movement on Contemporary World Art Film Creation

The French New Wave is one of the three major aesthetic movements in the world film history. The "New Wave" films shocked the world, causing the "New Wave" film movements in America, Europe, Asia and other countries to emerge one after another, triggering a worldwide film aesthetic revolution. The French "New Wave" has a profound impact on modern films. This paper focuses on grasping the emergence, development, prosperity and decline of the French "New Wave" film aesthetics, paying attention to live broadcast and process documentaries, analyzing the artistic skills of the New Wave film to shape characters, effectively summarizing the influence of the French New Wave movement on contemporary world artistic film creation, so as to find out some rules of film development and provide a necessary reference system for contemporary world film art creation, And explore the development direction of Chinese film in the future.

Diffusion Tensor Imaging to Predict Neurodevelopmental Impairment in Infants after Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the standard of care for evaluation of brain injury after hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in term newborns. This study utilizes diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to (1) identify infants at highest risk of development of cerebral palsy (CP) following HIE and to (2) identify regions of the brain critical to normal fidgety general movements (GMs) at 3 to 4 months of postterm. Absence of these normal, physiological movements is highly predictive of CP. Term infants treated with hypothermia for HIE from January 2017 to December 2021 were consented for participation and had brain MRI with DTI after rewarming. The Prechtl's General Movements Assessment was performed at 12 to 16 weeks of age. Structural MRIs were reviewed for abnormalities, and DTI data were processed with the FMRIB Software Library. Infants underwent the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development III test at 24 months. Forty-five infant families were consented; three infants died prior to MRI and were excluded, and a fourth infant was excluded due to diagnosis of a neuromuscular disorder. Twenty-one infants were excluded due to major movement artifact on diffusion images. Ultimately, 17 infants with normal fidgety GMs were compared with 3 infants with absent fidgety GMs with similar maternal and infant characteristics. Infants with absent fidgety GMs had decreased fractional anisotropy of several important white matter tracts, including the posterior limb of the internal capsule, optic radiations, and corpus callosum (p < 0.05). All three infants with absent fidgety GMs and two with normal GMs went on to be diagnosed with CP. This study identifies white matter tracts of the brain critical to development of normal fidgety GMs in infants at 3 to 4 months of postterm using advanced MRI techniques. These findings identify those at highest risk for CP among infants with moderate/severe HIE prior to hospital discharge. · HIE has devastating impacts on families and infants.. · Diffusion MRI identifies infants at highest risk for developing neurodevelopmental impairment.. · Normal general movements of infancy are generated by key white matter tracts..

Non-epileptic paroxysmal events at pediatric video-electroencephalography monitoring unit over a 15-year period

ObjectiveNon-epileptic paroxysmal events (NEPEs) are common in pediatric patients and may be misdiagnosed as epileptic seizures. We aimed to study the distribution of NEPEs across age groups and with different comorbidities, and to correlate the patients' presenting symptoms with their final diagnosis after video-EEG. MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed video-EEG recordings of children aged one month to 18 years who were admitted between March 2005 and March 2020. Patients who experienced any NEPE while under video-EEG monitorization were evaluated in this study. Subjects with concomitant epilepsy were also included. The patients were first divided into 14 groups according to the basic characteristics of symptoms they reported at admission. The events captured on video-EEG were then classified into six NEPE categories based on the nature of the events. These groups were compared according to video-EEG results. ResultsWe retrospectively evaluated 1338 records of 1173 patients. The final diagnosis was non-epileptic paroxysmal event in 226 (19.3%) of 1173 patients. The mean age of the patients was 105.4 ± 64.4 months at the time of the monitoring. The presenting symptoms were motor in 149/226 (65.9%) patients, with jerking being the most common (n = 40, 17.7%). Based on video-EEG, the most common NEPE was psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) (n = 66, 29.2%), and the most common PNES subtype was major motor movements (n = 19/66, 28.8%). Movement disorders (n = 46, 20.4%) were the second most common NEPE and the most common NEPE (n = 21/60, 35%) in children with developmental delay (n = 60). Other common NEPEs were physiological motor movements during sleep (n = 33, 14.6%), normal behavioral events (n = 31, 13.7%), and sleep disorders (n = 15, 6.6%). Almost half of the patients had a prior diagnosis of epilepsy (n = 105, 46.5%). Following the diagnosis of NEPE, antiseizure medication (ASM) was discontinued in 56 (24.8%) patients. ConclusionNon-epileptiform paroxysmal events can be difficult to distinguish from epileptic seizures in children, especially in patients with developmental delay, epilepsy, abnormal interictal EEG, or abnormal MRI findings. Correct diagnosis of NEPEs by video-EEG prevents unnecessary ASM exposure in children and guides appropriate management of NEPEs.