Major Field Research Articles

Onsite measurements of pedestrian-level wind and preliminary assessment of effects of turbulence characteristics on human body convective heat transfer

Wind is an important factor affecting outdoor thermal comfort in urban environment, but its turbulence characteristics at the pedestrian level and effects on convective heat transfer (hc) from a human body remain poorly understood. Previous studies were only conducted in wind tunnels with low turbulence intensity, small turbulence integral length scale, and fixed prevailing wind direction. To address this knowledge gap, this field study was conceived to monitor the pedestrian level wind in actual outdoor settings and to measure the hc of a thermal manikin at the same time. The results show that both longitudinal and lateral turbulence intensity significantly enhance whole body hc. It remains to be examined whether the small-scale wind direction variation can be included in the lateral turbulence intensity or vice versa. The integral length scale found at the two sites were larger than a typical manikin dimension, and the whole body hc peaked when these two scales were comparable. As the first major field study to quantify convection heat loss of a thermal manikin exposed to real-life urban boundary layer wind, it is demonstrated crucial to consider realistic turbulence characteristics in the field when evaluating hc over a human body for urban microclimate design.

Monkey menace in Nepal: An analysis and proposed solutions

Monkey menace is a prevalent issue in South Asia and Southeast Asia, where Rhesus macaques are considered pests of major field crops. In Nepal, factors such as monoculture cropping patterns, forest fragmentation, degradation of natural habitats, and changing agricultural practices contribute to increased monkey menace and human-macaque conflict. Factors such as cropping season, food resource distribution, crop variety, wild food availability, and distance from forests and farms influence the frequency and intensity of crop raiding. This study introduced non-human primates, their status, and availability in Nepal, and analyzed different crops raided by monkeys along the Buddhi Gandaki River, frequency and crop raiding season of monkeys in Jhor Mahankal and Goldhunga and suggested some solution measures for the monkey menace in Nepal. Maize was the most raided crop, while pumpkin was the least. The total percentage of crops raided was 24.62%, with an average crop loss of 29.24%. Crop raiding was most prevalent during the spring season (45%), followed by the rainy season (39%), and least prevalent during the winter season (16%). Rhesus macaques refrained from raiding crops with bitter or spicy flavors, such as turmeric, bitter gourd, chili, ginger, and mustard. The suggested control measures need to be followed to mitigate the monkey menace and manage the human-wildlife conflict.

A global dataset for assessing nitrogen-related plant traits using drone imagery in major field crop species

Enhancing rapid phenotyping for key plant traits, such as biomass and nitrogen content, is critical for effectively monitoring crop growth and maximizing yield. Studies have explored the relationship between vegetation indices (VIs) and plant traits using drone imagery. However, there is a gap in the literature regarding data availability, accessible datasets. Based on this context, we conducted a systematic review to retrieve relevant data worldwide on the state of the art in drone-based plant trait assessment. The final dataset consists of 41 peer-reviewed papers with 11,189 observations for 11 major crop species distributed across 13 countries. It focuses on the association of plant traits with VIs at different growth/phenological stages. This dataset provides foundational knowledge on the key VIs to focus for phenotyping key plant traits. In addition, future updates to this dataset may include new open datasets. Our goal is to continually update this dataset, encourage collaboration and data inclusion, and thereby facilitate a more rapid advance of phenotyping for critical plant traits to increase yield gains over time.

Islam: The Complete, Functional and Practical Guide to Life

People say developed countries became developed by following secularism while Muslim countries became backward by following Islam. This is false perception. In fact developed countries are following Islamic principles unknowingly in all the areas of development; Islamic principles of rule of law, justice, honesty, integrity, research and knowledge learning, development and application. Developed countries and corruption ridden Muslim countries are self harming in all those areas where they are not following Islamic principles; resource intensive hedonism, predatory economic and financial policies, corruption, fraud, injustice, prejudice and selective exploitation of people. Latest development in many developed countries is adoption of prohibition of smoking in public places and this is also based on Islamic principle of avoiding greater harm. So Islam is an essential aspect of humanity’s existence. It teaches us how to conduct ourselves in all aspects of life in a morally and legally upright manner. Islam created a well-defined system of laws governing moral behavior, civil and political rights, social issues and rights, marriage and divorce laws, inheritance rights, and all other matters we deal with daily. It serves as a guide to life in all its facets and is not just for the mosque. Since Islam is logical and rational, it keeps a Muslim free from confusion of any kind. These are some of the main points raised in the paper regarding how Islam is a comprehensive, functional, and practical code of life. Nine major relevant and significant fields have been discussed: the Islamic political system, law and legal system, Jihad, economic system, education system, marriage and family, Islamic society, the mindset, and the hijab. The discussion is analytical and comparative addressing secular ideologies based on Islamic texts and social sciences. The paper establishes that the Islamic system is the alternative system that can replace secular ideologies. This paper has been summarized from a broader and larger discussion of the same topic.

Preface

Abstract To promote academic exchanges and cooperation on a global scale and explore the latest research results and development trends in three major engineering fields of machinery, electrical and materials, the 2024 7th International Conference on Mechanical, Electrical and Material Application (MEMA 2024) came into being in Changsha, China from February 23rd to 25th, 2024 (virtual event). The conference aimed to provide a high-level and international academic exchange platform for global experts, scholars and engineers to jointly promote the development of related fields. The conference was hosted by Shenyang Ligong University. In addition, Fuzhou University, South China University of Technology, Hunan University, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Dalian University of Technology and many other universities and institutions also gave strong support to the conference. This fully demonstrates the wide influence and high recognition of this conference. In terms of the conference agenda, this conference mainly focused on the three major engineering fields of machinery, electrical and materials and set up a number of special forums, involving Mechanical Dynamics, Mechatronics, High Voltage Insulation Technology, Power Systems and Their Automation, Electronic Materials, and other frontier fields. Experts and scholars at home and abroad delivered dramatic keynote speeches and oral presentations, sharing their latest research achievements and experience. While listening to these excellent and wonderful presentations, the attendees participated in in-depth academic discussions with the speakers and people around, jointly exploring the development and challenges in related fields. All their enthusiastic participation has laid a solid foundation for the success of this conference. The call for papers for the proceedings of MEMA 2024 is also very encouraging. Since the publication of the call for papers, experts and scholars worldwide have responded positively, and therefore we have received a large number of high-quality paper submissions from all over the world. After rigorous review and screening, a bunch of excellent papers were finally selected to be included in this proceedings. The high inclusion rate of papers and a stable EI search of this conference series for six consecutive years fully demonstrates the influence and authority of MEMA 2024 in the academic community. At the same time, it also provides a good platform for participants to present their research results, expand professional networks, and establish cooperative relationships. Overall, the 2024 7th International Conference on Mechanical, Electrical and Material Application is an academic event of great significance. Through the virtual form of the conference, we have successfully built a high-level academic exchange platform for global experts and scholars. It is believed that with the joint efforts of everyone, this conference series will be even more successful in the future years, making positive contributions to promoting the development of machinery, electrical and materials and their relevant domains. List of Committee Member is available in this pdf.

Intermedial and theatrical perspectives of AI: Re-framing the Turing test

Artificial intelligence (AI), the understanding and building of computational agents that act intelligently, is claimed to be a powerful, pervasive medium. Although we interact with it and hear a lot about it, we do not ‘see’ AI but experience its manifestations and/or outcomes, such as chatterbots and virtual assistants. A criterion for deeming an artificial agent as intelligent has been already proposed by Turing in 1950, coined as the ‘Imitation Game’, where a machine takes the place of a man, known as the Turing test. Despite the test being initially conceived as a make-believe game, AI has been enmeshed in major fields of human social activity and co-determines our lives. In this article, AI is compared with the media type of theatre performance, the epitome of make-believe, on the basis of intermediality. Furthermore, the analogies between AI and theatre are discussed and the paradigm of the puppet theatre as well as the medium of the mask prevail in the analysis. Findings are discussed, especially in light of the mind–body split and the alignment problem, and their implications are contemplated, allowing a re-estimation and re-framing of the Turing test in its theatrical and performative dimension.

Pre-service teacher’s perceptions about the difficult nature of physics as a mathematics embedded course in a college of education

Despite the great importance attached to physics as a core science course that aids the learning of other subjects like mathematics, chemistry, agriculture, biology, computer, geography, and other vocational subjects in high schools to upgrade their knowledge on the physical world, some pre-service teachers still see physics as a very difficult subject that only exist in an abstract form. As a result of this, some pre-service physics teachers find it a challenge when offering or teaching physics as a course in colleges of education and high schools during their teaching practice. The reasons contributing to this is not far from; poor teaching and learning approach, lack of modern practical equipment, and incompetent lecturers among many others. As a result of this, this study finds it necessary to investigate the preserve teachers’ perceptions about the difficult nature of physics as a field of study in a college of education. In achieving this, the study was conducted among some college of education students taking physics as a major or minor field of study in a college of education. And this study was carried out using a quantitative approach of data collection among the 46 students taking physics as a course in a college of education in Nigeria. The result of the finding confirmed that there is a high percentage of the participants taking physics who reported that the teaching process, adopted when learning it, lacks some vital resources, such as motivation, good practical tools, and competent lecturers among many other. As a result of this, some students have taken physics as a difficult subject

The role of student motivation in integrating AI into web design education: A longitudinal study

Amidst the current wave studies of artificial intelligence (AI) in education, this longitudinal case study, spanning Spring 2023 to Spring 2024, delves into the integration of AI in the UI/UX web design classroom. By introducing both text-based and image-based AI tools to students with varying levels of skill in introductory web design and user experience (UX) courses, the study observed a significant enhancement in student creative capabilities and project outcomes. The utilization of text-based generators markedly improved writing efficiency and coding, while image-based tools facilitated better ideation and color selection. These findings underscore the potential to augment traditional educational methods, providing students with novel avenues for creativity and innovation. At the same time, the goal of this study was also to ascertain the factors that led to the adoption of AI tools in the educational workflow, specifically focusing on student major and background, thereby illuminating how AI can be tailored to meet diverse educational needs and foster a more adaptive and innovative learning environment. The findings reveal that students were more receptive to integrating AI tasks into their workflows when these tasks did not directly relate to their major field of study. For example, Computer Science students exhibited less resistance to using AI for selecting color palettes, a task outside their primary focus, compared to utilizing AI for coding. Additionally, the study observed a significant growth in both awareness and usage of AI tools among students throughout the duration of the research. This trend suggests an increasing incorporation of AI technologies into their standard toolkit, highlighting a broader acceptance and integration of AI in educational practices.

Unlocking the potential of peatlands and paludiculture to achieve Germany’s climate targets: obstacles and major fields of action

Greenhouse gas emissions from drained peatlands must be substantially reduced to meet climate mitigation targets. In Germany, annual peatland emissions of 53 Mt CO2e account for more than 7% of total national GHG emissions. Peatland drainage and reclamation is traditionally considered as a symbol of progress and technical achievement, where agriculture has been the major driver. In Germany, an area of 1.3 million ha of drained peatlands used for agriculture ought to be rewetted by 2050 to meet the 1.5°C target of the Paris Agreement. Paludiculture allows a productive use of wet peatlands instead of abandonment following rewetting. This approach might therefore pave the way for voluntary large-scale peatland rewetting. However, implementation remains scarce. The long history and large extent of peatland drainage has shaped the political and legal framework as well as perceptions and attitudes, thus impeding rewetting and climate-friendly peatland use. This policy and practice review investigates the political, legal, economic and social aspects that hinder the implementation in Germany and derives approaches to overcome multifold restrictions. Finally, three major fields of action are identified: (1) To increase and accelerate rewetting, a consistent peatland mainstreaming approach is needed that overcomes structural barriers and adapts the policy and legal framework, e.g., the Common Agricultural Policy, planning law, water law and nature conservation law. (2) To motivate for a rapid transition, a system of immediate, comprehensive and attractive positive incentives is needed. This should be accompanied by early announcement and gradual introduction of negative incentives to set a clear course and provide planning certainty for farmers and landowners. (3) A just transition depends on empowering local communities to develop and pursue perspectives tailored to their peatland region. Future research of peatlands as social-ecological systems can help to identify region-specific drivers for sustainable peatland management.

The dark side of drug repurposing. From clinical trial challenges to antimicrobial resistance: analysis based on three major fields

Drug repurposing is a strategic endeavor that entails the identification of novel therapeutic applications for pharmaceuticals that are already available in the market. Despite the advantageous nature of implementing this particular strategy owing to its cost-effectiveness and efficiency in reducing the time required for the drug discovery process, it is essential to bear in mind that there are various factors that must be meticulously considered and taken into account. Up to this point, there has been a noticeable absence of comprehensive analyses that shed light on the limitations of repurposing drugs. The primary aim of this review is to conduct a thorough illustration of the various challenges that arise when contemplating drug repurposing from a clinical perspective in three major fields—cardiovascular, cancer, and diabetes—and to further underscore the potential risks associated with the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) when employing repurposed antibiotics for the treatment of noninfectious and infectious diseases. The process of developing repurposed medications necessitates the application of creativity and innovation in designing the development program, as the body of evidence may differ for each specific case. In order to effectively repurpose drugs, it is crucial to consider the clinical implications and potential drawbacks that may arise during this process. By comprehensively analyzing these challenges, we can attain a deeper comprehension of the intricacies involved in drug repurposing, which will ultimately lead to the development of more efficacious and safe therapeutic approaches.

The Future Probability of Winter Wheat and Maize Yield Failure in Hungary Based on Long-Term Temporal Patterns

The level of yield variation of primary crops has a considerable effect on the vulnerability of agriculture. The main factor that makes the agriculture of Hungary so vulnerable is climate change, and technological development cannot compensate for its unfavourable effects. We examined the yield failures of the two major field crops grown in Hungary that occurred during the last 100 years. The goals of our study were to determine how often yield losses at 15% and 30% occur, what their probability is and whether the probability has changed in recent decades. The Wald–Wolfowitz runs test was used to determine the randomness of yield failures. A series of yield failures for maize and winter wheat were found to be random. Based on the data for 1985–2023, failure by 15% and 30% can be expected approximately every 8th and 19th year for winter wheat and 3rd and 5th year for maize. Winter wheat yield failure at 15% shows a decreasing trend in occurrence, while at 30% it increases. On the other hand, the frequency of maize yield failure increased at both levels. The consideration of historical yield data can help to determine the extent of crop loss to be expected in the long term to maintain sustainable winter wheat and maize production in our changing climate.

Preface

The 2023 3rd International Conference on Detection Technology and Intelligence System (DTIS 2023) was held during December 22nd to 24th, 2023 in Wuhan, China (hybrid conference). DTIS 2023 was hosted by Anhui Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment Quality and Reliability, China and Institute of Robotics Modern Industry, Anhui Polytechnic University, China. The DTIS is aimed to be an international academic conference for scientists and researchers from the fields of and related to detection technology and intelligence system in China and the rest of the world. Our mission is to foster scientific exchanges and to promote a high-standard level of researches and experiments in China and the international community. The Conference Proceedings of DTIS 2023 covers a wide range of theoretical and applied topics from three major fields: • Detection Technology, including Sensor and Automatic Detection, Nondestructive Inspection, etc. • Intelligent System, including Intelligent Fault Detection and Diagnosis, Artificial Intelligence Method and System, etc. • Automatic Measurement and Control System, including Non-Contact Measurement, Modern Control Technology, etc. The Conference was held both onsite and online, providing an opportunity for those who couldn’t attend the meeting in person to share scientific research achievements and cutting-edge technologies, understand academic development trends, and broaden research ideas. About 100 delegates worldwide participated in the Conference. The Conference was divided into 4 keynote speeches, many oral talks as well as poster presentations. Participants had time at their disposal to present their work and researches, with 30–40 minutes for keynote speech including time for discussion, and 15 minutes for oral presentation. Prof. Zhenmin Zhu (East China Jiaotong University, China), Prof. Dezhang Xu (Anhui Polytechnic University, China), Prof. Ning Sun (Nankai University, China), and Prof. David Bassir (French University of Technology, France) gave keynote speeches on Study on The Technology of 3D Precision Measurement Based on Polarization-Coding Structured Light, The Application of Industrial Internet of Things and Digital Twin Technology, Intelligent Control for Underactuated Cranes with Applications, and Contribution of AI and ML to Crack Detection in Concrete, respectively. The participants actively interacted with each other and the speakers during discussion time. Once again, we must admit that organizing the DTIS 2023 and finalizing the editing process for the post publications has been quite a challenge. We have worked with passion and enthusiasm. We firmly believe that discussions, interactions and publications of this volume can help improve researches and experiments in related fields, offering creative ideas that can be used by researchers to conduct experiments, as well as creating important link between theory and practice. We would like to thank all those who contributed to the success of DTIS 2023, including the conference committee members, speakers, authors, reviewers and all the participants. And we gratefully acknowledge the publishing support from Journal of Physics: Conference Series. The Committee of DTIS 2023 List of Committee Member is available in this pdf.

Celebrating 20 Years of Excellence: Latin American Pediatric Neurosurgery Course LACPN (2004-2024)

Two decades ago, a visionary initiative was launched in Latin America with the aim of advancing pediatric neurosurgery education and expertise across the region. Today, as we mark the 20th anniversary of the Latin American Pediatric Neurosurgery Course (LACPN), it is an opportune moment to reflect on its journey, celebrate its achievements, and chart a course for its continued success. The LACPN was established with a clear mission: to provide a platform for knowledge exchange, skill development, and collaboration among neurosurgeons dedicated to caring for children with neurological conditions. Designed to cover the major fields in Pediatric Neurosurgery, the scientific program is divided into annual courses over a 3-year cycle, with each biannual course is based on a four-day program divided in the morning sessions; lectures and case discussion an afternoon session; lectures, video session, "hand-on", and "solve a case". Following the ESPN post-graduate course and Asian-Australasian Course in Pediatric Neurosurgery program. At the heart of the LACPN's success lies its unwavering commitment to education and training, a culture of continuous learning and mentorship, the LACPN has not only raised the standard of care but also inspired a new generation of neurosurgeons dedicated to pediatric neurosurgery in the past 20 years. Over the past 18 years of LACPC more than 350 different trainees (from Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Uruguay, Mexico, Venezuela, Bolivia, Cuba, Paraguay, and others) and 73 faculty invitees (from Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Mexico, USA, France, Italy, Costa Rica, Colombia, Turkish, Singapore, Spain, UK, and Australia, South Africa) have attended the course. In 2024, the LACPN become an official course of the Latin American Association for Pediatric Neurosurgery (ASOLANPED). This year the course was held in Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina, with the brilliant direction of Dr. Ramiro delRio and Dr. Sebastian G. Jaimovich. As we reflect on the past 20 years, it is evident that the LAPNC has made a profound impact on the field of pediatric neurosurgery in Latin America. Its legacy extends far beyond the confines of the operating room, encompassing a legacy of excellence, collaboration, and compassion that will continue to shape the future of pediatric neurosurgery for generations to come. As we celebrate this significant milestone, we are reminded that our work is far from complete. Challenges remain, ranging from disparities in access to care to the need for continued innovation and research. As we look ahead to the next 20 years and beyond, let us recommit ourselves to the pursuit of excellence, the advancement of knowledge, and the relentless pursuit of better outcomes for the children and families we serve.LACPN is a unique course! Friendship, collaboration and opportunities for everyone are the pillars of this course. In closing, we extend our heartfelt gratitude to all those who have contributed to the success of the Latin American Pediatric Neurosurgery Course over the past two decades – the organizers, faculty, participants, sponsors, and supporters. Your dedication, passion, and commitment have made this journey possible, and we look forward to continuing our shared mission of advancing pediatric neurosurgery in Latin America and beyond. Here's to 20 years of excellence, and to many more years of innovation, collaboration, and impact. See you in Rio de Janeiro 2024!!

A hybrid model based on unsupervised learning for seismic response feature extraction and gas-bearing reservoir prediction using longitudinal and transverse waves seismic data in low-degree exploration areas: A case study

Predicting gas-bearing reservoirs from seismic data is a major field of research. Recently, deep learning has been applied to achieve better results; however, challenges such as high sample demand remain. Drilling data are often insufficient, and gas-bearing sample data are difficult to acquire in large quantities, particularly for low-level (new) exploration areas, which limits gas-bearing reservoir prediction by supervised learning. Therefore, this study proposes a hybrid model using unsupervised learning to extract seismic response features and predict gas-bearing reservoir distribution. First, seismic attribute analysis was used to extract as many longitudinal and transverse waves seismic attributes as possible to provide richer information about gas-bearing reservoirs. However, abundant seismic attributes contain a large amount of redundant information, thereby increasing computation time. Thus, principal component analysis (PCA) was used to reduce the dimensions of the extracted multi-component seismic attributes, remove redundant information, and obtain the most important characteristics that are sensitive to gas-bearing reservoirs. The sensitive seismic attributes obtained after the PCA were fed into a self-organizing neural network (SOM) for unsupervised learning. Neurons in the SOM compete with each other to optimize their own features and extract reservoir-sensitive seismic response features for prediction. To evaluate the proposed method, it was applied to part of the Marmousi2 model and real seismic data for validation. The following results were obtained: (1)The results of the synthetic data test results not only proved the effectiveness of the proposed method, but also showed that the method has strong noise resistance capability and is suitable for predicting gas-bearing reservoirs with low signal-to-noise ratio seismic data; (2) Based on the drilling data and sedimentary facies characteristics in the test area, the actual 3D seismic data test results showed that there are four wells that match the predicted results, and the distribution boundaries of the gas-bearing reservoirs they depict are relatively clear; (3) In low exploration areas (areas with few or no wells), this method is important as a guide to hydrocarbon exploration.

Applications of Cellulose‐Based Nanomaterials for Sustainability and Therapeutics: A Review

AbstractCellulose is a natural fibrous carbohydrate, is the main structural element of plant cell walls, and is the most abundant natural polymer found in the biosphere. Due to its abundance and chemical stability, it has been used as a raw material in various industries for thousands of years. Due to developments in nanotechnology, materials that are used in macroscale abundantly are also utilized for nanomaterial design, and cellulose‐based nanomaterials have gained more interest in recent years. The unique properties of cellulose‐based nanomaterials including their chemical stability, high degree of crystallinity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and tunability of their chemical (e.g., surface modification) and physical (e.g., shape) properties make them good candidates for functional nanomaterial design. This review brings advances in cellulose‐based nanomaterials for application in two major fields, sustainability and therapeutics.

Experience management in hospitality and tourism: reflections and implications for future research

PurposeThis paper aims to provide a critical reflection on the management of experiences in hospitality and tourism (H&T). The paper investigates the evolution of experience research, while discussing the emerging challenges and opportunities for management.Design/methodology/approachThe study adopts a critical and reflective approach for providing future directions of experience research. Three major fields are identified to discuss advances, challenges and opportunities in experience research: conceptualization and dimensions of experiences; relational network for experience management; and theoretical and methodological approaches.FindingsThe paper proposes a mindset shift to guide experience research, but also to redirect and research thinking and managerial practices about the role of experiences in the economy and society. This proposed humanized perspective to experience research and management is deemed important given the contemporary socio-economic, environmental and technological challenges of the environment.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper identifies a set of theoretical and managerial implications to help scholars and professionals alike to implement the humanized perspective to experience research. Implications relate to conceptualization, relational network and theoretical and methodological approaches in experience research.Originality/valueThis study critically assesses research challenges and opportunities around customer experience management (CEM) in H&T contexts. This reflective and critical look at customer experiences not only informs future research for advancing knowledge and practice but also proposes a mindset shift about the role and nature of CEM in the society and economy.

中国面部识别技术发展考察

Recently, the rapid development of facial recognition technology, which is an important field of artificial intelligence, has attracted more and more attention worldwide due to the integration of big data and artificial intelligence technology. This technology has been widely applied in various fields and continues to develop with many advantages and convenience. However, the concerns and potential risks associated with the widespread use of facial recognition technology are also significant. Therefore, this study aims to comprehensively and critically review the development and risks of this technology, focusing on the current situation in China. It is intended to offer guidance and support for the ethical advancement of contemporary facial recognition technology as well as to promote responsible oversight and regulation. In this paper, first, the development process of facial recognition technology such as the technological origin and core technological innovation in the world and China is reviewed. Next, it also examines the application and convergence of big data and artificial intelligence algorithms in facial recognition technology. Furthermore, it analyzes the latest development of facial recognition technology in China, including the driving role of the government and companies and trends in major application fields. Simultaneously, this discourse delves into the extensive risks and challenges associated with facial recognition technology, such as privacy, data security, potential misuse, ethics, and legal regulations. To put it another way, the practical risks of facial recognition technology are focused on its specific applications in the fields of public safety, commerce, and social management, highlighting the resulting technical vulnerabilities, privacy threats, and abuse of social monitoring. Finally, this study summarizes the development status of facial recognition technology, points out the major problems and risks facing it once again, and presents appropriate countermeasures and policy recommendations.

Analysis of the application of artificial intelligence image processing technologybased on citespace

Image processing technology has begun to be widely used in all major fields, and the update of artificial intelligence technology has also led to the progress and development of image recognition technology, which not only contributes to scientific research purposes, but also makes peoples lives more convenient. The article analyses the theoretical concepts of artificial intelligence-related technologies, the current status of the application of artificial intelligence image processing technology, and the characteristics of image processing technology, and combined with the actual situation, to explore the combination of artificial intelligence and image processing technology, so that the image processing technology can be sustained and applied to life, scientific research, industry and other fields.

Distribution and Mechanism of Japanese Brome (Bromus japonicus) Resistance to ALS-Inhibiting Herbicides in China.

Bromus japonicus is a common monocot weed that occurs in major winter wheat fields in the Huang-Huai-Hai region of China. Pyroxsulam is a highly efficient and safe acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicide that is widely used to control common weeds in wheat fields. However, B. japonicus populations in China have evolved resistance to pyroxsulam by different mutations in the ALS gene. To understand the resistance distribution, target-site resistance mechanisms, and cross-resistance patterns, 208 B. japonicus populations were collected from eight provinces. In the resistant population screening experiment, 59 populations from six provinces showed different resistance levels to pyroxsulam compared with the susceptible population, of which 17 B. japonicus populations with moderate or high levels of resistance to pyroxsulam were mainly from the Hebei (4), Shandong (4) and Shanxi (9) Provinces. Some resistant populations were selected to investigate the target site-resistance mechanism to the ALS-inhibiting herbicide pyroxsulam. Three pairs of primers were designed to amplify the ALS sequence, which was assembled into the complete ALS sequence with a length of 1932 bp. DNA sequencing of ALS revealed that four different ALS mutations (Pro-197-Ser, Pro-197-Thr, Pro-197-Phe and Asp-376-Glu) were found in 17 moderately or highly resistant populations. Subsequently, five resistant populations, QM21-41 with Pro-197-Ser, QM20-8 with Pro-197-Thr and Pro-197-Phe, and QM21-72, QM21-76 and QM21-79 with Asp-376-Glu mutations in ALS genes, were selected to characterize their cross-resistance patterns to ALS inhibitors. The QM21-41, QM20-8, QM21-72, QM21-76 and QM21-79 populations showed broad-spectrum cross-resistance to pyroxsulam, mesosulfuron-methyl and flucarbazone-sodium. This study is the first to report evolving cross-resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides due to Pro-197-Phe mutations in B. japonicus.

대학생의 학과만족 척도 개발 및 타당화

Objectives This study aims to develop Satisfaction with Academic Department Scale (SADS) and testing measurement invariance by gender and major field for university students in South Korea.
 Methods The survey dataset of 1,775 students was randomly split into two samples. One of them was used for exploratory factor analysis, and the other one was used for confirmatory factor analysis.
 Results The results of the exploratory factor analysis indicated that SADS consisted of four factors (i.e.,‘course satisfaction’, ‘relationship satisfaction’, ‘perception satisfaction’, ‘general satisfaction’). The confirmatory factor analysis confirmed that the SADS consisted of 4 factors with 20 items in satisfactory model fit indices. Moreover, measurement invariance by gender and major field (humanities⋅social science/natural sciences⋅engineering/ arts⋅physical education) were strictly supported. The internal consistencies of the items for each sub-factor of SADS were also reliable.
 Conclusions It is expected that SADS will be useful instrument to measure the satisfaction with academic department for university students regardless of gender and major field.