Major Economic Sectors Research Articles

Digital content promotion in South East Asia: government strategies for a new economic sector

ABSTRACTDigital content production – the production of ideas, words, images, videos, animation or other commercially valuable information for distribution through digital means – has emerged in recent years as a major economic sector. The content industry, however, does not fit easily with either national industrial policies or national innovation strategies, the two means governments use to promote economic development. Content policy is often equated with cultural production and so is aligned with heritage and culture programmes. This article examines the strategies of course jurisdictions – Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam and Hong Kong – and reviews their efforts to build the digital content economy.

The Effects of Ageing Population on the Economy and on Service Activities in Romania

Abstract Romania's ageing population is a fact well established by specialists in statistical data analysis. The effects of this irreversible phenomenon, which is difficult to counteract in the current circumstances, are multiple - on the economy, generally, but especially on the service activities which are necessary for the target population - "old age" - in order to increase their quality of life. In this paper we proposed to analyze the level of ageing of the Romanian population, to identify the effects of this phenomenon on the economy and on the major economic sectors with emphasis on service activities. Tertiary sector activities are divided into two categories namely: those that can improve the quality of life of elders and services absolutely necessary for them - elderly care services, medical services, spa treatment services, social services etc.In order to achieve the objectives proposed in this paper, we used the analysis of the specialized literature on this subject up to this point and the descriptive statistics with which we interpreted the statistical data found in the official databases. The results of this study are to establish the existing relationship between the ageing process of the Romanian population and the response of the economy, and especially of the services to the needs of the elderly

Policy implications from revealing consumption-based carbon footprint of major economic sectors in Japan

In Japan, the Great East Earthquake caused numerous casualties and the subsequent suspension of operations at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant continues to have an adverse impact on the national energy supply chain. The structural changes in energy supply have served to reinforce the importance of national emissions accounting in promoting overall CO2 reduction policies. However, traditional approaches for evaluating industrial emissions have been criticized for their production-based perspective, which fails to consider emissions embodied in sectoral indirect consumption. The purpose of this study is therefore to understand the sectoral emission transfer. By applying economic input-output tables, detailed sectoral economic interactions can be usefully identified. It was found that the emissions embodied in final consumption generated largely by households. Besides, although emission intensity of manufacturing sector is extremely high in direct emission, agriculture sector is found to exceed other sectors in indirect emission intensities. From the consumption-side, these findings strongly suggest that a high priority be given to mitigation efforts aimed at reducing residential consumption, whist policy priorities are expected to be located on agriculture-related sectors from production-side. The study hence provides insights into how we can better allocate emissions responsibility and set reduction priorities among major economic sectors.

Credit Risk Models For Five Major Sectors In Indonesia

This paper analyze Nonperforming Loan ratio to total credit (NPL), as a proxy forcredit risk, for five major economic sectors by utilizing panel data of 117 commercialbanks in Indonesia over period 2000Q1 to 2016Q3. Our empirical analysis shows thatreal economic growth is the main driver that is negatively correlated with credit risksin all sectors. The inverse relation is also found in commodity and housing price.Commodity price inflation affects NPL in manufacturing industry and trade sectors,meanwhile housing price inflation influences NPL in manufacturing industry, trade,and construction sectors. In addition, decreased in policy rate will decline credit riskin commodity, trade, and other sectors, meanwhile nominal exchange rate only affectscredit risks in other sector. Our assessment shows that credit risks in commodity andother sectors are more sensitive to real economic growth than those on manufacturingindustry and trade sectors. Real economic growth elasticities to credit risk forcommodity and other sectors are almost twice higher than for manufacturing industryand trade sectors. Thus, during economic contraction phase, NPL in commodity andother sectors will increase higher than NPL in manufacturing industry and tradesectors.

How will Canada’s greenhouse gas emissions change by 2050? A disaggregated analysis of past and future greenhouse gas emissions using bottom-up energy modelling and Sankey diagrams

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are currently at the crux of political, environmental, technological, and cultural discussions due to climate change. A drastic reduction of GHG emissions is needed in order to mitigate potentially catastrophic climate change impacts. Thus, thoroughly understanding emission sources is imperative. A disaggregated analysis of Canada’s future GHG emission projections has not yet been conducted. The objectives in this paper are to assess disaggregated GHG emissions in Canada for the years 2014, 2030, and 2050, and analyze the results through Sankey diagrams. Emissions are calculated using a bottom-up multi-regional accounting-based Long-range Energy Alternative Planning systems model. Each major economic sector in Canada is analyzed including the electricity generation, residential, commercial and institutional, industrial, transportation, and agriculture sectors. The emissions released in these sectors are traced to the resources and end-uses responsible. Results are presented for Canada and for provinces individually. GHG emissions contained in exported resources are evaluated. Results show that Canada’s business-as-usual GHG emissions will grow from 732 million tonnes in 2014 to 780 and 798 million tonnes in 2030 and 2050, respectively. Canada exports more emissions contained in resources than it emits. Per capita emissions intensity will fall by 14% between 2014 and 2050. Results are compared to climate targets and key areas of GHG mitigation potential are identified. Alberta’s oil and gas sector and Ontario’s transportation sector are the two single largest sectoral sources of emissions by 2050. This research can help policy makers, innovators, and the public better understand GHG emissions, which can lead to more effective GHG mitigation.

The contagious effects on economic development after resuming construction policy for nuclear power plants in Coastal China

This paper investigates the impact of China’s 2005–2020 nuclear expansion policy on the stock prices of nine major economic sectors in China, Japan and the US. Contagion tests based on changes in co-volatility and both forms of co-kurtosis are applied to identify how policy shocks impact markets and sectors. Monte Carlo experiments show that all of these tests perform well in power and that the co-kurtosis test performs better than the co-volatility test. Results for 2011 through 2016 show that China’s nuclear expansion policy has the most impact on sectors in China, with less significance in Japan, and with the least effect in the US. The most significant effects are coincident with major events that occurred in the post-announcement period when the 13th Five Year Plan was implemented. Sectors which are closely related to nuclear power are the most sensitive to policy announcements.

The Effect of Inhalant Organic Dust on Bone Health.

Agriculture remains a major economic sector globally, and workers experience high rates of chronic inflammatory lung and musculoskeletal diseases. Whereas obstructive pulmonary diseases are known risk factors for bone loss, the underlying relationship between lung inflammation and bone health is not well known. An agriculture organic dust extract inhalation animal model has recently linked lung injury-induced inflammation to systemic bone loss. This process is dependent upon lipopolysaccharide and the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway. Downstream systemic interleukin-6 is a key mediator that subsequently activates osteoclastogenesis. Age is a host factor that impacted bone disease with younger mice demonstrating increased susceptibility to bone loss following inhalant exposures as compared to older mice. Supplemental dietary vitamin D was shown to prevent organic dust-induced bone loss, but not lung disease, in animals. Recent animal studies provide new mechanistic insight into the lung-bone inflammatory axis. Host factors, diet, and lipopolysaccharide/TLR4 signaling pathways play a significant role in explaining how inhalant organic dust exposures impact bone health. These investigations might lead to specific targeted therapeutic approaches.

Work-related attitudes and behaviors: Empirical evidence from a casino destination

Abstract Gambling is the most viable and sustainable economic development option for many travel destinations and in some countries, gambling is a major economic sector. Gambling is a multibillion dollar business that continues to grow at an exponential rate each year in many countries around the world. However, the rapid growth of gambling poses great challenges for destination operators to maintain workers’ positive workplace attitudes and behaviors. This study examines the effects of psychological contract breach (PCB) on the work-related attitudes and behaviors of casino dealers and explores the moderating role of leader-member exchange (LMX) on these relationships. This study also compares the effect of PCB on the turnover intentions of dealers in VIP rooms and mass tables. The findings indicate that: (1) dealers’ perceived PCB is negatively related to their work-related attitudes but positively related to turnover intentions; (2) LMX partially moderates the effects of PCB on work-related attitudes; and (3) PCB is associated more with turnover intentions of casino dealers who work in the VIP gambling rooms than with those who work at the mass tables. These results offer valuable insights for casino operators to promote managerial efficiency in the workplace.

Stride of Service Sector in Nepal’s Trajectories of Structural Change

Agriculture, manufacturing and service sectors are the major economic sectors of a country. The long held view is that economies’ development trajectories move from agriculture to manufacturing to services. These conclusions are primarily based on the studies of developed countries. However more recent studies relating to developing countries have brought evidences that the structural transformation path is not linear as experienced by today’s developed countries. Nepal is not an exception is experiencing the waves of sector-wise structural transformation. Using time series data of the period 1975-2016 of the economy of Nepal this paper analyses the association between gross value added and service sector value added in the analytic-framework of the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) to cointegration. The empirical result reveal a cointegrating relationship between real gross value added and service sector value added. Result also show service sector enhancing role of education and export trade of Nepal. The paper finally draws few policy implications essential for service sector sustainability to support overall economic growth.Economic Journal of Development Issues Vol. 21 & 22 No. 1-2 (2016) Combined Issue

Investigating the effect of geometric parameters influencing safety promotion and accident reduction (Case study: Bojnurd-Golestan National Park road)

Transport and communication are the major sectors of economy in any country, and this phenomenon is known as one of development indices of countries. Therefore, safety management and road accident ...

Development of taxation system for oil production companies in Russia

The present article is devoted to the taxation system for oil production companies in Russia. The role of oil production companies in the realization of the fiscal function of the state is shown. Tax and due receipts at the consolidated budget of the Russian Federation from major economic sectors in the years 2013–2015 are presented and analysed. An investigation of oil production taxation peculiarities is carried out. In particular, mineral extraction tax analysis is made, the said tax being one of the basic taxes paid by oil production companies. The authors come to a conclusion that mineral extraction tax in Russia needs reforming. Based on the investigation realized possible ways of taxation system development in respect of oil production companies in Russia are proposed. Thus, taking into account the fact that oil industry is very important for budget revenue formation, initially it is planned to test the new taxation system principles in a limited number of deposits, so called ‘pilot projects’. For highly profitable minefield deposits it is planned to introduce progressive and regressive index, varying depending on oil prices. Within the framework of the investigation the authors come to a conclusion that it is necessary to introduce gradually the taxation system based on the definition of surplus profit depending on the cost effectiveness and taking into account oil prices.

A meta-analysis of field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.) and Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense L.) management in organic agricultural systems

Organic farming has become a major agricultural and economic sector, and weed management is one of the primary challenges facing the industry. Of particular concern are rhizomatous perennial weeds such as field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.) and Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.] which are highly competitive and not easily controlled in organic systems. We conducted meta-analyses of the existing literature to 1) identify promising management approaches for these weeds in the absence of synthetic herbicides and 2) determine which aspects of field bindweed and Canada thistle management warrant further study. Mechanical control (i.e. plowing, cultivation, hoeing) was the most studied management category in annual cropping systems, accounting for 40% of data extracted, but did not outperform most of the other management actions overall, possibly due to the variability in specific methodology (i.e. timing, frequency, depth, implement). In annual systems, integrated management, or the combination of two or more control methods, emerged as the management technique that caused the greatest decrease in abundance and survival for field bindweed. We identified several additional management techniques that decreased field bindweed and/or Canada thistle in both annual and perennial systems including biocontrol, mowing, grazing, crop diversification, solarization, shading, flaming, and crop competition. However, organic producers continue to struggle with these species. This discrepancy may originate from the fact that most of the studies we evaluated reported impacts over short time spans, with 53% being conducted for a period of one to two years, and only 9% conducted for five or more years. Further, only 16% of field bindweed and 26% of Canada thistle studies reported measures of variability. Longer-term research focused on sustainable perennial weed management systems is needed in addition to research about short-term interventions.

Can spatial planning really mitigate carbon dioxide emissions in urban areas? A case study in Taipei, Taiwan

Spatial planning plays an increasingly significant role in climate change mitigation by providing energy efficient settlements and promoting the utilization of renewable energy resources. However, the effect of urban spatial planning on spatial pattern of carbon dioxide emissions in cities is rarely discussed. The relationships between the changes in urban zoning plans and carbon dioxide emissions of major economic sectors has yet to be investigated on a scale smaller than an entire city. Using the Taipei metropolitan area as a case study, this study hypothesizes that: (1) carbon dioxide emissions have a spatial dimension within the city due mainly to the heterogeneous nature of land use activities and urbanization, and (2) changes in spatial planning can influence the urban form, and consequentially affect carbon dioxide emissions through changes in traffic demand and energy consumption. A downscaling analysis approach was used to estimate carbon dioxide emissions of different sectors for each administrative district in the Taipei metropolitan area. The analytical results reveal that the total carbon dioxide emissions of the four sectors in the Taipei metropolitan area increased with the increases in the growth of urban planned zones during the period 1981–2011.The carbon dioxide emission increases were correlated with the distribution of land uses in each administrative district. A negative correlation was found between the population density and the per-capita carbon dioxide emissions in the transportation sector. The compact development and planning of urban transit systems are believed to be the source of decreasing per-capita carbon dioxide emissions. While many studies have emphasized that spatial planning is important addressing climate change, this work demonstrates understanding the historic links between spatial planning and carbon dioxide is equally valuable.

Tourism Demand Modeling and Forecasting for El Salvador

Tourism has emerged as a major economic growth sector that has experienced an increase in tourist arrivals and associated economic impacts in El Salvador. The objective of this exploratory research was to model and forecast tourism demand based on time series, using data on more than four decades of tourist arrivals to El Salvador. Eleven different time series models were used to estimate tourist arrivals to allow comparison of forecasting accuracy. Of those, three models were identified as the best predictors of future values for this particular time series data: Holt–Winters, Naive 1, and single exponential smoothing. The estimation of the time series models and the forecasted arrivals until 2025 provides useful information for decision makers and contributes to the literature.

Analysis of Government Expenditure and Sectoral Employment in the Post-apartheid South Africa: Application of ARDL Model

The current study has been designed to analyse the interactions between real government spending and job creation in South Africa focusing on five major economic sectors, namely construction, financial, manufacturing, mining, and retail sectors. The main objective of the study was to determine how job creation in different economic sectors responds to changes in real government spending. To achieve this objective, the study used five different autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) models to analyse the long-run and shot-run relationships between government spending and employment rate in each of the aforementioned five economic sectors. The sample period consisted of quarterly observations starting from the first quarter of 1994 to last quarter of 2015. The study found a long-run relationship between government spending and job creation in the mining sector but there was no evidence of long-run relationships between government spending and jobs creation in construction, financial, manufacturing, and retail sectors. The short-run analysis showed that government spending could create jobs in all five sectors. This paper concluded that increasing government spending can only create short-term jobs but does not create lasting jobs in most sectors, except the mining sector. To increase the number of durable jobs, the South African government should therefore increase spending on mining sector.

Analysis of Government Expenditure and Sectoral Employment in the Post-apartheid South Africa: Application of ARDL Model

The current study has been designed to analyse the interactions between real government spending and job creation in South Africa focusing on five major economic sectors, namely construction, financial, manufacturing, mining, and retail sectors. The main objective of the study was to determine how job creation in different economic sectors responds to changes in real government spending. To achieve this objective, the study used five different autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) models to analyse the long-run and shot-run relationships between government spending and employment rate in each of the aforementioned five economic sectors. The sample period consisted of quarterly observations starting from the first quarter of 1994 to last quarter of 2015. The study found a long-run relationship between government spending and job creation in the mining sector but there was no evidence of long-run relationships between government spending and jobs creation in construction, financial, manufacturing, and retail sectors. The short-run analysis showed that government spending could create jobs in all five sectors. This paper concluded that increasing government spending can only create short-term jobs but does not create lasting jobs in most sectors, except the mining sector. To increase the number of durable jobs, the South African government should therefore increase spending on mining sector.

Three stories under the same hut: Market preferences and forest governance drive the evolution of tourism construction materials

Forest resource extraction evolves with commodification and shifts in product use and demand. Tourism is a major economic sector that represents approximately 10% of the global GDP and has the potential to drive major changes in forest activities. In the last three decades the boom of coastal tourism created new markets for the emergent community forestry sector in Quintana Roo (SE Mexico). Employing ethnobotanical and archival research methods we analyzed the evolution of management and use of three distinct forest products used in tourism architecture: polewood, thatching materials and chicozapote tree (Manilkara zapota) posts. Current models explain processes of forest product substitution and management intensification either in terms of economic efficiency and resource depletion, or power differences. Our results suggest the need to expand our understanding of extractive cycles to explicitly incorporate multi-scale governance, shifting values, and external shocks (i.e., hurricanes) as major drivers of change of forest products.

Decoupling economic growth from carbon dioxide emissions in China: A sectoral factor decomposition analysis

China is facing the dilemma of how to coordinate economic development and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions reduction. This paper investigates the decoupling effect of economic growth from CO2 emissions in China during the period 1992–2012. Using the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) method, we decompose the driving forces of the decoupling of economic growth from CO2 emissions in China's five major economic sectors into several factors, and measure the contribution of each factor to the decoupling of China's overall economy from CO2 emissions. The results show that China performed the weak decoupling of economic growth from CO2 emissions during 1992–2012, and so did all its five major sectors. Such a state did not occur smoothly and presented five different stages. Energy intensity and economic activity level were the most important factors affecting the decoupling in China. Energy intensity decreased in all sectors, indicating a large acceleration for the sectoral decoupling states. This finding is applicable to process carbon intensity in industrial sector and energy emission factor in agricultural, industrial, construction, and service sectors. In terms of sectoral effects on the decoupling in China, industrial sector played a dominant role, while construction sector had the most marginal influence. The economic activity level and economic share of industrial sector exerted the most negative effects on the decoupling. The energy intensity of industrial sector played a key role in promoting the national decoupling state, while the energy emission factor of agricultural sector contributed the least.

Quantification and mitigation of the negative impact of calcium on struvite purity

The dairy industry is a major economic sector in New Zealand with a large amount of wastewater being produced annually. These wastewaters are rich in phosphorus (P), and can be used as a potential source for struvite crystallisation for fertilizer production and environmental pollution abatement. However, this technique is hindered by the presence of foreign ions, especially calcium, which is present in high concentrations in dairy waste. This work aims to resolve the negative extent of the effect of calcium on struvite crystallisation to establish quantitative recommendations around where P recovery using this method is feasible. The impact of calcium concentration on the purity, morphology and particle size was assessed using laboratory experiments, mimicking the composition of typical dairy wastewaters, at a pH of 9 and room temperature. The results indicate that only at high Ca:Mg concentration ratios of more than one did the calcium adversely affect the product morphology and the fraction of struvite in the final product. There was negligible effect when the calcium concentration was low. Furthermore, a high ammoniac nitrogen concentration mitigated the negative impact, and therefore has to be taken into consideration when wastewaters with both high calcium and nitrogen content are considered as feedstock.

TQM and market orientation in care home services

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to operationalize the concepts of total quality management (TQM) and market orientation (MO) and to analyze the relationship between them in a major economic sector of activity, namely, the social services sector. Design/methodology/approach The paper analyzes the aforementioned relationships by means of a quantitative study carried out with information from managers of 137 Spanish organizations in the field of social service provision and, more specifically, in nursing homes for the elderly. Structural equation models were used to contrast the relationships. Findings Evidence is provided for the multi-dimensional structure of TQM and MO. The results confirm that TQM contributes to a greater degree of MO in the organizations analyzed, since a significant positive relationship between a set of components of the first concept (namely, processes, leadership and people) and the second is found. Practical implications Managers need to take into account the fact that the application of a management system in nursing homes that is based on TQM dimensions favors the development of an MO culture. The staff are the key factor in orientating the residential home toward the market. Originality/value The research covers a gap in the literature since these relationships have not been studied empirically in depth in service sectors such as social services and nursing homes, despite great and growing economic importance of this sector.