Maintenance Energy Requirements Research Articles

PSII-A-5 Effects of Time Postpartum and Late Gestational Nutrient Restriction on Beef Heifer Colostrum

Abstract Our objectives were to determine changes in colostrum yield and composition across the 36 hours post-calving and effects of late gestational nutrient restriction (NR) on these changes. Fall-calving, crossbred beef heifers (BW: 472 ± 33 [SD] kg; BCS: 5.4 ± 0.5) were individually fed 100% (control; CON; n = 13) or 70% (NR; n = 13) of NASEM metabolizable energy and metabolizable protein requirements for maintenance, growth, and pregnancy from d 160 of gestation to parturition. Calves were removed from dams immediately post-calving and pre-suckling. Colostrum was hand-milked from all quarters at 1, 12, 24, and 36 h to determine total colostrum volume and weight. Colostrum protein, triglycerides, and milk urea nitrogen (MUN) concentration were analyzed using colorimetric assays on a UV-visible light microplate reader. Data were analyzed using fixed effects of treatment, hour, treatment × hour (repeated measures); calf sex, maternal sire, and treatment initiation date were covariates. Colostrum yield was affected (P < 0.02) by the treatment × hour interaction. Colostrum volume and weight were 28% less (P ≤ 0.03) for NR than CON at 1 h. For both treatments, colostrum volume and weight decreased (P ≤ 0.04) from 1 to 12 h, before increasing (P ≤ 0.02) from 12 to 36 h. Triglyceride concentration was greater (P = 0.03) in NR than CON. Both triglyceride concentration and total protein decreased (P ≤ 0.01) from 1 to 24 h. Protein concentration decreased (P < 0.001) from 1 to 36 h. Total triglycerides and MUN decreased (P < 0.001) from 1 to 12 h, before total MUN increased (P < 0.001) from 12 to 36 h and total triglycerides increased (P = 0.004) from 24 to 36 h. In conclusion, nutrient restriction may only affect colostrum yield at 1 h, and colostrum nutrient content decreases dramatically after the first milking.

298 Late Gestational Nutrient Restriction of Primiparous Beef Heifers Decreases Neonatal Calf Body Weight and Organ Mass

Abstract We hypothesized that late gestational nutrient restriction (NR) would decrease organ mass in neonatal calves. Fall-calving crossbred beef heifers (BW: 466 ± 30 [SD] kg; BCS: 5.4 ± 0.5) bred to a single sire were individually fed 100% (control; n = 10) or 70% (nutrient restricted; NR; n = 12) of NASEM metabolizable energy and metabolizable protein requirements for maintenance, pregnancy, and growth from d 160 of gestation to calving. Diets were based on chopped sorghum sudan hay and supplemented to meet targeted nutritional planes. Calves were removed immediately post-calving and fed colostrum and milk replacer relative to BW until euthanasia (48.7 ± 0.4 h of age) for organ mass determination. Nutritional plane was a fixed effect, and maternal sire, calf sex (when P < 0.25), and date of study initiation were covariates. Post-calving, NR dams were 62 kg BW and 2.1 BCS less (P < 0.001) than controls. Calf BW, liver, large intestine, omental/mesenteric fat, kidney, and heart weights were less (P ≤ 0.05) and carcass, rumen/reticulum/omasum, stomach complex, and total gastrointestinal tract weights tended to be less (P ≤ 0.09) in offspring from NR dams. Maternal nutrient restriction did not affect (P ≥ 0.11) weights of the small intestine, pancreas, abomasum, spleen, perirenal fat, adrenals, lungs, femur, and brain. Expressed per BW, lung weight was greater (P = 0.05), and brain and femur weight tended to be greater (P ≤ 0.10) in calves from NR dams, but other organ masses were unaffected (P ≥ 0.15). Expressed relative to brain weight, liver and large intestine weights were less (P ≤ 0.04) and carcass, total gastrointestinal tract, omental/mesenteric fat, and kidney weights tended to be less (P ≤ 0.08) in NR. In summary, late gestational NR decreased some organ masses in neonatal calves while sparing other tissues via asymmetric growth.

Biodiversity and Spatiotemporal Distribution of Spontaneous Vegetation in Tangdao Bay National Wetland Park, Qingdao City, China.

Spontaneous vegetation plays an important role in protecting urban biodiversity and the maintenance of urban ecosystems. In this study, we investigated the species diversity, life-form composition, origin, flowering season, and spatiotemporal distribution of spontaneous vegetation in the exhibition and education area of Tangdao Bay National Wetland Park using the quadrat survey method. There were 65 spontaneous association types and 210 spontaneous plant species, belonging to 151 genera and 44 families. The associations and species of spontaneous plants in roadside habitats were found to be the highest. In addition, many species were found in woodland and lakeside habitats, whereas the lowest number of species were found in coastal habitats. The life-form composition included 76 annual and 94 perennial herb species. These plants were of various origins. There were 160 native, 9 domestically introduced, 2 introduced alien, and 39 invasive alien plant species, which predominantly came from the Americas. A single peak was observed from March to November for the spontaneous plant species that were in their growing season, including those of different life forms and from various sources. The same was true for spontaneous plants in their flowering season. During their growing season, the number of spontaneous plant species was highest during September and, during their flowering season, the number of species was highest in July. From April to September, the Shannon–Wiener diversity index for spontaneous vegetation in the roadside habitat was the highest, followed by those for the woodland and lakeside habitats, and that of the coastline habitat was the lowest. The monthly average Shannon–Wiener diversity index for spontaneous plant associations in the four habitats also varied, with a single peak. The diversity of spontaneous plants and alien invasive plants in Tangdao Bay National Wetland Park is high. The wise use and protection of spontaneous flowering plants with long ornamental seasons can effectively reduce the maintenance costs, resource consumption, and energy requirements of the park. Spontaneous plants should also be managed to reduce the harm from alien invasive plants in the park, and alien invasive plants should be removed from the park during their flowering seasons.

Walking distance and maintenance energy requirements of sheep during mountain pasturing (transhumance)

Sheep pasturing has become an important means for landscape management and conservation in marginal areas of mountain regions by reducing succession with dwarf shrubs and bushes, thus creating space for valuable forage grasses. Furthermore, mountain sheep pasturing for meat production also contributes to local food security. However, little is known about the energetic expenditures of sheep during mountain pasturing, which is important information for optimizing the productivity and economic efficiency, environmental aspects (e.g., biodiversity) as well as animal welfare. Therefore, the aim of the following study was to estimate the maintenance energy requirements of ewes over the whole mountain pasturing period (transhumance) considering movement patterns assessed by using satellite-based Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking devices. Energy requirements for walking increased rapidly at the beginning of transhumance (May - June), which could be explained by the longer walked distance and by overcoming variable altitude during that phase. Walking speed was slower compared to previous findings due to the difficult terrain of mountain pastures on which sheep moved. Energy demand for walking was strongly correlated with walking distance and walking speed. Results out of this study contribute in promoting the efficiency and consequently the rentability of alpine sheep pasturing systems. The latter ensures the production of local food and further preserves the ecosystem services linked to this low-input production system.

Energy requirements of Holstein, Gyr, and Holstein × Gyr crossbred heifers using the respirometry technique

We aimed to determine the energy requirements for maintenance and gain of 18 prepubertal dairy heifers of three breed compositions (BC; Holstein, Gyr, and Holstein × Gyr). Diets were formulated for gains of 0, 400, and 800 g/day, corresponding to 1.0×, 1.5×, and 2.0× maintenance, respectively. Each dairy BC had six animals with an initial body weight (iBW) of 219.8 ± 32 kg, 215.8 ± 33 kg, and 228.3 ± 33 kg for Holstein, Gyr, and Holstein × Gyr, respectively. The experiment was designed as a completely randomized design in a factorial scheme 3 × 3 [three BC and three feeding levels (FL)]. Digestibility and metabolism assays were performed to determine energy losses through feces and urine. Heat production was determined using the continuous measurement of oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, and methane emissions in respiration chambers. Energy requirements for maintenance (NEm) were calculated based on the relationship between heat production (HP) and metabolizable energy intake (MEI). The efficiency of use of metabolizable energy for maintenance (km) was obtained from the ratio between NEm and metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance. The net energy requirements for growth (NEg) were estimated from the model RE = β0 × EBW0.75 × EBGβ1, where RE is the retained energy (Mcal/day), EBW is empty body weight (kg0.75), and EBG is the empty body gain (kg/day). The efficiency of use of metabolizable energy for gain (kg) was estimated as the slope of the regression between RE and MEI for gain. Gyr heifers presented NEm 15% lower (98 kcal/kg of BW0.75) than HG crossbred animals. Holstein and crossbred heifers had similar NEm, 102 and 112 kcal/kg of BW0.75, respectively. The km was 0.71, 0.74, and 0.75 for HG, Holstein, and Gyr, respectively. Net energy requirement for gain (NEg) did not differ across BC, and a single equation was fit for all BC: RE = 0.069 × BW0.75 × BGW0.852. A single kg of 0.65 was observed for all three BC. Breed composition affected the energy requirements for maintenance and the energy partition, and those differences should be considered when estimating requirements for Gyr, Holstein × Gyr crossbred, and Holstein heifers.

65. Effect of environmental temperature and feathering covering on the energy requirement for maintenance

65. Effect of environmental temperature and feathering covering on the energy requirement for maintenance

Lighting Up London's Elizabeth Line with LEDs

Using LEDs to light up the stations, escalator shafts and concourses of the Elizabeth line was a bold move from Transport for London; especially as when they decided on its use back in the late 2000s, LED technology was yet to break into the lighting world. But this did not stop Paul Kerrigan, the lead electrical engineer responsible for Crossrail's line-wide lighting solutions and uninterruptible power supply, and his team, from taking the plunge to make this a reality. In fact, the Elizabeth line is one of the first sub-surface infrastructure projects to be lit entirely by LEDs, and the decision to use the technology was based on industry evidence that its use will help reduce energy consumption and maintenance requirements.

Microbial phytase reduces basal endogenous loss of calcium in pigs fed diets containing phytate phosphorus at commercial levels.

The objective of this experiment was to test the hypothesis that increasing dietary phytase reduces basal endogenous loss of Ca and increases P balance in pigs. Seventy barrows (initial body weight: 17.66 ± 1.69 kg) were allotted to seven Ca-free diets using a randomized complete block design with two blocks and five pigs per diet in each block. All diets were based on corn, potato protein concentrate, and full-fat rice bran. A positive control (PC) diet was formulated to contain P at the requirement for standardized total tract digestible (STTD) P by 11 to 25 kg pigs. Six negative control (NC) diets were formulated by reducing the provision of digestible P by 0.15% and adding 0, 250, 500, 1,000, 2,000, or 4,000 phytase units/kg diet. Pigs were housed individually in metabolism crates that allowed for total, but separate, collection of urine and feces. Daily feed allowance was 3.0 times the maintenance requirement for metabolizable energy and was divided into two equal meals. Diets were fed for 12 d with the first 5 d considered the adaptation period. Urine collections started on day 6 in the morning and ceased on day 10 in the morning. Fecal markers were also included in the morning meals on day 6 and day 10 and feces were collected according to the marker-to-marker procedure. Results indicated that the apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter was not affected by dietary P or phytase levels. The basal endogenous loss of Ca was not affected by dietary P, but exponentially decreased (P = 0.030) as phytase level increased in the diets. Phosphorus retention (g/d) and standardized total tract digestibility of phosphorus were greater (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the PC diet compared with pigs fed the NC diet with no phytase. The STTD of P exponentially (P < 0.001) increased as phytase level increased in the diets, but because of the lack of Ca, retention of P (% of absorbed) linearly decreased (P = 0.006) as phytase increased. In conclusion, basal endogenous loss of Ca decreased as dietary phytase increased demonstrating that endogenous Ca can be bound to phytate in the intestinal tract of pigs. However, STTD of P increased as phytase level in the diets increased.

Comparison of weight loss induced by daily caloric restriction versus intermittent fasting (DRIFT) in individuals with obesity: study protocol for a 52-week randomized clinical trial

BackgroundThe standard of care for treating overweight and obesity is daily caloric restriction (DCR). While this approach produces modest weight loss, adherence to DCR declines over time and weight regain is common. Intermittent fasting (IMF) is an alternative dietary strategy for reducing energy intake (EI) that involves >60% energy restriction on 2–3 days per week, or on alternate days, with habitual intake on fed days. While numerous studies have evaluated IMF as a weight loss strategy, there are several limitations including lack of a standard-of-care DCR control, failure to provide guideline-based behavioral support, and failure to rigorously evaluate dietary and PA adherence using objective measures. To date, only three longer-term (52-week) trials have evaluated IMF as a weight loss strategy. None of these longer-duration studies reported significant differences between IMF and DCR in changes in weight. However, each of these studies has limitations that prohibit drawing generalizable conclusions about the relative long-term efficacy of IMF vs. DCR for obesity treatment.MethodsThe Daily Caloric Restriction vs. Intermittent Fasting Trial (DRIFT) is a two-arm, 52-week block randomized (1:1) clinical weight loss trial. The two intervention arms (DCR and IMF) are designed to prescribe an equivalent average weekly energy deficit from baseline weight maintenance energy requirements. Both DCR and IMF will be provided guideline-based behavioral support and a PA prescription. The primary outcome is change in body weight at 52 weeks. Secondary outcomes include changes in body composition (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)), metabolic parameters, total daily energy expenditure (TDEE, doubly labeled water (DLW)), EI (DLW intake-balance method, 7-day diet diaries), and patterns of physical activity (PA, activPAL device).DiscussionAlthough DCR leads to modest weight loss success in the short-term, there is wide inter-individual variability in weight loss and poor long-term weight loss maintenance. Evidence-based dietary approaches to energy restriction that are effective long-term are needed to provide a range of evidence-based options to individuals seeking weight loss. The DRIFT study will evaluate the long-term effectiveness of IMF vs. DCR on changes in objectively measured weight, EI, and PA, when these approaches are delivered using guideline-based behavioral support and PA prescriptions.

Differences between Yaks and Qaidam Cattle in Digestibilities of Nutrients and Ruminal Concentration of Volatile Fatty Acids Are not Dependent on Feed Level

The Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP) is characterized by highly fluctuating seasonal pastures. Yaks (Bos grunniens) graze at higher altitudes than Qaidam cattle (Bos taurus), but the two bovine species co-graze in their overlapping ranges. We hypothesized that yaks would digest nutrients to a greater extent and utilize energy more efficiently than cattle at low dietary intakes, but the difference between bovine species would not be apparent at high intakes. To test this hypothesis, six yaks (203 ± 6.0 kg) and six Qaidam cattle (214 ± 9.0 kg), all 3.5-year-old castrated males, were used in two concurrent 4 × 4 Latin square designs with two extra steers of each species in each period. The digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, neutral and acid detergent fiber were greater (p &lt; 0.05) in yaks than in cattle and decreased linearly (p &lt; 0.05) when feed level (FL) increased. The average daily gain (ADG), the ratios of digestible energy (DE) to gross energy and metabolizable energy (ME) to DE, and ruminal total volatile fatty acids and ammonia-N concentrations were greater (p &lt; 0.001) in yaks than in cattle and increased linearly (p &lt; 0.001) when FL increased. Based on the regression equations of ADG on ME intake, the daily ME requirement for maintenance in yaks was 0.53 MJ BW−0.75 d−1, which was lesser (p &lt; 0.05) than the 0.62 MJ BW−0.75 d−1 in cattle. We concluded that: (1) when differences between breeds emerged, the differences existed for all FLs; (2) maintenance energy requirement was lesser and ADG was greater in yaks than in cattle; (3) the digestibilities of nutrients were greater in yaks than in cattle when consuming only oat hay pellets. These findings indicate that yaks adapt to fluctuating dietary intakes in harsh environments by having a low energy requirement and high digestibility of nutrients, independent of the FL.

O11 Energy requirements for maintenance and lactation in Holstein Friesian dairy cattle

O11 Energy requirements for maintenance and lactation in Holstein Friesian dairy cattle

Correction to: Maintenance requirement and utilisation efficiency of energy and protein for ongrowing pikeperch (Sander lucioperca (L.))

Correction to: Maintenance requirement and utilisation efficiency of energy and protein for ongrowing pikeperch (Sander lucioperca (L.))

Performance indicators of sheep fed rice straw supplemented with browse leaves

The use of browse leaves as a protein source can help ruminants cope with adverse nutritional stress under unpredictable climatic conditions. The objective of this study was to determine feed intake, digestibility, metabolisable energy intake, weight gain and feed conversion efficiency of sheep fed untreated rice straw supplemented with browse leaves. Four forest type rams with an average weight of 27.75± 0.89 kg (2 years old) and in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design were used in the digestibility study. Twelve ram lambs of average weight 13.2 kg ± 0.05 kg were assigned to the experimental diets randomly for 12 weeks in the growth study in a completely randomized design. Animals were fed four diets namely: Untreated rice straw (URS) + Albizzia lebbek (AL) (Control), URS + Moringa oleifera (MO), URS + Ficus exasperata (FE) and URS + Spondias mombin (SM). The dietary treatment influenced (p&lt;0.05) the digestible organic matter in dry matter (DOMD), maintenance energy requirement (MEm), metabolisable energy intake (MEI) and ratio of metabolisable energy intake to maintenance energy requirement (MEI: MEm). The DOMD, MEm, MEI and MEI: MEm were in the range of 965-983 g/kgDM, 3.61-5.36 MJ/d, 9.51-15.8 MJ/d and 2.63-3.38 respectively. The total intake of browse and straw ranged from 428.71 to 487.14 g/d. The average daily gain ranged from 7.14 to 20.24 g/d. The animals fed URS+FE recorded the highest average daily gain (p&lt;0.05) while the animals fed URS+AL recorded the lowest average daily gain (p&lt;0.05). Feed conversion efficiency ranged from 25.97 to 71.45 kg feed/ kg gain. The sheep fed URS+FE were the most efficient (p&lt;0.05) and those fed URS+AL, the least efficient (p&lt;0.05). Supplementation of browse leaves to sheep using untreated rice straw as a basal diet improved digestibility with moderate weight gains. These browse leaves (AL, FE, MO and SM) can be used to supplement poor quality ruminant diets for improved performance particularly during periods of feed scarcity. Key words: Digestible organic matter in dry matter, metabolisable energy, weight gain

Avoiding the effects of translocation on the estimates of the metabolic rates across an elevational gradient.

Body maintenance costs are often considered a proxy for performance in fitness traits. Maintenance energy requirements are measured as minimal metabolic rate of inactive, postabsorptive individuals in the laboratory. For mountain-dwelling species, translocation to the laboratory often means that they are also moved to another elevation. Due to physiological adaptations to local oxygen pressure, rapid elevational change can alter metabolic rate and translocation may result in erroneous estimates of body maintenance costs. In this study, we measured resting metabolic rate (RMR) of three populations of the Mesquite lizard (Sceloporus grammicus, Wiegmann 1828) at their native elevations (i.e., 2600, 3200 and 4100m). Our results showed that at native elevations, mass specific RMR of lizards from the high elevation population (4100m) did not differ from the RMR of the other populations (i.e., 2600 and 3200m), whereas the lizards from the low elevation (2600m) had lower RMR than those from the intermediate population. These results differ from a previous study in which the RMR of lizards from the same populations were reported to increase with native elevation when translocated and measured at an intermediate elevation. Hence, our results show that translocation in elevation can affect metabolic measures. We caution researchers that changes in elevation may preclude accurate measures of RMR in some animals and may therefore incorrectly predict performance of fitness-related traits.

Average Daily Gain and Energy and Nitrogen Requirements of 4-Month-Old Female Yak Calves.

There is little information available on milk intake and energy and nitrogen requirements of growing yak calves. This study aimed to fill this important gap, as this information could be beneficial in designing a system to wean yak calves earlier than in natural time. We determined the average daily gain and energy and nitrogen balances and requirements of 4-month-old female yak calves (48.8 ± 2.45 kg, n = 8). The calves were allowed to suck once a day and were fed an ad libitum concentrate: hay diet at a ratio of 60:40. Milk intake averaged 540 ± 26 g/d, yielding 2.28 ± 0.112 MJ/d, which was 13% of the gross energy intake (GEI). The digestible energy intake (DEI):GEI ratio was 0.681, metabolizable energy intake (MEI):DEI was 0.913, and MEI:GEI was 0.621. The average daily gain of the calves was 433 ± 153.1 g/d, which consisted of 78.0 ± 8.99 g protein, 52.7 ± 23.74 g fat, and 302.3 ± 95.1 g water, that is, 18.0% protein, 13.0% fat and 69.8% water. There were 130.7 g of body solids and 9.06 MJ of energy in every kg of body mass gain. Of the MEI, 25.17 kJ were required for 1 g of body mass, 83.40 kJ for 1 g of body solids, and 2.62 kJ for 1 kJ of retained energy (RE), and RE was 36.6% of MEI. The maintenance energy requirement was 5.35 MJ/d, the efficiency of utilization of energy for growth (kg) was 0.72, and the heat increment of feeding for growth was 0.28 (1.55 MJ/d). Digestible nitrogen (N) was 0.685 while retained N (RN) was 0.489 of N intake. The N requirement for maintenance was 11.73 g/d or 0.61 g N/kg0.75 per day, while the biological value (BV) of N was 91.1%. The energy and N requirements for yak calves were relatively low, which could be explained, at least in part, by the high efficiency of utilization of energy and high BV of N when compared to other livestock. These findings could be beneficial in designing early weaning systems for the many Himalayan households depending on yak production for their livelihoods.

Comparison of Global Metabolite for Growing Pigs Fed at Metabolizable Energy Requirement for Maintenance.

Though the energy requirement for maintenance is an important part of net energy system, little is known of the metabolic characteristics of maintenance energy expenditure. This study was investigated the effect of feeding level at metabolizable energy requirement for maintenance (FLM) on plasma metabolites in growing pigs. Ten barrows (22.5 ± 0.5 kg BW) were kept in metabolism crates and catheterized in the precaval vein during adaptation period. Pigs were fed a corn-soybean meal diet at 782 kJ ME/kg BW0.6·d−1 during d 1 to 8 and then were refeeding at 2,400 kJ ME/kg BW0.6·d−1 on d 9. Plasma samples of each pig were collected by catheter on the morning of d 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 10, respectively, for metabolomics testing. Results showed that the concentration of plasma urea nitrogen decreased under FLM (p < 0.01) and increased significantly after refeeding (p < 0.01). The concentration of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and albumin in plasma were decreased significantly after refeeding (p < 0.01). Eleven identified compounds were up-regulated and six ones were down-regulated under FLM. In conclusion, the energy metabolism of growing pigs was relatively stable after 4 days of feeding at FLM.

Retained energy in lactating beef cows; effects on maintenance energy requirement and voluntary feed intake.

The objectives of these experiments were to determine the relationship between maintenance requirements and energy partitioned to maternal tissue or milk production in limit-fed Angus cows and to determine the relationship between retained energy during the lactation period to dry-period voluntary forage intake (VDMI). Twenty-four mature fall-calving Angus cows were used in a 79-d study during late lactation to establish daily metabolizable energy required for maintenance (MEm). Cows were individually fed daily a mixed diet (2.62 Mcal MEl/kg, 18.2% crude protein) to meet energy and protein requirements of 505 kg beef cows producing 8.2 kg milk daily. If cow BW changed by ±9 kg from initial BW, daily feed intake was adjusted to slow BW loss or reduce BW gain. Milk yield and composition were determined on 3 occasions throughout the study. Maintenance was computed as metabolizable energy intake minus retained energy assigned to average daily maternal tissue energy change, average daily milk energy yield, and average daily energy required for pregnancy. After calves were weaned, cows were fed a low-quality grass hay diet (8.2% crude protein, 65% NDF) and VDMI was measured for 21 days. Lactation maintenance energy was 83% the default value recommended by NASEM (2016. Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle: Eighth Revised Edition.) for lactating Angus cows. Increasing lactation-period retained energy (decreasing BW loss and increasing milk energy yield) was associated with lower maintenance energy requirements (P < 0.01; R2 = 0.92). Increased residual daily gain during lactation was associated with lower lactation maintenance energy requirements (P = 0.05; R2 = 0.17). Post-weaning VDMI was not related to late-lactation milk energy production, although sensitive to lactation period BCS and BW loss. These results contradict previous reports, suggesting that maintenance requirements increase with increasing milk yield.

Standardized ileal digestible amino acids and digestible energy contents in two modified soy protein concentrates and soybean meal fed to growing pigs.

Six ileal-cannulated barrows (28.0 ± 1.3 kg initial BW) were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with one additional period (n = 7 or 6) to determine standardized ileal digestible (SID) AA and digestible energy of two modified soy protein concentrates [MSPC1 and MSPC2] and soybean meal (SBM). Pigs were fed one of three cornstarch-based diets with either MSPC1 or MSPC2 or SBM as the sole source of AA at a rate of 2.8 times the estimated maintenance energy requirement. In each period, pigs were adapted to diets for 7 d followed by 2 d of fecal collection and subsequently, 2 d of continuous ileal digesta collection for 8 h. The SID of AA was calculated using basal endogenous losses from a previous study for pigs fed a nitrogen-free diet. The digestible energy of the ingredients was calculated according to the difference method using a nitrogen-free diet that contained the same cornstarch:sucrose:oil ratio as the three test diets. The total Lys content was 33% and 38% greater for MSPC1 vs. MSPC2 and SBM, respectively. The SID of crude protein was greater for MSPC1 (96.9%) than for SBM (91.3%; P < 0.05), whereas an intermediate value was observed for MSPC2 (94.3% ± 1.2%). The SID of Ile (93.8%), Leu (93.6%), Lys (93.9%), Phe (96.7%), and Val (93.2%) were not different between MSPC1 and MSPC2 but greater than for SBM (88.8% ± 1.3%, 87.8% ± 1.2%, 84.5% ± 1.7%, 92.9% ± 1.0%, 86.5% ± 1.7% for Ile, Leu, Lys, Phe, and Val, respectively; P < 0.05). The SID of His and Thr was greater for MSPC1 than MSPC2 and SBM (P < 0.05), which were not different. The SID of Met was greater for MSPC1 and SBM vs. MSPC2 (P < 0.05). The SID of Arg was greater for MSPC1 than MSPC2 and SBM (P < 0.05), and greater for MSPC2 than SBM (P < 0.05). The digestible energy was greater for MSPC1 (4,677 kcal/kg) than MSPC2 and SBM (average; 3,896 ± 239 kcal/kg; P < 0.05), which were not different. Therefore, the MSPC1 was a better source of SID Lys and digestible energy than either MSPC2 or SBM and could be used as a highly digestible protein ingredient in swine rations.

Determination of metabolisable and net energy contents of corn fed to Arbor Acres broilers and Beijing You chickens.

This study was done to compare the energy and nutrient utilisation of corn in Arbor Acres (AA) broilers and Beijing You (BJY) chickens. BJY chickens with the same age as AA broilers were named BJY1 chickens, and with the same body weight as AA broilers were named BJY2 chickens. Three groups of broilers (36 male AA broilers, 72 male BJY1 chickens, and 36 male BJY2 chickens), 2 treatments per group, 6 replicates per treatment, 3 chickensor 6 chickens per replicate. During each period, birds were fed in chambers for 11 days, including 5 days for adaptation to the feed, 3 days for excreta and gas data collectionand another 3 days for fasting were recorded. Results showed that the fasting heat production (FHP) of AA, BJY1and BJY2 chickens gradually stabilised after fasting for 72 h, the FHP of AA, BJY1and BJY2 chickens were 486.54, 536.22and 548.90 KJ/kg BW0.70 /dayrespectively. AA broilers had significantly lower (p < 0.01) apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of starch in corn than that of BJY1 and BJY2 chickens, whereas there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) observed in ATTD of dry matter, crude protein, ether extractand crude fibre. The apparent metabolisable energy (AME) values of corn in AA, BJY1and BJY2 chickens were 16.18, 16.81, and 16.39 MJ/kg dry matter (DM)and the corresponding nitrogen-corrected AME (AMEn) values were 15.71, 16.38and 15.99 MJ/kg DMrespectively. The net energy (NE) values of corn in AA, BJY1and BJY2 chickens were 12.03, 12.28and 11.97 MJ/kg DMrespectively. In conclusion, BJY chickens had a higher maintenance energy requirement than that of AA broilers, and AA broilers of the same age and weight as BJY chickens showed no significant differences in AME, AMEnand NE values of corn.

Dose-response relationship between dietary choline and serum lipid profile, energy expenditure, and respiratory quotient in overweight adult cats fed at maintenance energy requirements.

Choline is an essential nutrient linked to hepatic lipid metabolism in many animal species, including cats. The current study investigated the serum lipid profiles, serum liver enzymes, respiratory quotients, and energy expenditures of overweight cats fed maintenance diets, in response to graded doses of supplemental dietary choline. Overweight (body condition score [BCS]: ≥6/9) adult male neutered cats (n = 14) were supplemented with five choline chloride doses for 3-wk periods, in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. Doses were based on individual body weight (BW) and the daily recommended allowance (RA) for choline (63 mg/kg BW0.67) according to the National Research Council. Doses were control (no additional choline: 1.2 × RA, 77 mg/kg BW0.67), 2 × RA (126 mg/kg BW0.67), 4 × RA (252 mg/kg BW0.67), 6 × RA (378 mg/kg BW0.67), and 8 × RA (504 mg/kg BW0.67). Choline was top-dressed over the commercial extruded cat food (3,620 mg choline/kg diet), fed once a day at maintenance energy requirements (130 kcal/kgBW0.4). Body weight and BCS were assessed weekly. Fasted blood samples were taken and indirect calorimetry was performed at the end of each 3-wk period. Serum was analyzed for cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides, non-esterified fatty acids, glucose, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and alanine aminotransferase. Very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were calculated. Data were analyzed via SAS using proc GLIMMIX, with group and period as the random effects, and treatment as the fixed effect. Statistical significance was considered at P < 0.05. Body weight and BCS did not change (P > 0.05). Serum cholesterol, HDL-C, triglycerides, and VLDL increased with 6 × RA (P < 0.05). Serum ALP decreased with 8 × RA (P = 0.004). Choline at 4 × and 6 × RA decreased serum BUN (P = 0.006). Fed or fasted respiratory quotient and energy expenditure did not differ among dietary choline doses (P > 0.05). These results suggest that dietary choline supplementation at 6 × RA may increase hepatic fat mobilization through increased lipoprotein transport and beneficially support hepatic health in overweight cats. Future studies that combine these results with existing knowledge of feline weight loss and hepatic lipidosis are warranted.