Maintenance Policing Research Articles

Digital Twins for Improving Proactive Maintenance Management

Proactive maintenance is a policy aimed at identifying the root cause of failure and correcting it before it causes other problems and leads to machinery failure and breakdown. Implementing this policy can enhance reliability, availability, maintainability, and safety (RAMS) at low cost. A digital twin (DT) is a digital copy of a physical object and its applications will play a leading role in the future of smart manufacturing. DT concept is increasingly appearing in industrial applications including proactive maintenance, enabling accurate identification of equipment condition, proactive prediction of faults, and enhanced reliability. This review paper focuses on the performance and applications of different aspects of DTs in proactive maintenance polices. The review of literature focused on the applications of DT in maintenance management for improving equipment RAMS. The literature review shows that the application of DT techniques in proactive maintenance remains very important for managing the maintenance of critical equipment and production systems. Several DT frameworks for proactive maintenance have been discussed. Furthermore, this study provides a comprehensive roadmap for future research initiatives aiming to fully utilize the capabilities of technology design teams. Finally, the results of this study will be of value to professionals who want and aspire to implement technological design to achieve maintenance excellence.

Proximity to gentrification and order maintenance policing: How the diffusion of urban renewal amplifies formal social control

Prior studies find that neighbourhoods abutting gentrifying spaces are viewed as ideal for capital investments and thereby subjected to increased police attention. Yet the categorical operationalisation of gentrification in such work presents limitations, particularly given that it is a spatial process. This area of scholarship also warrants a theoretical explanation of the diffusion of urban redevelopment and disorder policing. We address these voids by integrating the literatures of urban studies and crime and deviance to theorise the linkage between nearby gentrification and disorder policing. Using negative binomial regression models to analyse three years of arrest records from the Washington, DC Metropolitan Police Department, we find that the occurrence of gentrification in nearby block groups is associated with increased order maintenance arrests in the average block group. This work demonstrates that the risk of disorder-related regulation extends beyond the bounds of high-value communities, further exposing socioeconomically marginalised groups to the risks of criminal justice contact.

Exploring Redevelopment and Police Presence in Bushwick, Brooklyn, Using Photovoice Methodology

The relationship between redevelopment and police presence is demonstrated in many neighborhoods by the influx of new residentsfrom suburban or rural areas and shifts in police response. As property values increase, police may prioritize order maintenance policing, also known as "broken windows" policing (Beck, 2020, p.247). This is disproportionately felt by Black and Brown residents who often suffer the consequences of rising costs, displacement, increased surveillance, and police presence. This paper explores the relationship between urban redevelopment and policing in one of the most popular neighborhoods in the borough of Brooklyn–Bushwick. As a socialwork researcher of color, I want to share the narratives that often go overlooked. I felt secure and empowered to conduct research and report my findings as a community member who is seeking to support and collaborate with my community. Photovoice allows me to do just this by highlighting the daily realities in my neighborhood. However, having more voices from long-term community members is imperative and will be essential in further exploration of this topic. Keywords: gentrification, redevelopment, policing, police presence, Bushwick, Brooklyn, New York City, photovoice, etc.

Local cultures of control, order maintenance policing, and gentrification: A comparison of railway station districts in three German cities

ABSTRACT In recent years, many major German cities have expanded the capacity and legal authority of their municipal order enforcement services and order maintenance policing. The focal action points are central neighborhoods characterized by a concentration of social problems, reinvestment in the built environment, and prevailing feelings of insecurity and the need to improve the quality of life. This study explores the causes of local cultures of control and their relations to order maintenance policing and neighborhood change. We used a document analysis and guided interviews with experts in the railway station districts of Düsseldorf, Leipzig, and Munich. Our findings demonstrate how the local control habitus shapes neighborhood change while being shaped through neighborhood-specific demands for formal social control. Demands for order maintenance policing originate from both the supply (business people) and demand sides (new residents). Moral entrepreneurs convey such demands through the local political context.

Unpredictable and monetized contact with the police: Race, avoidance behaviors, and modified activity spaces

AbstractExponential growth in order maintenance policing and associated misdemeanor sanctions have led to disproportionate consequences for people of color. Using data from qualitative interviews with individuals in the metropolitan St. Louis, Missouri, region, the current study documents the racialized and monetized nature of police contact. This work extends extant scholarship by considering how minor contact with the police shapes individual avoidance behaviors and activity spaces, places where people work and live. We consider how the combination of monetary sanctions, warrants, incarceration, and overpolicing in the region affects avoidance behaviors, particularly for people of color. Our findings suggest that the frequently unpredictable nature of police contacts and the parochial and often profit‐focused structure of policing organizations in the region leads individuals to modify the ways in which they move through the region and, for some, to isolate. Narratives reflect the need for constant calibration of behaviors and decisions, as well as the legacy that police contact and monetary sanctions can have on everyday routines.

Reliability Modelling Considering Self-Exciting Mechanisms of Shock Damage

This study investigates reliability modelling and optimal preventive maintenance polices for engineering systems subject to shocks, considering two types of self-exciting mechanisms. Under trigger mechanism 1, if the accumulative number of δ—ineffective shocks reaches the trigger threshold k1 among the run of ineffective shocks, then the self-exciting mechanism will be activated, resulting in the accumulative number of effective shocks increasing by m1. Under trigger mechanism 2, if the consecutive number of δ—ineffective shocks reaches a fixed threshold K2 among the run of ineffective shocks, then the self-exciting mechanism will be triggered and the accumulative number of effective shocks will increase by m2. The system breaks down when the accumulative number of effective shocks exceeds the fixed threshold. Based on the established shock models, the reliability indices are obtained through the finite Markov chain imbedding approach. According to the operation of the system under different monitoring conditions, two types of preventive maintenance strategies are considered; then, optimization models are established, and the optimal preventive maintenance thresholds are determined. Finally, the proposed models are illustrated by numerical examples.

Artificial-Intelligence-Based Maintenance Scheduling for Complex Systems with Multiple Dependencies

Maintenance planning for complex systems has still been a challenging problem. Firstly, integrating multiple dependency types into maintenance models makes them more realistic, however, more complicated to solve and analyze. Secondly, the number of maintenance decision variables needed to be optimized increases rapidly in the number of components, causing computational expensive for optimization algorithms. To face these issues, this thesis aims to incorporate multiple kinds of dependencies into maintenance models as well as to take advantage of recent advances in artificial intelligence field to effectively optimize maintenance polices for large-scale multi-component systems.

Broken Windows, Naloxone, and Experiments in Policing

The practice of equipping police officers with naloxone has generated controversy within the profession. I adjudicate the disagreement in this article. I diagnose the dispute as rooted in a philosophical account of professional, role-based obligations. Parties to the debate appear to agree that what the police are permitted to do is determined in part by the (disputed) essential goal of the police profession. Instead, I argue that we should make room for “experiments in working.” Finally, I argue that naloxone use by police is an experiment in working that falls squarely within the tradition of order maintenance policing.

Random periodic replacement models after the expiry of 2D-warranty

The rapid development of advanced sensor technologies makes it possible to monitor the working cycle of products, which enables manufacturers to design warranty policies by monitoring working cycle during the warranty period and facilitates consumers to carry out post-warranty maintenance by tracking the post-warranty working cycle. The optimal warranty and maintenance policies considering random working cycles is rarely studied in existing literature. In this article, we make contribution by incorporating the limited number of random working cycle into a warranty term and proposing two types of two-dimensional warranty, which guarantees the product reliability performance by monitoring working cycle during the warranty period. Based on the proposed warranty policy, we further investigate the optimal post-warranty random maintenance policies from consumers’ perspective, including the random periodic replacement first and replacement last policies, which enhances the post-warranty reliability by monitoring the post-warranty working cycle. The warranty cost model is established under each proposed warranty policy, and the cost rate is evaluated under each post-warranty random maintenance policy. Some special cases of the established models are provided and discussed. By numerical experiments, we conduct sensitivity analysis of the proposed warranty and post-warranty random maintenance polices.

ESPDS

In this paper, we introduce a Microsoft Excel Workbook containing the software Equipment Selection Problem DS (ESPDS) that recognizes the special structure of the equipment selection problem. The ESPDS approach is based on the context of the Brazilian forestry sector using detailed equipment maintenance schedules. No special restrictions are needed on cost inputs over time or technologies. The output is an equipment schedule that can be used to project equipment investment needs, operational costs, and tree harvesting costs. ESPDS can be applied to support companies and contractors in order to choose the best option for their operations, as well as to achieve better equipment purchase agreements. We will show how ESPDS will also be useful in providing longer term estimates of production costs. The sensitivity analysis shows how different inputs and maintenance polices can affect the best alternative. A numerical example is included considering the entrance of a specific technology that increases the equipment productivity in order to examine whether it can change the solution. ESPDS is intuitive, flexible, and easy to calculate. Although designed for the forestry industry, the approach is readily transferable to other sectors. ESPDS may be found on the web at the following URL: <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350811380_ESPDS_workbook">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350811380_ESPDS_workbook</a>.

Policing gentrification or policing displacement? Testing the relationship between order maintenance policing and neighbourhood change in Los Angeles

Urban scholars increasingly contend that local police departments play a central role in facilitating neighbourhood change. Recent critics warn that ‘order maintenance’ policing and other low-level law enforcement tactics are deployed in gentrifying areas to displace ‘disorderly’ populations. Despite influential qualitative case studies, there remains scant quantitative research testing this relationship, and few studies that evaluate the link between policing, displacement and gentrification. We address this lacuna, drawing on new citation data from the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) and employing a measure of neighbourhood change that focuses on the displacement of low-income residents. Examining policing patterns in 978 US Census tracts in Los Angeles over four years, our analysis reveals that tracts experiencing gentrification – defined as the simultaneous increase in non-poor residents and decrease in the number of people in poverty – experience a greater number of citations compared with other tract types. Similar patterns emerge in our analysis of citations that explicitly target homelessness and extreme poverty. In post-hoc analyses, we found that Census tracts characterised by a decrease in the number of people in poverty experienced greater numbers of total police citations and of citations targeting homeless individuals, compared with other tract types. These findings carry important theoretical implications for understanding the divergent manifestations of, and potential mechanisms driving, order maintenance policing. Methodologically, we contend that police citations provide a more precise measure of order maintenance policing compared with previous studies, and that classifying neighbourhoods in terms of relative displacement of residents in poverty provides much-needed interpretive clarity.

The policing of subway fare evasion in postindustrial Los Angeles

According to the postindustrial policing thesis, cities that use cultural development strategies to attract new residents and visitors rely on order maintenance policing tactics to reinforce middle-class perspectives of safety and civility. This study applies that thesis to understand how shifting social structural dynamics influence the policing of fare evasion across the Los Angeles Metropolitan Transit Authority subway system. In accordance with the postindustrial perspective, results indicate that order maintenance policing is most intense at stations located in gentrifying neighborhoods; and, at the average station this form of policing is overwhelmingly directed towards Black and Latinx riders. Collectively, study findings suggest that mass transit in gentrifying areas represents a disputed resource that is policed in the interests of urban revitalization. Moreover, this treatment of fare evasion joins a growing body of penal remedies that expands the sphere of public social control, and further marginalizes disenfranchised groups.

Preventive maintenance versus cost of repairs in asset management: An efficiency analysis in wastewater treatment plants

Abstract The operation and management of Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) is of paramount importance to guarantee the sustainability of water resources. Just like any other production process, wastewater treatment process involves different costs, such as: energy, personnel, maintenance and reagents. Regarding maintenance costs, they have become an issue of great concern to many operators in the last years. Maintaining the facilities in good condition ensures the proper performance of these infrastructures and reduces the risk of failures. It should be known that equipment breakdowns imply an increase in operating costs, with a high risk of generating an environmental damage due to the malfunction or the stoppage of the process. To address this situation, preventive maintenance polices are portrayed as the best strategies to reduce equipment breakdowns and repairs. Although maintenance costs are a relevant issue for wastewater treatment plant operators, there are not many studies that assess the influence of maintenance on the efficiency of the facilities. In order to fill this gap an empirical study is proposed for a sample of wastewater treatment plants facilities.

An Examination of Order Maintenance Policing by Business Improvement Districts

Despite their ability to improve public safety, research has often prioritized the central role of the police in order maintenance, frequently overlooking the activities of non-state organizations. The current study examines the role of one such security program, Business Improvement Districts (BIDs). Specifically, it explores how BIDs’ security teams, also known as Public Safety Officers, enforce order within their local districts. Data were collected from 76 semi-structured interviews and 171 hr of participant observations within four different BIDs in the two American cities. Findings illustrate how study participants demonstrated their use of reporting, surveillance, and other behavioral strategies to establish order and themselves as guardians within their districts. Scholars’ disproportionate focus on the work of the police downplays the importance of private organizations. This study is an exploration into a piece of this larger order maintenance network.

A generalized three-type lifetime probabilistic models-based hybrid maintenance policy with a practical switcher for time-based preventive maintenance and condition-based maintenance

This paper proposes a generalized hybrid maintenance policy for maintenance scheduling with the help of both time-based maintenance and condition-based maintenance techniques, in which three-type product lifetime probabilistic models are utilized. A dispersion of lifetime estimates-based switcher is proposed to recommend the choice of time-based maintenance or condition-based predictive maintenance schedules in a real-time manner. Within the condition-based predictive maintenance policy, which is a part of the hybrid maintenance policy, a novel weighted average of the maintenance schedules is proposed to recommend maintenance acts, which are estimated based on two types of product lifetime probabilistic models namely type-II and type-III lifetime probabilistic models. The hybrid maintenance policy includes the classical time-based maintenance policy, the traditional condition-based predictive maintenance policy, and the proposed condition-based predictive maintenance policy as special cases. An extensive numerical investigation for the stochastic linear degradation model verifies the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid maintenance policy, highlighting the existence of a special space among time-based maintenance and condition-based predictive maintenance polices, which provides even better maintenance performance than a solely condition-based predictive maintenance policy.

“Order as well as Decency”: The Development of Order Maintenance Policing in Black Atlanta

In 1971, Ebony magazine named Atlanta the country’s “new Black Mecca,” citing its black political and economic leadership as well as the success of black businesses in the city. At this same time, however, Atlanta, like cities around the country, experienced rising crime rates and economic decline in its urban core. This article examines how Atlanta’s black political leaders, supported by both white and black business owners, responded to the crime crisis by privileging the preservation of order and the protection of capital in their public safety policies. It suggests that this commitment to orderliness, often overlooked in examinations of black political culture, undergirded black political leaders’ advocacy of punitive crime control procedures in the postcivil rights era. Analyzing how black political officials and property owners advocated for intensified foot patrol policing and public decency legislation, this article argues that the city’s black political class were early theorizers and codifiers of order maintenance, or “broken windows,” or still “quality-of-life” policing. Consequently, black business owners and municipal officials sanctioned the expansion of police power in low-income urban neighborhoods in the postcivil rights era.

Dispossession by Accumulation: The Impacts of Discretionary Arrests in New York City

Low-income people of color have been shown to experience disproportionate stops, ticketing, and arrests within an order maintenance policing (OMP) approach to urban law enforcement. A small but growing number of studies have begun to explore the complex lived experience of police encounters within this approach—an important task given the significant consequences of such policing for individuals and communities. This article examines qualitative and quantitative data on incidents of discretionary arrest for low-level offenses, with a focus on young people of color. In-depth, semistructured interviews and focus groups, as well as structured interviews outside criminal courts across New York City, were conducted, offering insight into the scope and depth of impact that OMP has on communities of color. The authors’ analysis underscores how OMP can shift relationships to public space in ways that foster fear and social isolation, examines the varied responses of young people to an unwanted criminal identity, and suggests the importance of recognizing the cumulative nature of OMP’s collateral consequences.

Broken and Disordered: Selected Critical Readings on Broken Windows Policing

ABSTRACTBroken windows policing came of age when one of the nation's largest and most high-profile police departments began to systematize the philosophy as part of order maintenance policing. This bibliography, comprised primarily of selected readings critical of the phenomenon, not only illustrates the depth and breadth of the criticism of specific order maintenance methods but questions much of the “proof” of their effectiveness. Book-ending the critiques are readings that articulate the founding “broken windows” theory, and cases that provide the legal framework for this particular intersection between social norms theory and law.

The Effect of Order-Maintenance Policing on Serious and Non-Serious Crime: Evidence from a Quasi-Experiment

This paper presents quasi-experimental evidence on the effect of order-maintenance policing on both serious and non-serious crime. In 1997, the New York City Police Department engaged in a nine-month ticket-writing slowdown in response to a long and contentious wage contract negotiation. As a result of this labor action, parking, traffic, and criminal summonses fell by 51, 42, and 23 percent respectively. Drawing on several different data sources, I use this exogenous variation in summons-writing to empirically test whether serious and non-serious crimes are deterred by low-level, order maintenance policing. I find that, citywide, complaints for both serious and non-serious crimes increased during the slowdown period. However, a borough-by-borough comparison of crime rates during the slowdown period reveals that the patrol boroughs that participated the most in the ticket-writing slowdown experienced statistically indistinguishable increases in crime when compared to the boroughs that participated the least. These results suggest that order-maintenance policing does not have an effect on either serious crime or on non-serious crime.

Coffee Shops and Street Stops: Policing Practices in Gentrifying Neighborhoods

This article presents an empirical analysis of the postindustrial policing hypothesis, which argues that as cities pursue growth strategies designed to appeal to members of the so-called “creative classes,” they increasingly adopt punitive policing strategies, such as order maintenance policing. While several studies offer some evidence for the hypothesis, no study has yet tested the most direct spatial implication of this hypothesis within cities: that areas of a city undergoing gentrification or revitalization will evince higher levels of postindustrial policing. In a series of spatial Durbin models that utilize newly available data sets from New York City, this article demonstrates a strong positive association between gentrification and postindustrial policing. The article also finds that citizen demand for postindustrial policing is only weakly associated with its spatial distribution. These results and their potential implications are discussed in the conclusion.