Road Maintenance Research Articles

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF LATERITE AND PULVERIZED RECLAIMED ASPHALT PAVEMENT STABILIZED WITH BASE SEAL AND CEMENT

This research delves into the effectiveness of incorporating pulverized Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP), Base Seal, and cement to enhance the stability of lateritic base materials in Nigeria. Addressing a crucial gap in pavement engineering literature, particularly the underexplored use of base seals as liquid stabilizers, the study adopts a comprehensive methodology involving literature review, field evaluation, and laboratory tests. Analyzing various material mixes, from pure Laterite to combinations with RAP, Base Seal, and varying cement contents, the research reveals substantial improvements in crucial engineering properties. Enhanced particle size distribution, reduced clay content, and optimal compaction characteristics at 0% cement content for laterite materials with pulverized RAP signify the positive impact of these additives. California Bearing Ratio analysis establishes a consistent correlation between higher cement content and improved load-bearing capacity. Notably, the synergistic effects of RAP and base seal, particularly at 5% cement content, showcase the highest CBR value (91), indicating optimal conditions for strength and stability. The study concludes with practical recommendations for road maintenance authorities, advocating for innovative approaches like full-depth reclamation techniques and stabilized full-depth reclamation, exploring different RAP to base material ratios, examining curing periods' impact, assessing long-term performance, considering environmental implications, and conducting field trials for validation. Overall, these findings contribute valuable insights to pavement design practices, fostering the development of resilient infrastructure in construction projects.

Methods for Addressing Pavement Defects Based on Digital Twin Technology--A Case Study of Snow and Water Accumulation on Road Surface

This paper explores the utilization of digital twin technology for the management of urban road infrastructure challenges, specifically addressing issues related to snow and water accumulation. The study emphasizes the constraints associated with traditional road maintenance methods and proposes the implementation of a digital twin city framework to augment real-time monitoring and enhance emergency response efficiency. Through the integration of real-time data from sensors, traffic, and weather sources, the digital twin model replicates road conditions and forecasts potential issues, thereby enabling early warning systems. Furthermore, the research delves into the application of conductive asphalt concrete and superhydrophobic materials to mitigate road-related challenges. The results indicate that digital twin technology significantly enhances economic and operational efficiency in urban road infrastructure management when compared to conventional approaches.

Optimization of Effective Working Hours for Coal Transportation from Rom to Port: Study at Pt. Maruwai Coal Central Kalimantan

Adaro Mineral Indonesia is one of the pillars of Adaro's mining business which focuses on coking coal mining in Central Kalimantan, planning to increase its coal production. The aim of this research is to optimize effective working hours for transporting coal from ROM to the port. This is done to increase the low productivity of coal transportation activities from mines to ports, which will bring benefits in the form of increased operational efficiency. This research was conducted quantitatively. The data used is primary data and secondary data. Primary data in this research was obtained from direct observations in the coal transportation area from the ROM of coal products to port, which includes cycle time, rain duration, shift changes, road conditions. The research method was carried out quantitatively. Optimization of coal transportation can be improved by improving delay parameters, improving communication between transportation operators, carrying out real time communication and data validation, expanding the Change Shift Area, fulfilling man power, making strip maps and road worthiness tests, making work plans, as well as procurement of gravel material and hauling road maintenance as well as All Weather Road conditions.

Improved U-net network asphalt pavement crack detection method.

Road crack detection is one of the important parts of road safety detection. Aiming at the problems such as weak segmentation effect of basic U-Net on pavement crack, insufficient precision of crack contour segmentation, difficult to identify narrow crack and low segmentation accuracy, this paper proposes an improved U-net network pavement crack segmentation method. VGG16 and Up_Conv (Upsampling Convolution) modules are introduced as backbone network and feature enhancement network respectively, and the more abstract features in the image are extracted by using the Block depth separable convolution blocks, and the multi-scale features are captured and enhanced by higher level semantic information to improve the recognition accuracy of narrow cracks in the road surface. The improved network embedded the Ca(Channel Attention) attention mechanism in U-net's jump connection to enhance the crack portion to suppress background noise. At the same time, DG_Conv(Depthwise GSConv Convolution) module and UnetUp(Unet Upsampling) module are added in the decoding part to extract richer features through more convolutional layers in the network, so that the model pays more attention to the detailed part of the crack, so the segmentation accuracy can be improved. In order to verify the model's ability to detect cracks in complex backgrounds, experiments were carried out on CFD and Deepcrack datasets. The experimental results show that compared with the traditional U-net network F1-score and mIoU have increased by 13.6% and 9.9% respectively. Superior to advanced models such as U-net, Segnet and Linknet in accuracy and generalization ability, the improved model provides a new method for asphalt pavement crack detection. The model is more conducive to practical application and ground deployment, and can be applied in road maintenance projects.

Review of multimodal data and their applications for road maintenance

Review of multimodal data and their applications for road maintenance

Analyzing the role of climatic factors in the driver—vehicle—road—environment system

Climate peculiarities affect road performance and, consequently, vehicle operating conditions. The autumn-winterspring period is characterized by sharp air temperature fluctuations within 0...± 4 °C, large amounts of precipitation, high air humidity, thaws, icing, which are a concomitant factor of accidents on the roads. The analysis of road accident statistics showed that in the transitional periods of fall-winter and winter-spring there are localized spikes in the number of accidents. During the analysis it was revealed that the increase in the number of accidents in the transition period falls on the so-called "critical" month, characterized by air temperature spikes in the range of 0...±4 °C and heavy precipitation. Keywords WADS system; climatic zones of the Russian Federation; factors of the subsystem "environment"; accident statistics; winter road maintenance

COMPREHENSIVE POTHOLE DETECTION SYSTEM FOR ROAD MAINTENANCE AND SAFETY USING IMAGE PROCESSING AND STEREO VISION

This paper introduces a systematic approach to pothole detection, emphasizing its significance in road maintenance and safety. The proposed system is comprised of meticulously designed modules that collectively contribute to achieving accurate and effective results. Commencing with data collection through cameras capturing road areas of interest, the images undergo manual cropping and resizing for standardization. The core principle of the system revolves around image enhancement, involving grayscale conversion, application of blurring techniques, and adjustments to brightness and contrast. Automatic thresholding extracts essential information encoded within pixels, paving the way for precise edge detection refined through morphological operations. The focus then shifts to pothole detection, incorporating a stereo camera setup to calculate depth and disparity of road surfaces. Critical steps, including image rectification, correspondence matching, and disparity calculations, contribute to the accurate identification and delineation of potholes using depth thresholds. Subsequent modules employ K-Means clustering to segregate regions of interest from the image background, and post-processing steps, including filtering, masking, and refinement, fine-tune the images. Utilizing the HSV color space for grayscale image refinement and the connected component method to isolate white pixel objects further enhance the system's capability. The final step involves the addition of bounding boxes around identified potholes, streamlining their identification process. This comprehensive methodology ensures effective image processing, precise pothole detection, and contributes significantly to road safety and maintenance efforts.

대북한 교통물류인프라 구축 협력 방향성에 관한 연구

Purpose: This paper examines the directions of effective inter-Korean transportation infrastructure cooperation in terms of securing mutual benefits, such as North Korea's economic development and inter-Korean economic cooperation, avoiding unilateral support from South Korea.
 Research design, data, and methodology: The examination is based on a qualitative research methodology through a literature review.
 Results: Future inter-Korean transportation infrastructure cooperation should be supported through international cooperation and multilateral projects that transcend the differences between North and South Korea in their regimes and economic conditions. Considerations must include regional arrangements, such as industrial, production, and regional development in North Korea, and links with economic development zones; alignment with South Korea's transportation and logistics policy on the Korean Peninsula; and maintenance of ports, railways, and roads, taking into account the topographical characteristics of North Korea and the role required for each stage of development for North Korean industry.
 Conclusions: Unilateral cooperation between North and South Korea based on traditional nationalism has reached its limits. It is time for North and South Korea to focus on internal integration to secure mutual benefits while exploring and implementing ways to attract external support and cooperation from the international community.

Нормативно-правові аспекти будівництва автомобільних доріг

Statement of the problem. Road building is an important task of the State in modern society, and therefore it requires special attention from the state authorities. Warfare has caused catastrophic destruction on a large Ukraine territory, which has also affected the road surface in many regions. Therefore, Ukraine suffers from these problems to a large extent, which requires adequate management actions by the state authorities and proper regulatory support for efficient road building, which can bring the industry to a fundamentally new level of development. Analysis of recent research and publications. The problems of functioning of the road building sector are studied in the works of such scientists as A. Bezuglyi, T. Zakha- rova, V. Ivanchenko, N. Ishchenko, V. Krasniuk, O. Nepomniashchyi, I. Novakovska, Y. Sereda, B. Stasiuk, M. Stetsiuk, M. Yanchuk and others. They analyse the relevance of implementing the European experience of road safety management in the public administration system, study the peculiarities of road safety management, carry out a comprehensive assessment of the efficiency indicators of road building investments, substantiate the ecological and economic principles of land use of road transport and road economy, and study the peculiarities of public administration of road construction. Identification of previously unresolved parts of the general problem. The subject of this research is to study the peculiarities of regulatory and legal support for the road building. Summary of the basic research material. The analysis of the regulatory and legal support for road building shows that its legal regulation is sufficient. However, there are problems relating to the efficient and legal use of subvention funds, which is directly related to the corruption component. In this regard, it is necessary: to reduce corruption risks, to bring Ukrainian legislation closer to European requirements; to amend the Law "On Public Procurement" to require the use of an electronic procurement system; to regulate the prohibition of procurement of services for routine medium-term maintenance of roads by individual sections; to improve the advisory and personnel issues. Conclusions. In order to solve the problems that exist in the regulatory and legal sphere of road building, it is necessary to harmonise Ukrainian legislation with the European legislative framework, to amend the relevant regulatory documents to increase the level of transparency of tendering in the process of road building, and to ensure an appropriate level of expert advice during the implementation of works related to road building.

Performance Parameter Study of Signal Warning Detector (SWAD) and Circuit System

Safety is a factor that needs to be prioritised at the workplace. Every worker in the sector values a safe and secure work environment, so workplace safety is important for all of them. Highway maintenance workers' safety is critical since they are placed in the highway's work zone to perform maintenance tasks. There are many incidents involving maintenance workers when working on the highway since there is a poor danger detection system in place to alert workers during the working process. The goal of this research is to build an improved safety system for maintenance workers on the job. There are two objectives in this study, which are to study the parameters effect of applying a distance sensor in finding the best safety vehicle detection at an emergency lane and the reliability test of a signal warning detector (SWAD) casing for the best installation at a road maintenance vehicle. The SWAD set up and experimental performance field test have been done. The study was conducted by setting up the SWAD at Padang Kawad, UTHM, and testing its ability to detect the presence of a vehicle at different distances and sensor heights. The vibration test for SWAD circuit casing has be done using a vibration shaker. The results showed that the SWAD was able to detect the presence of a vehicle at 90 metres and at a sensor height of 0.7 metres. From the vibration testing for the long pane, we know that the maximum vibration of SWAD’s circuit casing can absorb, which is 13.074 Hz, and the speed of the vibration is 3.8319 m/s. The system can increase the level of safety among highway workers if it is implemented on highways for safety purposes involving highway workers and users of highways.

Rail integrity control system with closed loop approach

Rail systems have been used for transportation and carriage purposes since the beginning of the 19th century and are still an important means of transportation today. This transportation method is actively used in densely populated Asian countries, especially in America and European countries. According to data from the National Safety Council (NSC) in the United States, rail travel is indeed one of the safest modes of transportation, second only to air travel. NSC reported that in 2019 rail fatality rates were 0.31 deaths per billion passenger miles, while the death rate for air travel was only 0.061 deaths per billion passenger miles. However, this does not mean that serious accidents do not occur. Moreover, the cause of the majority of these accidents is derailment caused by line deterioration and breaking of rails. According to technical data from the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA), in 2020 there were 1,601 accidents caused by track issues, including rail cracks and deterioration. These statistics highlight the importance of regular road maintenance and inspection to ensure the integrity of the railway and prevent accidents caused by road problems. To date, many studies have been carried out to control and ensure the integrity of the rails. In our study, the main aim is to provide a system that will verify that there is no crack in the rails, and otherwise inform the machinist. Furthermore, this study does this verification by dividing the rail structure into small blocks and checking whether the circuit is completed with the electric current it provides over the train. Thanks to this easy-to-apply system, the deformations on the rails can be easily detected pointwise and the number of fatal accidents can be reduced.

JENIS KERUSAKAN JALAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE PCI PADA LOKASI JALAN PALAPA RAYA SEPANJANG 7 KM DI DESA TANJUNG PASIR KECAMATAN PEMULUTAN KABUPATEN OGAN ILIR

Types of Road Damage Using the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) Method (Case Study:Palapa Raya Street, Pemulutan Sta.0+000s/d0+7000) a system for assessing road damage conditions based on the type and level of damage that occurs, and can be used as a reference in business road maintenance. High traffic loads cause a lot of damage, thus disrupting driving comfort and safety. The aim of this research is to assess the condition of damage to Palapa Raya Street, Pemulutan Sta. 1+300 to 1+400. The research was carried out visually using the Pavement Condition Index method. Palapa Raya Road with a length of 7 km is divided into several segments with a size of 70m per segment. Each segment is evaluated by measuring dimensions, identifying the type and level of damage to obtain a PCI value. The results of the analysis show that the damage that occurred included cracked crocodile skin, obesity, aggregate wear, and holes. Average PCI value for Jalan Palapa Raya Sta. Sta.0+000s/d0+7000 is categorized as being in very bad condition (Very poor), so it needs serious treatment from the government to immediately carry out repairs before the damage becomes worse.

The Evaluation of Pavement Condition Assessment Methods for Road Assets in Coastal Areas

The Daendels road is a vital provincial road asset that facilitates the distribution of goods and services, enhances tourism access, and promotes socio-economic development in the southern region of Java Island. The deteriorated condition of the Daendels road pavement has the potential to escalate both the likelihood of accidents and vehicle operating costs. In Indonesia, road distress is measured using the Surface Distress Index (SDI), but certain types of distress are not yet incorporated into the calculation. Therefore, this study aims to identify the typical road distress in the coastal region and then to evaluate and compare several visual methods for evaluating the functional condition of road pavements, i.e., the SDI, Pavement Condition Index (PCI), and Pavement Surface Evaluation and Rating (PASER). Pavement conditions for Daendels Road have different analysis results depending on the method used. The average value of PCI is 50.5 (slightly damaged), the SDI is 164 (severely damaged), and the PASER is 4 (slightly damaged). The statistical analyses indicate that both the SDI-PCI and SDI-PASER methods have a very strong relationship. The SDI-PCI method has a higher correlation and coefficient of determination value (R= -0,929, R²= 0,8631) than SDI-PASER (R= -0,807, R²= 0,652). The PCI method is more applicable than the SDI dan PASER as it considers a wider range of pavement distress (19 categories) and more accurately represents the typical distress encountered on the South Coast of Java Island. The pavement condition of Daendels Road is classified as severely damaged with typical distress involving cracking (longitudinal, transversal, alligator, and blocks), patching, and pothole. Hence, a comprehensive plan for road maintenance was suggested, encompassing major rehabilitation using a hot mix asphalt overlay.

Road Maintenance Management Based on Geographic Information System (GIS)

This research implements GIS in transportation, specifically road maintenance. The system is built by utilizing 2D/3D models from aerial photographs using UAV as a base map. Attribute data such as the type and dimensions of road damage can be obtained by interpreting high-resolution 2D/3D models, which display each road damage, making it easier to measure the dimensions of road damage. The assessment of road conditions is done using the PCI method, which indicates that 51% of the roads fall under the category of people with low incomes to severely damaged category. These roads are prioritized on a map based on their area and cost of maintenance. The projection calculation of the amount of damage is analyzed with one do-nothing scenario, where the roads have not been maintained for ten years. The progression of the damage is observed each year, and the reactive maintenance cost is calculated from 2023 to 2032. The cost and duration are analyzed using three do-something scenarios: optimistic, moderate, and pessimistic. The research results show that the moderate scenario has the lowest cost among the other scenarios and is the most effective scenario, as it produces road conditions with an International Roughness Index (IRI) value of less than 6. This research can assist the government in making informed decisions regarding road maintenance.

RESEARCH ON INNOVATIVE BITUMEN-BASED CARGOSFALT PRODUCTS IN ORDER TO EXTEND THE LIFE OF ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE MADE FROM ASPHALT MIXTURES OR CEMENT CONCRETE

Exposure to natural elements such as ultraviolet radiation, moisture, acids and saline solutions produces a succession of chemical changes in the composition of asphalt, especially in the oxidation process leading to the loss of elasticity and adhesive properties. The presented products are made on the basis of bitumen, modified with a polymer compound, with the purpose of extending the life of the road by at least 3 to 5 years from application. The materials prevent surface oxidation and surface decomposition by blocking the appearance of microcracks, caused by water, erosion and road damage. The products are easy to apply and offer an economical solution for road maintenance.

ПІСЛЯВОЄННЕ ВІДНОВЛЕННЯ ТА ЗРОСТАННЯ ОБСЯГІВ БУДІВНИЦТВА АВТОМОБІЛЬНИХ ДОРІГ

The socio-economic development of a country and its integration into the global community largely depend on the level of road maintenance. The issue of road maintenance has become especially relevant and important during the period of martial law, since, for obvious reasons, roads are critical infrastructure facilities. Of course, the treatment of such facilities should be appropriate to their purpose. All of this requires research, assessment of the effects of the war on the condition of roads due to their destruction, and development of measures to improve the state of road construction. An important role is assigned to the resource base of road construction - first of all, the availability of bitumen and mineral fillers.
 The length of public roads in Ukraine is analyzed in comparison with the leading countries of the world. Positive trends in the market of road construction and repair related to the reform of the road sector are identified. The quality of roads and their saturation in comparison with other countries of the world is assessed.
 The problematic issues of domestic production and imports of bitumen are investigated. The article shows Ukraine's import dependence and lack of organic binder, as well as the practical absence of concrete road construction. The author analyzes the development and improvement of the regulatory framework for the design and construction of roads.
 Prospects for the implementation of the public-private partnership mechanism are shown, taking into account international experience The necessity of implementing the public-private partnership mechanism, in particular, through the concession mechanism, is substantiated. The regulatory framework needs to be updated to meet EU requirements and implement international standards. The implementation of these measures will help to increase the level of validity of operational and strategic management decisions to ensure the effective functioning and development of Ukrainian road sector enterprises.

Improving detection of asphalt distresses with deep learning-based diffusion model for intelligent road maintenance

Research on road infrastructure structural health monitoring is critical due to the increasing problem of deteriorated conditions. The traditional approach to pavement distress detection relies on human-based visual recognition, a time-consuming and labor-intensive method. While Deep Learning-based computer vision systems are the most promising approach, they face the challenges of reduced performance due to the scarcity of labeled data due, high annotation costs misaligned with engineering applications, and limited instances of minority defects. This paper introduces a novel generative diffusion model for data augmentation, creating synthetic images of rare defects. It also investigates methods to enhance image quality and reduce production time. Compared to Generative Adversarial Networks, the optimal configuration excels in reliability, quality and diversity. After incorporating synthetic images into the training of our pavement distress detector, YOLOv5, its mean average precision has been enhanced. This computer-aided system enhances recognition and labelling efficiency, promoting intelligent maintenance and repairs.

A transformer-based deep learning method for automatic pixel-level crack detection and feature quantification

Purpose Crack detection of pavement is a critical task in the periodic survey. Efficient, effective and consistent tracking of the road conditions by identifying and locating crack contributes to establishing an appropriate road maintenance and repair strategy from the promptly informed managers but still remaining a significant challenge. This research seeks to propose practical solutions for targeting the automatic crack detection from images with efficient productivity and cost-effectiveness, thereby improving the pavement performance.Design/methodology/approach This research applies a novel deep learning method named TransUnet for crack detection, which is structured based on Transformer, combined with convolutional neural networks as encoder by leveraging a global self-attention mechanism to better extract features for enhancing automatic identification. Afterward, the detected cracks are used to quantify morphological features from five indicators, such as length, mean width, maximum width, area and ratio. Those analyses can provide valuable information for engineers to assess the pavement condition with efficient productivity.Findings In the training process, the TransUnet is fed by a crack dataset generated by the data augmentation with a resolution of 224 × 224 pixels. Subsequently, a test set containing 80 new images is used for crack detection task based on the best selected TransUnet with a learning rate of 0.01 and a batch size of 1, achieving an accuracy of 0.8927, a precision of 0.8813, a recall of 0.8904, an F1-measure and dice of 0.8813, and a Mean Intersection over Union of 0.8082, respectively. Comparisons with several state-of-the-art methods indicate that the developed approach in this research outperforms with greater efficiency and higher reliability.Originality/value The developed approach combines TransUnet with an integrated quantification algorithm for crack detection and quantification, performing excellently in terms of comparisons and evaluation metrics, which can provide solutions with potentially serving as the basis for an automated, cost-effective pavement condition assessment scheme.

Job Cat Egory Prioritization and Selection in PT.MAI 88 Using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)

PT. MAI 88, one of the government company divisions in the Pekanbaru City which operates in the fields of Public Works, Spatial Planning, Housing, Settlement Areas and Land. PT.MAI 88 experienced difficulties, namely that material resources were not allocated properly. With the main aim of prioritizing the procurement of goods for road and bridge construction maintenance, this research focuses on one of the uses of Multicriteria Decision Making (MCDM), namely the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to determine the ranking of each construction goods procurement job. The AHP method itself has been discussed with stakeholders involved in the project. It has four categories and thirteen subcategories that have been determined and lead to 12 job alternatives. The results of the AHP show that the criteria with the highest weight starts from Urgency followed by Public Satisfaction, Quality, and Cost Management. Then for the Sub criteria with the highest weight, namely Reports from local public, followed by Traffic Management, Long-term Durability and Reliability, Compliance with specifications and Standards, Labor Cost, Public Safety, Rent Construction Equipment, Resources Availability, Material Cost, Public Engagement and Communication, Stakeholder Expectations, Ease of Installation and Integration, and finally Subcontractor Cost. The alternatives with the highest weight are Procurement of Road Signs, Procurement of “Urugan Pilihan”, Procurement of Base A Stones, Procurement of Base B Stones, Procurement of Several Construction Equipment, Procurement of Asphalt Concrete Binder Course, Procurement of Non-subsidized diesel fuel , Procurement of Dump Truck, Procurement of Binder Absorbent layer, Procurement of material for Culvert Channels and Boxes, Procurement of Construction Retaining Wall, Procurement of Cementation Work.

Enhancing the Efficiency of Ice-Resistant Materials in Asphalt Road Surfaces: A Comprehensive Performance Analysis

This study addresses the critical issue of traffic safety in winter, particularly focusing on the challenges posed by ice and snow on roads. Traditional methods of snow and ice removal are often labor-intensive, inefficient, and environmentally harmful. The objective is to develop a more effective solution for asphalt pavement deicing. Inspired by the anti-icing coating technology used in high-voltage conductors, this research develops an ice-suppressing material designed to reduce the adhesion between snow, ice, and pavement surfaces. The material’s performance is evaluated in terms of deicing efficiency, durability, adhesive properties, and its impact on pavement performance. Test results demonstrate that the developed ice-suppressing material significantly reduces the adhesion between the ice layer and the pavement, facilitating easier removal. This study concludes that the developed ice-suppressing material significantly enhances deicing efficiency on asphalt pavements. It exhibits strong hydrophobic properties, as evidenced by increased water droplet contact angles on coated surfaces (99.5° to 83.3°) compared to clean glass slides (39.2° to 29°). This hydrophobicity effectively reduces ice adhesion, decreasing tensile and shear strength of the ice layer by 38.2% and 63.6%, respectively. Additionally, the material demonstrates superior ice-melting capabilities in sub-zero temperatures, with coated ice cubes showing a higher mass reduction rate than uncoated ones. Importantly, its slow-release nature ensures sustained deicing performance over multiple cycles, maintaining effectiveness after seven test cycles. This study introduces an innovative ice-suppressing material that not only improves the efficiency and environmental impact of deicing methods but also contributes to enhancing road safety in winter conditions. The material’s novel composition and sustained effectiveness present a significant advancement in the field of winter road maintenance.