Maintenance-free Lead-acid Batteries Research Articles

One-dimensional dynamic modeling and validation of maintenance-free lead-acid batteries emphasizing temperature effects

Lead acid batteries are still widely used for SLI (Starting–Lighting–Ignition) systems in vehicles because of the cost advantage. The batteries are frequently charged and discharged under different operation conditions, which continuously changes distribution of inner temperature of batteries. Variation of the temperature distributions significantly affects performance and durability of the battery. We developed a one-dimensional dynamic model based on the first principle of thermal dynamics and electrochemistry. The thermal model incorporates control volumes for each of the major constituents of the battery cells that is casing, electrolyte, and electrodes. The model was extended for a six-cell battery and used to analyze effects of discharging currents on the performances and temperature, compared with results from a three-dimensional finite element analysis and tested against experimental results obtained from a thermal chamber and using thermal imaging.

Electrochemical behavior and application of lead–lanthanum alloys for positive grids of lead-acid batteries

The effects of different lanthanum content (0, 0.00600, 0.0112, 0.0195 and 0.0540 wt.%) on the electrochemical behavior of lead–lanthanum alloy in sulfuric acid solutions were investigated by linear potential sweep (LSV), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The morphology of the corrosion layer and corrosion section of Pb and Pb–La alloys were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) after corrosion testing. It was found that the addition of La inhibits the oxygen evolution reaction on the surface of Pb alloy electrodes, and La amounts of 0.00600 and 0.0540 wt.% in Pb–La alloy electrodes can lead to a more effective inhibition. The results of the LSV, CV and EIS experiments show that the addition of La can inhibit the growth of the anodic Pb(II) oxides and PbO 2 film. The resistance of the anodic film on the Pb–La electrodes is much lower than that on the Pb electrode. SEM for the corrosion layer indicates that the corrosion product on pure Pb and Pb–0.0195% La alloy is uniform and compact. The corrosion products on the alloys with La contents of 0.00600, 0.0112 and 0.0540 are loose and porous that the active materials can easily sit in the apertures to contact the grid surface intimately with the effective. The results demonstrate that Pb–La alloys show the potential for application as the positive grid material in maintenance-free lead-acid batteries.

Investigation on characteristics of anodic film formed on PbCaSnCe alloy in sulfuric acid solution

The electrochemical properties of the anodic films formed on PbCaSnCe and PbCaSn alloys at 0.9 V (versus Hg/Hg 2SO 4 electrode) in 4.5 mol/L sulfuric acid solution were investigated by linear sweeping voltammetry (LSV), ac voltammetry (ACV), electrochemical spectroscopy impedance (EIS), capacitance measurement and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) technology. Based on Mott–Schottky analysis, the effect of cerium on the semiconductor properties of anodic film is discussed as well in this paper. The experimental data shows that cerium can significantly decrease the impedance of the anodic film on PbCaSn alloy, and can improve the corrosion resistance of the alloy. It can be inferred from the capacitance measurement result that the passive film should be an n-type semiconductor. The addition of cerium can decrease the slope of M–S plot, which indicates the increasing of defect density in the film, and this can contribute to improve the conductivity of the anodic film on PbCaSn alloy. XPS results shows that the anodic film formed on PbCaSnCe alloy is consisted of PbO 1+ x (0 < x < 1) and PbSO 4, while for the anodic film formed on PbCaSn alloy, PbO and PbSO 4 are the major component. Considering the better conductivity of PbO 1+ x (0 < x < 1) than that of PbO, it is concluded that PbCaSnCe may serve as the candidate of the new grid material for maintenance-free lead acid battery.

Effect of Cerium on Gas Evolution Behavior of Pb-Ca-Sn Alloy

The effect of Ce on the behavior of gas evolution on Pb-Ca-Sn alloy in 4.5 mol * L −1 H 2SO 4 was investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV), cathodic polarization curves and AC impedance (EIS). Cyclic voltammetry experiments show that the current of oxygen evolution on Pb-Ca-Sn-Ce electrode is lower than that of Pb-Ca-Sn electrode in the same anodic voltage. Moreover, the oxygen evolution potential on the former electrode is greater than that on the latter, and this means that Ce can increase the potential of oxygen evolution on Pb-Ca-Sn alloy. The AC impedance experiments show that Ce can also enhance the resistance of hydrogen evolution on Pb-Ca-Sn electrode, i.e., Ce can inhibit the hydrogen evolution on Pb-Ca-Sn electrode. The reason why Ce decreases the volume of hydrogen evolution on Pb-Ca-Sn alloy is that Ce increases the resistance of absorbing step of hydrogen evolution reaction. All the experimental results indicate that Pb-Ca-Sn-Ce alloy can rapidly decrease the oxygen and hydrogen evolution on Pb-Ca-Sn-Ce alloy. It is concluded that Pb-Ca-Sn-Ce alloy can promote the maintenance-free property of lead acid battery, and can serve as the candidate of the grid material for maintenance-free lead acid battery.

Effect of gelling on the impedance parameters of Pb/PbSO 4 electrode in maintenance-free lead-acid batteries

The impedance parameters of Pb/PbSO 4 electrode in 4.8 M sulfuric acid have been measured potentiostatically under open-circuit conditions over a wide range of frequencies (10 −2 to 10 4 Hz) under both deep-discharged (state-of-charge, SoC=0) and fully charged (SoC=1) conditions. Immobilization of the electrolyte by adding sodium silicate (5 g/l) on the impedance of Pb/PbSO 4 electrode shows significant difference in comparison with the flooded system. Four equivalent circuits have been formulated for overcharged and deep-discharged electrodes in gelled and flooded electrolytes, respectively. Impedance parameters are calculated using a phenomenological model, which indicates that in the case of gelled electrolytes, the electrochemical reactions are mass-transfer controlled, in contrast to the flooded electrolyte cells, where the process is known to be charge-transfer controlled. The study provides a non-destructive investigation of the effect of gelling on the electrical performance of sealed maintenance-free lead-acid batteries.

Maintenance-free Lead-acid Battery with Oxygen Introduction Device for Stationary Application

Maintenance-free Lead-acid Battery with Oxygen Introduction Device for Stationary Application

Fundamental Studies to Develop the Maintenance Free Lead-Acid Batteries V. Sn Content in Positive Grid Alloy and Addition of Mg&lt;sup&gt;2＋&lt;/sup&gt; or Na&lt;sup&gt;+ &lt;/sup&gt;to Electrolyte for Increase of Rechargeability of Sealed Lead-Acid Batteries

Fundamental Studies to Develop the Maintenance Free Lead-Acid Batteries V. Sn Content in Positive Grid Alloy and Addition of Mg&lt;sup&gt;2＋&lt;/sup&gt; or Na&lt;sup&gt;+ &lt;/sup&gt;to Electrolyte for Increase of Rechargeability of Sealed Lead-Acid Batteries

Fundamental Studies to Develop the Maintenance Free Lead-Acid Batteries VII. Optimizations of Lead Powders for Positive Active Material and Concentration of Sulfric Acid Solution of Thin Sealed Lead-Acid Batteries

Fundamental Studies to Develop the Maintenance Free Lead-Acid Batteries VII. Optimizations of Lead Powders for Positive Active Material and Concentration of Sulfric Acid Solution of Thin Sealed Lead-Acid Batteries

Fundamental Studies to Develop the Maintenance Free Lead-Acid Batteries VI. Plating Treatment of Positive Grid for Improvement of Rechargeability of Sealed Lead-Acid Batteries

Fundamental Studies to Develop the Maintenance Free Lead-Acid Batteries VI. Plating Treatment of Positive Grid for Improvement of Rechargeability of Sealed Lead-Acid Batteries

Fundamental Studies to Develop the Maintenance Free Lead-Acid Batteries IV. Analysis of Increased Internal Resistance of Sealed Lead-Acid Battery after Overdischarge

Fundamental Studies to Develop the Maintenance Free Lead-Acid Batteries IV. Analysis of Increased Internal Resistance of Sealed Lead-Acid Battery after Overdischarge

A maintenance-free lead acid battery for inertial navigation systems aircraft

Historically, aircraft inertial navigation system (INS) batteries have utilized vented nickel-cadmium batteries for emergency DC power. The United States Navy and Air Force developed separate systems during their respective INS developments. The Navy contracted with Litton industries to produce the LTN-72 and Air Force contracted with Delco to produce the Carousel IV INS for the large cargo and specialty aircraft applications, over the years, a total of eight different battery national stock numbers (NSNs) have entered the stock system along with 75 battery spare part NSNs. The standard hardware acquisition and reliability program is working with the Aircraft Battery Group at Naval Surface Warfare Center Crane Division, Naval Air Systems Command (AIR 536), Wright Laboratory, Battelle Memorial Institute, and Concorde Battery Corporation to produce a standard INS battery. This paper discusses the approach taken to determine whether the battery should be replaced and to select the replacement chemistry. The paper also discusses the battery requirements, aircraft that the battery is compatible with, and status of Navy flight evaluation. Projected savings in avoided maintenance in Navy and Air Force INS systems is projected to be $14.7 million per year with a manpower reduction of 153 maintenance personnel. The new INS battery is compatible with commercially sold INS systems which represents 66% of the systems sold.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Estimation of the residual capacity of maintenance-free leadacid batteries Part 1. Identification of a parameter for the prediction of state-of-charge

The ohmic resistance of maintenance-free leadacid batteries has been identified as an ideal parameter for the prediction of the state-of-charge using the a.c. impedance technique. The ohmic resistance has been found to mirror the change in specific gravity of the battery electrolyte when charged or discharged.

Development of a totally maintenance free lead-acid battery for telecommunications standby power

Batteries are used extensively in the telecommunications field to provide standby electrical power to the system in the event of failure of the grid-connected electrical supply. Batteries however may also be used in conjunction with renewable energy sources, such as the sun and the wind, as the main electrical supply in remote installations where grid-connected power is unavailable. The battery in these types of installations can store energy for use during periods when either the wind is calm, or during the night and on cloudy days when photovoltaic arrays are inoperative. The duty cycle under these conditions requires that the battery be capable of both frequent deep-discharge cycling as well as float charge operation. GNB Batteries Inc., has developed a maintenance-free sealed lead-acid battery suited for the demands of telecommunications standby power and photovoltaic, windpower and other renewable energy source systems. The battery has good self-discharge and float charge characteristics which allow it to be used for standby energy storage applications and is capable of repetitive deep-discharge cycling service. And since the battery is sealed, no electrolyte maintenance is required over its lifetime.